4 The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as
5 implemented by the __setup(), core_param() and module_param() macros
6 and sorted into English Dictionary order (defined as ignoring all
7 punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a case insensitive
8 manner), and with descriptions where known.
10 The kernel parses parameters from the kernel command line up to "--";
11 if it doesn't recognize a parameter and it doesn't contain a '.', the
12 parameter gets passed to init: parameters with '=' go into init's
13 environment, others are passed as command line arguments to init.
14 Everything after "--" is passed as an argument to init.
16 Module parameters can be specified in two ways: via the kernel command
17 line with a module name prefix, or via modprobe, e.g.:
19 (kernel command line) usbcore.blinkenlights=1
20 (modprobe command line) modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
22 Parameters for modules which are built into the kernel need to be
23 specified on the kernel command line. modprobe looks through the
24 kernel command line (/proc/cmdline) and collects module parameters
25 when it loads a module, so the kernel command line can be used for
28 Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
29 log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
30 can also be entered as
31 log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
33 Double-quotes can be used to protect spaces in values, e.g.:
34 param="spaces in here"
36 This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
37 "modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
38 module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
39 reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
40 parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
41 "echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".
43 The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
44 enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
45 the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
46 parameter is applicable:
48 ACPI ACPI support is enabled.
49 AGP AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is enabled.
50 ALSA ALSA sound support is enabled.
51 APIC APIC support is enabled.
52 APM Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
53 ARM ARM architecture is enabled.
54 AVR32 AVR32 architecture is enabled.
55 AX25 Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
56 BLACKFIN Blackfin architecture is enabled.
57 CLK Common clock infrastructure is enabled.
58 CMA Contiguous Memory Area support is enabled.
59 DM Device mapper support is enabled.
60 DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
61 DYNAMIC_DEBUG Build in debug messages and enable them at runtime
62 EDD BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
63 EFI EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
64 EIDE EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
65 EVM Extended Verification Module
66 FB The frame buffer device is enabled.
67 FTRACE Function tracing enabled.
68 GCOV GCOV profiling is enabled.
69 HW Appropriate hardware is enabled.
70 IA-64 IA-64 architecture is enabled.
71 IMA Integrity measurement architecture is enabled.
72 IOSCHED More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
73 IP_PNP IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
74 IPV6 IPv6 support is enabled.
75 ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled.
76 ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
77 JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
78 KGDB Kernel debugger support is enabled.
79 KVM Kernel Virtual Machine support is enabled.
80 LIBATA Libata driver is enabled
81 LP Printer support is enabled.
82 LOOP Loopback device support is enabled.
83 M68k M68k architecture is enabled.
84 These options have more detailed description inside of
85 Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
86 MDA MDA console support is enabled.
87 MIPS MIPS architecture is enabled.
88 MOUSE Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
89 MSI Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).
90 MTD MTD (Memory Technology Device) support is enabled.
91 NET Appropriate network support is enabled.
92 NUMA NUMA support is enabled.
93 NFS Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
94 OSS OSS sound support is enabled.
95 PV_OPS A paravirtualized kernel is enabled.
96 PARIDE The ParIDE (parallel port IDE) subsystem is enabled.
97 PARISC The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
98 PCI PCI bus support is enabled.
99 PCIE PCI Express support is enabled.
100 PCMCIA The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
101 PNP Plug & Play support is enabled.
102 PPC PowerPC architecture is enabled.
103 PPT Parallel port support is enabled.
104 PS2 Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
105 RAM RAM disk support is enabled.
106 S390 S390 architecture is enabled.
107 SCSI Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
108 A lot of drivers have their options described inside
109 the Documentation/scsi/ sub-directory.
110 SECURITY Different security models are enabled.
111 SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
112 APPARMOR AppArmor support is enabled.
113 SERIAL Serial support is enabled.
114 SH SuperH architecture is enabled.
115 SMP The kernel is an SMP kernel.
116 SPARC Sparc architecture is enabled.
117 SWSUSP Software suspend (hibernation) is enabled.
118 SUSPEND System suspend states are enabled.
119 TPM TPM drivers are enabled.
120 TS Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
121 UMS USB Mass Storage support is enabled.
122 USB USB support is enabled.
123 USBHID USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
124 V4L Video For Linux support is enabled.
125 VMMIO Driver for memory mapped virtio devices is enabled.
126 VGA The VGA console has been enabled.
127 VT Virtual terminal support is enabled.
128 WDT Watchdog support is enabled.
129 XT IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
130 X86-32 X86-32, aka i386 architecture is enabled.
131 X86-64 X86-64 architecture is enabled.
132 More X86-64 boot options can be found in
133 Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
134 X86 Either 32-bit or 64-bit x86 (same as X86-32+X86-64)
135 XEN Xen support is enabled
137 In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
139 BUGS= Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
140 KNL Is a kernel start-up parameter.
141 BOOT Is a boot loader parameter.
143 Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
144 loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
145 Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
146 need or coordination with <Documentation/x86/boot.txt>.
148 There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here.
149 See for example <Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt>.
151 Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
152 a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
153 be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
154 it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
155 running once the system is up.
157 The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
158 complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
159 a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
160 and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
161 ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
163 Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel
164 parameter values. These 'K', 'M', and 'G' letters represent the _binary_
165 multipliers 'Kilo', 'Mega', and 'Giga', equalling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30
166 bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted.
169 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86,ARM64]
170 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
171 Format: { force | off | strict | noirq | rsdt |
173 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
174 off -- disable ACPI if default was on
175 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
176 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
177 strictly ACPI specification compliant.
