1 zram: Compressed RAM based block devices
2 ----------------------------------------
6 The zram module creates RAM based block devices named /dev/zram<id>
7 (<id> = 0, 1, ...). Pages written to these disks are compressed and stored
8 in memory itself. These disks allow very fast I/O and compression provides
9 good amounts of memory savings. Some of the usecases include /tmp storage,
10 use as swap disks, various caches under /var and maybe many more :)
12 Statistics for individual zram devices are exported through sysfs nodes at
17 Following shows a typical sequence of steps for using zram.
20 modprobe zram num_devices=4
21 This creates 4 devices: /dev/zram{0,1,2,3}
23 num_devices parameter is optional and tells zram how many devices should be
24 pre-created. Default: 1.
26 2) Set max number of compression streams
27 Compression backend may use up to max_comp_streams compression streams,
28 thus allowing up to max_comp_streams concurrent compression operations.
29 By default, compression backend uses single compression stream.
32 #show max compression streams number
33 cat /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
35 #set max compression streams number to 3
36 echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
39 In order to enable compression backend's multi stream support max_comp_streams
40 must be initially set to desired concurrency level before ZRAM device
41 initialisation. Once the device initialised as a single stream compression
42 backend (max_comp_streams equals to 1), you will see error if you try to change
43 the value of max_comp_streams because single stream compression backend
44 implemented as a special case by lock overhead issue and does not support
45 dynamic max_comp_streams. Only multi stream backend supports dynamic
46 max_comp_streams adjustment.
48 3) Select compression algorithm
49 Using comp_algorithm device attribute one can see available and
50 currently selected (shown in square brackets) compression algortithms,
51 change selected compression algorithm (once the device is initialised
52 there is no way to change compression algorithm).
55 #show supported compression algorithms
56 cat /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
59 #select lzo compression algorithm
60 echo lzo > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
63 Set disk size by writing the value to sysfs node 'disksize'.
64 The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
66 # Initialize /dev/zram0 with 50MB disksize
67 echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
70 echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
71 echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
72 echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
75 There is little point creating a zram of greater than twice the size of memory
76 since we expect a 2:1 compression ratio. Note that zram uses about 0.1% of the
77 size of the disk when not in use so a huge zram is wasteful.
79 5) Set memory limit: Optional
80 Set memory limit by writing the value to sysfs node 'mem_limit'.
81 The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
82 In addition, you could change the value in runtime.
84 # limit /dev/zram0 with 50MB memory
85 echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
88 echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
89 echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
90 echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
92 # To disable memory limit
93 echo 0 > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
100 mount /dev/zram1 /tmp
102 7) Add/remove zram devices
104 zram provides a control interface, which enables dynamic (on-demand) device
105 addition and removal.
107 In order to add a new /dev/zramX device, perform read operation on hot_add
108 attribute. This will return either new device's device id (meaning that you
109 can use /dev/zram<id>) or error code.
112 cat /sys/class/zram-control/hot_add
115 To remove the existing /dev/zramX device (where X is a device id)
117 echo X > /sys/class/zram-control/hot_remove
120 Per-device statistics are exported as various nodes under /sys/block/zram<id>/
122 A brief description of exported device attritbutes. For more details please
123 read Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram.
125 Name access description
126 ---- ------ -----------
127 disksize RW show and set the device's disk size
128 initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device
129 reset WO trigger device reset
130 num_reads RO the number of reads
131 failed_reads RO the number of failed reads
132 num_write RO the number of writes
133 failed_writes RO the number of failed writes
134 invalid_io RO the number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
135 max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress operations
136 comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm
137 notify_free RO the number of notifications to free pages (either
138 slot free notifications or REQ_DISCARD requests)
139 zero_pages RO the number of zero filled pages written to this disk
140 orig_data_size RO uncompressed size of data stored in this disk
141 compr_data_size RO compressed size of data stored in this disk
142 mem_used_total RO the amount of memory allocated for this disk
143 mem_used_max RW the maximum amount memory zram have consumed to
144 store compressed data
145 mem_limit RW the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
147 num_migrated RO the number of objects migrated migrated by compaction
148 compact WO trigger memory compaction
152 per-stat sysfs attributes are considered to be deprecated.
153 The basic strategy is:
154 -- the existing RW nodes will be downgraded to WO nodes (in linux 4.11)
155 -- deprecated RO sysfs nodes will eventually be removed (in linux 4.11)
157 The list of deprecated attributes can be found here:
158 Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-block-zram
160 Basically, every attribute that has its own read accessible sysfs node
161 (e.g. num_reads) *AND* is accessible via one of the stat files (zram<id>/stat
162 or zram<id>/io_stat or zram<id>/mm_stat) is considered to be deprecated.
164 User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics.
166 File /sys/block/zram<id>/stat
168 Represents block layer statistics. Read Documentation/block/stat.txt for
171 File /sys/block/zram<id>/io_stat
173 The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block
174 layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a
175 single line of text and contains the following stats separated by
182 File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat
184 The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single
185 line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
199 Write any positive value to 'reset' sysfs node
200 echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/reset
201 echo 1 > /sys/block/zram1/reset
203 This frees all the memory allocated for the given device and
204 resets the disksize to zero. You must set the disksize again
205 before reusing the device.