178 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
179 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
180 For ARM64, ONLY "acpi=off" or "acpi=force" are available
182 See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
184 acpi_apic_instance= [ACPI, IOAPIC]
186 2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
187 1,0: use 1st APIC table
190 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI]
191 acpi_backlight=vendor
193 If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
194 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
195 of the ACPI video.ko driver.
197 acpica_no_return_repair [HW, ACPI]
198 Disable AML predefined validation mechanism
199 This mechanism can repair the evaluation result to make
200 the return objects more ACPI specification compliant.
201 This option is useful for developers to identify the
202 root cause of an AML interpreter issue when the issue
203 has something to do with the repair mechanism.
205 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
206 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
208 CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
209 debug output. Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
210 _COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
211 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
212 Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
213 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
214 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
215 The debug_level mask defaults to "info". See
216 Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
217 debug layers and levels.
219 Enable processor driver info messages:
220 acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
221 Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
222 acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
223 Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
224 object while interpreting AML:
225 acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
226 Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
227 acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
229 Some values produce so much output that the system is
230 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
231 if you need to capture more output.
233 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI]
234 { strict | lax | no }
235 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
236 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
237 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
238 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
239 can interfere with legacy drivers.
240 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
241 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
242 resources will fail to bind to device using them.
243 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
244 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
245 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
246 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
247 no further checks are performed.
249 acpi_force_table_verification [HW,ACPI]
250 Enable table checksum verification during early stage.
251 By default, this is disabled due to x86 early mapping
254 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
255 ACPI will balance active IRQs
258 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
259 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
262 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
263 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
265 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
267 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
269 acpi_no_auto_serialize [HW,ACPI]
270 Disable auto-serialization of AML methods
271 AML control methods that contain the opcodes to create
272 named objects will be marked as "Serialized" by the
273 auto-serialization feature.
274 This feature is enabled by default.
275 This option allows to turn off the feature.
277 acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug. Useful for kdump
280 acpi_no_static_ssdt [HW,ACPI]
281 Disable installation of static SSDTs at early boot time
282 By default, SSDTs contained in the RSDT/XSDT will be
283 installed automatically and they will appear under
284 /sys/firmware/acpi/tables.
285 This option turns off this feature.
286 Note that specifying this option does not affect
287 dynamic table installation which will install SSDT
288 tables to /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/dynamic.
290 acpi_rsdp= [ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
291 Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
292 on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
293 second kernel for kdump.
295 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
296 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
298 acpi_rev_override [ACPI] Override the _REV object to return 5 (instead
299 of 2 which is mandated by ACPI 6) as the supported ACPI
300 specification revision (when using this switch, it may
301 be necessary to carry out a cold reboot _twice_ in a
302 row to make it take effect on the platform firmware).
304 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
305 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1
306 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove string2
307 acpi_osi=!* # remove all strings
308 acpi_osi=! # disable all built-in OS vendor
310 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
312 'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
313 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
314 vendor string(s). Note that such command can only
315 affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
316 it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
317 strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
318 specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
319 is meaningless. This command is useful when one do not
320 care about the state of the feature group strings which
321 should be controlled by the OSPM.
323 1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
324 to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
325 can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
327 'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
328 'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
329 exist in the ACPI namespace. NOTE that such command can
330 only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
331 multiple times through kernel command line is also
334 1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
337 'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
338 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
339 string(s). Note that such command can affect the
340 current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
341 feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
342 through kernel command line is meaningful. But it may
343 still not able to affect the final state of a string if
344 there are quirks related to this string. This command
345 is useful when one want to control the state of the
346 feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
349 1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
350 '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
351 2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
352 '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
353 3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
355 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
357 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
358 they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
361 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
362 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
363 and always returns good values.
365 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
366 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
368 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
369 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
370 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
372 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
373 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
374 old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable }
375 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
377 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
378 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
379 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
380 used during resume from hibernation.
381 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
382 control method, with respect to putting devices into
383 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
384 of _PTS is used by default).
385 nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
386 ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
387 sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
388 on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
389 but some broken systems don't work without it).
391 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
392 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
393 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
395 add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
396 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
399 { off | try_unsupported }
400 off: disable AGP support
401 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
402 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
405 See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt
408 Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
409 behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings,
410 bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
412 align_va_addr= [X86-64]
413 Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
414 allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
415 gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
416 machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
417 CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
418 a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
420 32: only for 32-bit processes
421 64: only for 64-bit processes
422 on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
423 off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
425 alloc_snapshot [FTRACE]
426 Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
427 main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
428 and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
429 do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
430 to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
432 amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64]
433 Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
435 fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
436 they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
437 flushed before they will be reused, which
439 off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
441 force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
442 devices. The IOMMU driver is not
443 allowed anymore to lift isolation
444 requirements as needed. This option
445 does not override iommu=pt
447 amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64]
448 Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
449 for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
450 driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
451 IOMMU initialization.
453 amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
454 Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
456 See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt
458 analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
459 Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
460 connected to one of 16 gameports
461 Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
464 Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
466 Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
467 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
468 APC and your system crashes randomly.
470 apic= [APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
471 Change the output verbosity whilst booting
472 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
473 Change the amount of debugging information output
474 when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
477 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
479 show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
480 Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
481 number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
482 to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
483 Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
484 The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
485 apic=verbose is specified.
486 Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
488 apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
489 See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
491 arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
492 Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
496 atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
498 atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
499 EzKey and similar keyboards
501 atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
503 atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
504 Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
506 atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
509 atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
510 Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
512 atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
513 Use software keyboard repeat
515 audit= [KNL] Enable the audit sub-system
516 Format: { "0" | "1" } (0 = disabled, 1 = enabled)
517 0 - kernel audit is disabled and can not be enabled
518 until the next reboot
519 unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and
520 will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd.
521 1 - kernel audit is initialized and partially enabled,
522 storing at most audit_backlog_limit messages in
523 RAM until it is fully enabled by the userspace
527 audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit.
528 Format: <int> (must be >=0)
531 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
534 baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
536 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
538 baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]
539 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
540 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
541 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
543 baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]
544 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
545 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
546 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
548 blkdevparts= Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for
549 embedded devices based on command line input.
550 See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt
552 boot_delay= Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
553 Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
557 bootmem_debug [KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
559 bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
560 bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as
562 bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
565 bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
566 firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
569 c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
571 cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
572 Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
573 size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
574 to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
575 possible to determine what the correct size should be.
576 This option provides an override for these situations.
578 ca_keys= [KEYS] This parameter identifies a specific key(s) on
579 the system trusted keyring to be used for certificate
581 format: { id:<keyid> | builtin }
583 cca= [MIPS] Override the kernel pages' cache coherency
584 algorithm. Accepted values range from 0 to 7
585 inclusive. See arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h
586 for platform specific values (SB1, Loongson3 and
589 ccw_timeout_log [S390]
590 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
592 cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
593 Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
594 The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are:
595 - foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in
597 - foo isn't visible as an individually mountable
599 {Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and
600 cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So
601 only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy}
603 checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
604 Format: { "0" | "1" }
605 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
606 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
607 any implied execute protection).
608 1 -- check protection requested by application.
609 Default value is set via a kernel config option.
610 Value can be changed at runtime via
611 /selinux/checkreqprot.
614 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
617 Prevents the clock framework from automatically gating
618 clocks that have not been explicitly enabled by a Linux
619 device driver but are enabled in hardware at reset or
620 by the bootloader/firmware. Note that this does not
621 force such clocks to be always-on nor does it reserve
622 those clocks in any way. This parameter is useful for
623 debug and development, but should not be needed on a
624 platform with proper driver support. For more
625 information, see Documentation/clk.txt.
627 clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
629 Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
630 when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
631 clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
632 Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
634 clocksource= Override the default clocksource
636 Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
637 with the name specified.
638 Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
640 [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
642 [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
643 pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
645 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
646 scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
654 clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
655 Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
656 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h for the valid bit
657 numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
658 stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
660 Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
661 or using the feature without checking anything
662 will still see it. This just prevents it from
663 being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
664 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
667 cma=nn[MG]@[start[MG][-end[MG]]]
669 Sets the size of kernel global memory area for
670 contiguous memory allocations and optionally the
671 placement constraint by the physical address range of
672 memory allocations. A value of 0 disables CMA
673 altogether. For more information, see
674 include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
676 cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no }
677 Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
678 when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments
679 to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
683 coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL]
684 Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
685 allocations, by default set to 256K.
687 code_bytes [X86] How many bytes of object code to print
692 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
694 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
696 com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
700 ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
701 Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
703 condev= [HW,S390] console device
706 console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
708 tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
712 Use the specified serial port. The options are of
713 the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
714 "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
715 bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
716 omit it). Default is "9600n8".
718 See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
720 Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
723 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
724 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
725 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
726 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
727 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
728 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
729 switching to the matching ttyS device later.
730 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
731 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32).
732 If none of [io|mmio|mmio32], <addr> is assumed to be
733 equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified in the
734 same format described for ttyS above; if unspecified,
735 the h/w is not re-initialized.
737 hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
738 both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
740 If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
741 device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
743 For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
745 consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
746 seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0
747 disables the blank timer.
750 [KNL] Change the default value for
751 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
752 See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
754 cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE]
755 disable the cpuidle sub-system
758 [X86] Delay for N microsec between assert and de-assert
759 of APIC INIT to start processors. This delay occurs
760 on every CPU online, such as boot, and resume from suspend.
763 cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
765 <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
767 crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
768 [KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
769 upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
770 memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
771 image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
772 is selected automatically. Check
773 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
775 crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
776 [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
777 in the running system. The syntax of range is
778 start-[end] where start and end are both
779 a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
780 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
782 crashkernel=size[KMG],high
783 [KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
784 to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
785 be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
786 Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
788 It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
789 crashkernel=size[KMG],low
790 [KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
791 is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
792 above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
793 that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
794 requires at least 64M+32K low memory, also enough extra
795 low memory is needed to make sure DMA buffers for 32-bit
796 devices won't run out. Kernel would try to allocate at
797 at least 256M below 4G automatically.
798 This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
799 for second kernel instead.
800 0: to disable low allocation.
801 It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
802 or memory reserved is below 4G.
807 cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
808 Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
811 See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
813 db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
814 (one device per port)
815 Format: <port#>,<type>
816 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
818 ddebug_query= [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
819 time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for
820 details. Deprecated, see dyndbg.
822 debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
825 [KNL] verbose self-tests
827 Print debugging info while doing the locking API
829 We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
830 1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
831 only useful to kernel developers.
833 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
836 [KNL] Disable object debugging
838 debug_guardpage_minorder=
839 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
840 parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
841 be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
842 buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
843 of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
844 amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
845 possible value is MAX_ORDER/2. Setting this parameter
846 to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
847 memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
848 driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
849 random memory location. Note that there exists a class
850 of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
851 F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
852 memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
853 bypassed) which are not detectable by
854 CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
855 tracking down these problems.
858 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
859 parameter enables the feature at boot time. In
860 default, it is disabled. We can avoid allocating huge
861 chunk of memory for debug pagealloc if we don't enable
862 it at boot time and the system will work mostly same
863 with the kernel built without CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC.
864 on: enable the feature
866 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
868 decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
869 Format: <area>[,<node>]
870 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
873 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
874 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
875 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
876 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
877 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
881 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
884 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
886 disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP]
888 The number of initial APIC ID for the
889 corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot,
890 mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to
891 disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without
892 causing system reset or hang due to sending
895 disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES]
896 Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
897 to workaround buggy firmware.
900 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
902 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
903 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
904 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
905 entry later. This parameter disables that.
907 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
908 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
909 memory out of your available memory pool based on
910 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior,
911 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
913 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
914 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
915 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
917 dis_ucode_ldr [X86] Disable the microcode loader.
919 dm= [DM] Allows early creation of a device-mapper device.
920 See Documentation/device-mapper/boot.txt.
922 dmasound= [HW,OSS] Sound subsystem buff
924 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
925 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
927 dma_debug_entries=<number>
928 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
929 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
930 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
931 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
932 architectural default is too low.
934 dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
935 With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
936 filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
937 pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
938 The filter can be disabled or changed to another
939 driver later using sysfs.
941 drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>[,[<connector>:]<file>]
942 Broken monitors, graphic adapters, KVMs and EDIDless
943 panels may send no or incorrect EDID data sets.
944 This parameter allows to specify an EDID data sets
945 in the /lib/firmware directory that are used instead.
946 Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
947 edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
948 edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
949 and no file with the same name exists. Details and
950 instructions how to build your own EDID data are
951 available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
952 data set will only be used for a particular connector,
953 if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
954 name. Each connector may use a unique EDID data
955 set by separating the files with a comma. An EDID
956 data set with no connector name will be used for
957 any connectors not explicitly specified.
961 dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
962 module.dyndbg[="val"]
963 Enable debug messages at boot time. See
964 Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details.
966 nompx [X86] Disables Intel Memory Protection Extensions.
967 See Documentation/x86/intel_mpx.txt for more
968 information about the feature.
971 on enable eager fpu restore
972 off disable eager fpu restore
973 auto selects the default scheme, which automatically
974 enables eagerfpu restore for xsaveopt.
976 module.async_probe [KNL]
977 Enable asynchronous probe on this module.
979 early_ioremap_debug [KNL]
980 Enable debug messages in early_ioremap support. This
981 is useful for tracking down temporary early mappings
982 which are not unmapped.
984 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
986 When used with no options, the early console is
987 determined by the stdout-path property in device
991 Start an early, polled-mode console on a cadence serial
992 port at the specified address. The cadence serial port
993 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
996 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
997 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
998 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
999 uart[8250],mmio32be,<addr>[,options]
1000 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
1001 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
1002 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
1003 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
1004 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32 or mmio32be).
1005 If none of [io|mmio|mmio32|mmio32be], <addr> is assumed
1006 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified
1007 in the same format described for "console=ttyS<n>"; if
1008 unspecified, the h/w is not initialized.
1011 Start an early, polled-mode console on a pl011 serial
1012 port at the specified address. The pl011 serial port
1013 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1017 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
1018 port at the specified address. The serial port
1019 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1022 msm_serial_dm,<addr>
1023 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
1024 dm port at the specified address. The serial port
1025 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1028 smh Use ARM semihosting calls for early console.
1036 Use early console provided by serial driver available
1037 on Samsung SoCs, requires selecting proper type and
1038 a correct base address of the selected UART port. The
1039 serial port must already be setup and configured.
1040 Options are not yet supported.
1044 Use early console provided by Freescale LP UART driver
1045 found on Freescale Vybrid and QorIQ LS1021A processors.
1046 A valid base address must be provided, and the serial
1047 port must already be setup and configured.
1049 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM,M68k]
1053 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
1054 earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
1055 earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
1056 earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
1057 earlyprintk=pciserial,bus:device.function[,baudrate]
1059 earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
1060 the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
1061 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
1063 Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
1066 Only one of vga, efi, serial, or usb debug port can
1069 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
1070 name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
1071 on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
1072 replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
1073 earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
1074 You can find the port for a given device in
1075 /proc/tty/driver/serial:
1076 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
1078 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
1081 The VGA and EFI output is eventually overwritten by
1084 The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
1086 edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
1087 Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
1088 on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
1089 by other higher priority error reporting module.
1090 off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC.
1091 force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event.
1094 ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
1097 This is designed to be used in conjunction with
1098 the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
1101 Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
1104 Format: { "old_map", "nochunk", "noruntime", "debug" }
1105 old_map [X86-64]: switch to the old ioremap-based EFI
1106 runtime services mapping. 32-bit still uses this one by
1108 nochunk: disable reading files in "chunks" in the EFI
1109 boot stub, as chunking can cause problems with some
1110 firmware implementations.
1111 noruntime : disable EFI runtime services support
1112 debug: enable misc debug output
1114 efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
1115 Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
1116 your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
1117 you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
1118 fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
1120 efi_fake_mem= nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa[,nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa,..] [EFI; X86]
1121 Add arbitrary attribute to specific memory range by
1122 updating original EFI memory map.
1123 Region of memory which aa attribute is added to is
1125 If efi_fake_mem=2G@4G:0x10000,2G@0x10a0000000:0x10000
1126 is specified, EFI_MEMORY_MORE_RELIABLE(0x10000)
1127 attribute is added to range 0x100000000-0x180000000 and
1128 0x10a0000000-0x1120000000.
1130 Using this parameter you can do debugging of EFI memmap
1131 related feature. For example, you can do debugging of
1132 Address Range Mirroring feature even if your box
1135 eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
1136 See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
1139 See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
1140 arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
1143 Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
1144 See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
1145 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
1147 elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
1148 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
1149 image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
1150 kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
1151 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
1153 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
1154 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
1155 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
1156 entry later. This parameter enables that.
1158 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
1159 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
1160 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
1161 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
1162 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
1164 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
1166 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
1167 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
1168 1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
1170 Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
1173 Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
1176 ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
1177 This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
1178 has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
1182 Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
1183 current integrity status.
1187 fail_make_request=[KNL]
1188 General fault injection mechanism.
1189 Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
1190 See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
1193 See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
1195 force_pal_cache_flush
1196 [IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
1197 buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
1198 parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
1199 ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
1202 Forcefully enable Physical Address Extension (PAE).
1203 Many Pentium M systems disable PAE but may have a
1204 functionally usable PAE implementation.
1205 Warning: use of this parameter will taint the kernel
1206 and may cause unknown problems.
1209 [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
1210 as early as possible in order to facilitate early
1213 ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
1214 [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
1215 If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
1216 buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
1217 dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
1220 ftrace_filter=[function-list]
1221 [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
1222 tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
1223 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
1224 time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
1227 ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
1228 [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
1229 function-list. This list can be changed at run time
1230 by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
1233 ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
1234 [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
1235 by the function graph tracer at boot up.
1236 function-list is a comma separated list of functions
1237 that can be changed at run time by the
1238 set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1240 ftrace_graph_notrace=[function-list]
1241 [FTRACE] Do not trace from the functions specified in
1242 function-list. This list is a comma separated list of
1243 functions that can be changed at run time by the
1244 set_graph_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1247 [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
1248 support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
1249 Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
1250 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
1254 gart_fix_e820= [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
1258 gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
1259 kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
1260 debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
1261 When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
1262 debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
1264 goldfish [X86] Enable the goldfish android emulator platform.
1265 Don't use this when you are not running on the
1268 gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
1269 invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
1270 primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
1271 GPT to be used instead.
1273 grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
1274 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1277 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
1278 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1281 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use.
1284 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
1285 Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1287 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
1288 Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1291 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
1292 [KNL] Should the hard-lockup detector generate
1293 backtraces on all cpus.
1296 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
1297 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
1298 for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
1299 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
1301 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
1303 hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
1304 Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
1307 Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
1308 corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
1309 logic will be disabled.
1311 highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
1312 size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
1313 highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
1314 size on bigger boxes.
1316 highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
1317 Valid parameters: "on", "off"
1321 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
1325 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
1326 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
1328 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
1329 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
1331 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
1333 hpet_mmap= [X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET
1334 registers. Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT.
1336 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
1337 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
1338 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
1339 multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
1340 huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
1341 x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
1342 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag).
1344 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
1345 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
1346 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
1347 If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
1348 from listed z/VM user IDs only.
1350 hwthread_map= [METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to
1351 hardware thread id mappings.
1352 Format: <cpu>:<hwthread>
1355 Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
1356 useful for debugging when something happens in the window
1357 between unregistering the boot console and initializing
1360 i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
1361 or register an additional I2C bus that is not
1362 registered from board initialization code.
1366 i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
1367 i8042.unmask_kbd_data
1368 [HW] Enable printing of interrupt data from the KBD port
1369 (disabled by default, and as a pre-condition
1370 requires that i8042.debug=1 be enabled)
1371 i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
1372 i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
1373 keyboard and cannot control its state
1374 (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
1375 i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
1376 i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
1377 i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
1379 i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
1381 i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
1383 i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
1384 i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init, cleanup and
1385 suspend-to-ram transitions, only during s2r
1386 transitions, or never reset
1387 Format: { 1 | Y | y | 0 | N | n }
1388 1, Y, y: always reset controller
1389 0, N, n: don't ever reset controller
1390 Default: only on s2r transitions on x86; most other
1391 architectures force reset to be always executed
1392 i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
1393 i8042.kbdreset [HW] Reset device connected to KBD port
1397 i8k.ignore_dmi [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
1398 indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
1400 i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
1401 does not match list of supported models.
1403 [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
1404 (disabled by default)
1405 i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
1408 i915.invert_brightness=
1409 [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
1410 set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
1411 brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
1412 and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
1413 to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
1414 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
1415 is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
1416 to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
1417 value switches the backlight off.
1418 -1 -- never invert brightness
1419 0 -- machine default
1420 1 -- force brightness inversion
1423 Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
1425 ide-core.nodma= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1426 Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
1427 .vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
1428 .cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
1429 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
1431 ide-generic.probe-mask= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1433 Probe mask for legacy ISA IDE ports. Depending on
1434 platform up to 6 ports are supported, enabled by
1435 setting corresponding bits in the mask to 1. The
1436 default value is 0x0, which has a special meaning.
1437 On systems that have PCI, it triggers scanning the
1438 PCI bus for the first and the second port, which
1439 are then probed. On systems without PCI the value
1440 of 0x0 enables probing the two first ports as if it
1443 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1444 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
1447 Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
1448 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
1449 improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
1450 will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
1452 idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
1453 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
1454 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
1456 ignore_loglevel [KNL]
1457 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
1458 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
1459 We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
1460 could change it dynamically, usually by
1461 /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
1463 ihash_entries= [KNL]
1464 Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
1466 ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements
1467 Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" | "log" }
1470 ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
1471 The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
1475 Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384
1479 The list of supported hash algorithms is defined
1480 in crypto/hash_info.h.
1483 The builtin measurement policy to load during IMA
1484 setup. Specyfing "tcb" as the value, measures all
1485 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1486 opened with the read mode bit set by either the
1487 effective uid (euid=0) or uid=0.
1490 ima_tcb [IMA] Deprecated. Use ima_policy= instead.
1491 Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
1492 Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all
1493 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1494 opened for read by uid=0.
1497 Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats.
1498 Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" | "ima-sig" }
1502 [IMA] Define a custom template format.
1503 Format: { "field1|...|fieldN" }
1505 ima.ahash_minsize= [IMA] Minimum file size for asynchronous hash usage
1506 Format: <min_file_size>
1507 Set the minimal file size for using asynchronous hash.
1508 If left unspecified, ahash usage is disabled.
1510 ahash performance varies for different data sizes on
1511 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1512 to achieve the best performance for a particular HW.
1514 ima.ahash_bufsize= [IMA] Asynchronous hash buffer size
1516 Set hashing buffer size. Default: 4k.
1518 ahash performance varies for different chunk sizes on
1519 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1520 to achieve best performance for particular HW.
1524 Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
1527 initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful
1528 for working out where the kernel is dying during
1531 initcall_blacklist= [KNL] Do not execute a comma-separated list of
1532 initcall functions. Useful for debugging built-in
1533 modules and initcalls.
1535 initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
1537 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
1540 int_pln_enable [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
1542 integrity_audit=[IMA]
1543 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1544 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
1545 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
1547 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
1549 Enable intel iommu driver.
1551 Disable intel iommu driver.
1552 igfx_off [Default Off]
1553 By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
1554 device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
1555 bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
1556 this case, gfx device will use physical address for
1559 With this option iommu will not optimize to look
1560 for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
1561 address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
1562 than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
1563 for translation below 32-bit and if not available
1564 then look in the higher range.
1565 strict [Default Off]
1566 With this option on every unmap_single operation will
1567 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
1568 to batching them for performance.
1569 sp_off [Default Off]
1570 By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
1571 has the capability. With this option, super page will
1573 ecs_off [Default Off]
1574 By default, extended context tables will be supported if
1575 the hardware advertises that it has support both for the
1576 extended tables themselves, and also PASID support. With
1577 this option set, extended tables will not be used even
1578 on hardware which claims to support them.
1580 intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
1581 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
1582 1 to 6 specify maximum depth of C-state.
1586 Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
1587 scaling driver for the supported processors
1589 Enable intel_pstate on systems that prohibit it by default
1590 in favor of acpi-cpufreq. Forcing the intel_pstate driver
1591 instead of acpi-cpufreq may disable platform features, such
1592 as thermal controls and power capping, that rely on ACPI
1593 P-States information being indicated to OSPM and therefore
1594 should be used with caution. This option does not work with
1595 processors that aren't supported by the intel_pstate driver
1596 or on platforms that use pcc-cpufreq instead of acpi-cpufreq.
1598 Do not enable hardware P state control (HWP)
1601 Only load intel_pstate on systems which support
1602 hardware P state control (HWP) if available.
1604 intremap= [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
1605 on enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
1606 off disable Interrupt Remapping
1607 nosid disable Source ID checking
1609 BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
1610 nopost disable Interrupt Posting
1612 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
1613 strict regions from userspace.
1628 nobypass [PPC/POWERNV]
1629 Disable IOMMU bypass, using IOMMU for PCI devices.
1632 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
1633 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
1634 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
1636 io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method
1638 Standard port 0x80 based delay
1640 Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
1642 Simple two microseconds delay
1647 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1650 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1651 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1655 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1656 for it. Also check all handlers each timer
1657 interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1661 Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
1663 isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
1665 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
1667 <cpu number>-<cpu number>
1668 (must be a positive range in ascending order)
1670 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>
1672 This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
1673 to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
1674 algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an
1675 "isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
1676 <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
1677 "number of CPUs in system - 1".
1679 This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
1680 alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
1681 tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
1682 suboptimal load balancer performance.
1686 ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86_64]
1687 Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1688 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1689 example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
1690 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1691 ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
1693 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86_64]
1694 Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1695 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1696 example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to
1697 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1698 ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
1700 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
1701 See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
1704 Enable/disable kernel and module base offset ASLR
1705 (Address Space Layout Randomization) if built into
1706 the kernel. When CONFIG_HIBERNATION is selected,
1707 kASLR is disabled by default. When kASLR is enabled,
1708 hibernation will be disabled.
1712 kernelcore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1713 specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
1714 for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is
1715 spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
1716 remaining memory in each node is used for Movable
1717 pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both
1718 kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will
1719 take priority and other nodes will have a larger number
1720 of Movable pages. The Movable zone is used for the
1721 allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved
1722 by the page migration subsystem. This means that
1723 HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone.
1724 Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still
1725 use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
1726 zone if it does not.
1728 kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
1729 Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
1730 The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
1731 port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is
1732 optional and is the number seconds in between
1733 each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
1734 the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
1735 gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When
1736 not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
1737 the kernel debugger.
1739 kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
1740 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
1741 or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
1742 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
1743 keyboard only format: kbd
1744 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
1745 Optional Kernel mode setting:
1746 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
1747 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
1749 kgdbwait [KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
1750 kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
1752 kmac= [MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
1753 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
1754 Ethernet adapter MAC address.
1756 kmemleak= [KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
1757 Valid arguments: on, off
1759 Built with CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF=y,
1762 kmemcheck= [X86] Boot-time kmemcheck enable/disable/one-shot mode
1763 Valid arguments: 0, 1, 2
1764 kmemcheck=0 (disabled)
1765 kmemcheck=1 (enabled)
1766 kmemcheck=2 (one-shot mode)
1767 Default: 2 (one-shot mode)
1769 kstack=N [X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
1772 kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
1773 Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
1775 kvm.mmu_audit= [KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
1779 kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
1780 Default is 1 (enabled)
1782 kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
1784 Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
1786 kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
1787 (virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
1788 Default is 1 (enabled)
1790 kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
1791 [KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
1792 Default is 0 (disabled)
1794 kvm-intel.flexpriority=
1795 [KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
1796 Default is 1 (enabled)
1799 [KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
1800 Default is 0 (disabled)
1802 kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
1803 [KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
1804 (virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
1805 Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
1807 kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
1808 feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
1809 Default is 1 (enabled)
1815 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
1818 lapic= [x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
1819 value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
1820 back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
1822 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
1825 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control
1826 libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
1827 libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
1828 libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
1829 libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only
1830 Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
1831 for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
1833 libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
1834 libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default)
1835 libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk
1837 libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
1841 libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is comma
1842 separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
1843 PORT[.DEVICE]. PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
1844 matching port, link or device. Basically, it matches
1845 the ATA ID string printed on console by libata. If
1846 the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
1847 values are used. If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
1848 configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
1850 If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
1851 the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE
1852 number of 0 either selects the first device or the
1853 first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not
1854 select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the
1855 host link and device attached to it.
1857 The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long
1858 as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
1859 For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
1860 The following configurations can be forced.
1862 * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
1863 Any ID with matching PORT is used.
1865 * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
1867 * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
1868 udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
1871 * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
1873 * [no]ncqtrim: Turn off queued DSM TRIM.
1875 * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
1878 * rstonce: only attempt one reset during
1879 hot-unplug link recovery
1881 * dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
1883 * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support
1885 * disable: Disable this device.
1887 If there are multiple matching configurations changing
1888 the same attribute, the last one is used.
1890 memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
1892 load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
1893 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
1895 lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period.
1898 lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port.
1901 lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value.
1904 lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port.
1907 locktorture.nreaders_stress= [KNL]
1908 Set the number of locking read-acquisition kthreads.
1909 Defaults to being automatically set based on the
1910 number of online CPUs.
1912 locktorture.nwriters_stress= [KNL]
1913 Set the number of locking write-acquisition kthreads.
1915 locktorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
1916 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
1918 locktorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
1919 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
1920 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
1922 locktorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
1923 Set task-shuffle interval (jiffies). Shuffling
1924 tasks allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle
1925 mode during the locktorture test.
1927 locktorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
1928 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
1929 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
1931 locktorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
1932 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
1934 locktorture.stutter= [KNL]
1935 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example,
1936 specifying five seconds causes the test to run for
1937 five seconds, wait for five seconds, and so on.
1938 This tests the locking primitive's ability to
1939 transition abruptly to and from idle.
1941 locktorture.torture_runnable= [BOOT]
1942 Start locktorture running at boot time.
1944 locktorture.torture_type= [KNL]
1945 Specify the locking implementation to test.
1947 locktorture.verbose= [KNL]
1948 Enable additional printk() statements.
1950 logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
1953 loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
1954 console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
1955 also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
1956 loglevels are defined as follows:
1958 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable
1959 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately
1960 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions
1961 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions
1962 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions
1963 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition
1964 6 (KERN_INFO) informational
1965 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
1967 log_buf_len=n[KMG] Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
1968 in bytes. n must be a power of two and greater
1969 than the minimal size. The minimal size is defined
1970 by LOG_BUF_SHIFT kernel config parameter. There is
1971 also CONFIG_LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT config parameter
1972 that allows to increase the default size depending on
1973 the number of CPUs. See init/Kconfig for more details.
1975 logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
1976 This may be used to provide more screen space for
1977 kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
1978 kernel boot problems.
1980 lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
1981 lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
1982 lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
1983 lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
1984 specified in addition to the ports) causes
1985 attached printers to be reset. Using
1986 lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
1987 to associate lp devices with, starting with
1988 lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
1989 that lp device, or a parport name such as
1990 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
1991 port specification list means that device IDs
1992 from each port should be examined, to see if
1993 an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
1994 so, the driver will manage that printer.
1995 See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
1998 Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
1999 time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
2000 CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
2001 the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
2002 autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
2003 on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
2004 which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
2005 significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
2006 will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
2007 unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
2008 unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
2012 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
2014 machvec= [IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
2015 (machvec) in a generic kernel.
2016 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
2018 machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
2020 Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
2022 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
2023 than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
2025 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2026 should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the
2027 kernel to using 'n' processors. n=0 is a special case,
2028 it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables
2031 max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
2032 (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
2033 number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
2034 of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
2035 devices can be requested on-demand with the
2036 /dev/loop-control interface.
2038 mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
2040 mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
2042 md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
2043 See Documentation/md.txt.
2046 Format: <first>,<last>
2047 Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
2049 mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
2050 Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
2051 to see the whole system memory or for test.
2052 [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
2053 with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
2054 Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
2055 belonging to unused RAM.
2057 mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
2061 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
2062 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
2064 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
2065 E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
2066 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
2067 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
2070 memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
2071 [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory.
2072 Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn.
2074 memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
2075 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
2076 Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn.
2078 memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
2079 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
2080 Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn.
2081 Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
2082 memmap=64K$0x18690000
2084 memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
2086 memmap=nn[KMG]!ss[KMG]
2087 [KNL,X86] Mark specific memory as protected.
2088 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
2089 The memory region may be marked as e820 type 12 (0xc)
2090 and is NVDIMM or ADR memory.
2092 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
2093 Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
2094 memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
2095 Setting this option will scan the memory
2096 looking for corruption. Enabling this will
2097 both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
2098 from using the memory being corrupted.
2099 However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
2100 repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
2101 affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
2102 to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
2104 memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
2105 By default it checks for corruption in the low
2106 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
2107 use. Use this parameter to scan for
2108 corruption in more or less memory.
2110 memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
2111 By default it checks for corruption every 60
2112 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some
2113 other rate. 0 disables periodic checking.
2115 memtest= [KNL,X86,ARM] Enable memtest
2117 default : 0 <disable>
2118 Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
2119 performed. Each pass selects another test
2120 pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
2121 fills the memory with this pattern, validates
2122 memory contents and reserves bad memory
2123 regions that are detected.
2125 meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
2126 See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
2128 mfgpt_irq= [IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
2129 Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
2132 mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
2133 the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
2134 version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
2135 problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
2139 min_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
2140 physical address is ignored.
2142 mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL]
2143 Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
2145 MINI2440 configuration specification:
2146 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
2147 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
2148 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
2149 Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
2150 the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
2152 b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
2153 linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
2154 LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
2156 c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
2157 t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
2158 touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
2159 kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
2160 in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
2161 http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
2164 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
2165 parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
2166 the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
2167 of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
2168 log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
2169 so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
2172 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
2173 modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
2174 Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
2175 is always true, so this option does nothing.
2178 [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
2179 leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
2180 a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
2181 touchpads working in absolute mode only).
2183 mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
2184 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
2185 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
2186 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
2188 movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
2189 is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
2190 amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
2191 If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
2192 then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
2193 value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
2194 is specified, the administrator must be careful
2195 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
2198 movable_node [KNL,X86] Boot-time switch to enable the effects
2199 of CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE=y. See mm/Kconfig for details.
2201 MTD_Partition= [MTD]
2202 Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
2204 MTD_Region= [MTD] Format:
2205 <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
2208 See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
2210 multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
2211 firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
2214 onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
2216 Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
2218 boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
2219 The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
2220 lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
2221 Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
2222 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
2225 ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
2227 See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
2229 mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
2230 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
2231 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
2233 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
2234 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
2235 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
2237 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
2238 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
2240 Large value could prevent small alignment from
2243 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
2245 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
2247 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
2248 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
2250 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
2252 netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters
2253 Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
2254 Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
2255 something different and driver-specific.
2256 This usage is only documented in each driver source
2260 [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
2261 0 to disable accounting
2262 1 to enable accounting
2265 nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead.
2266 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2268 nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
2269 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2271 nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
2272 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2274 nfs.callback_tcpport=
2275 [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
2276 channel should listen.
2279 [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
2280 to update the NFS client cache entries.
2282 nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
2283 [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
2284 update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
2286 nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
2287 [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
2291 [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
2292 If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
2293 number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
2294 of returning the full 64-bit number.
2295 The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
2297 nfs.max_session_slots=
2298 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
2299 the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
2300 This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
2301 that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
2302 Note that there is little point in setting this
2303 value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
2305 nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2306 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
2307 ensures that both the RPC level authentication
2308 scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
2309 numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
2310 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
2311 disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
2312 legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
2313 Servers that do not support this mode of operation
2314 will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
2315 back to using the idmapper.
2316 To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
2318 [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
2319 ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
2320 their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a
2321 UUID that is generated at system install time.
2323 nfs.send_implementation_id =
2324 [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
2325 information in exchange_id requests.
2326 If zero, no implementation identification information
2328 The default is to send the implementation identification
2331 nfs.recover_lost_locks =
2332 [NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due
2333 to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that
2334 doing this risks data corruption, since there are
2335 no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged
2336 after the locks are lost.
2337 If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of
2338 attempting to recover these locks, then set this
2340 The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel
2341 not to attempt recovery of lost locks.
2343 nfs4.layoutstats_timer =
2344 [NFSv4.2] Change the rate at which the kernel sends
2345 layoutstats to the pNFS metadata server.
2347 Setting this to value to 0 causes the kernel to use
2348 whatever value is the default set by the layout
2349 driver. A non-zero value sets the minimum interval
2350 in seconds between layoutstats transmissions.
2352 nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2353 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
2354 server will return only numeric uids and gids to
2355 clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
2356 and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease
2357 migration from NFSv2/v3.
2359 objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog=
2360 [NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which
2361 is used to automatically discover and login into new
2362 osd-targets. Please see:
2363 Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations
2365 nmi_debug= [KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
2366 when a NMI is triggered.
2367 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
2369 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
2370 Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
2372 0 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog off
2373 1 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog on
2374 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
2375 timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
2376 default). To disable both hard and soft lockup detectors,
2377 please see 'nowatchdog'.
2378 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
2379 need the box quickly up again.
2381 netpoll.carrier_timeout=
2382 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
2383 netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
2386 no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
2387 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
2391 [HW] Never suspend the console
2392 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
2393 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
2394 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
2395 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
2396 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
2397 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
2398 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
2399 To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
2400 console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
2401 it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
2402 /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
2403 turn on/off it dynamically.
2405 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
2406 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory,
2407 but will impact performance.
2411 noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
2412 IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
2414 noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
2416 nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
2417 on "Classic" PPC cores.
2421 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
2423 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
2425 nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
2427 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
2429 noefi Disable EFI runtime services support.
2434 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
2435 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2436 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
2439 Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
2440 even if it is supported by processor.
2443 Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
2444 even if it is supported by processor.
2447 This affects only 32-bit executables.
2448 noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2449 read doesn't imply executable mappings
2450 noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
2451 read implies executable mappings
2453 nofpu [MIPS,SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
2455 nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
2456 register save and restore. The kernel will only save
2457 legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
2459 nohugeiomap [KNL,x86] Disable kernel huge I/O mappings.
2461 noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
2462 and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
2463 enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
2465 noxsaveopt [X86] Disables xsaveopt used in saving x86 extended
2466 register states. The kernel will fall back to use
2467 xsave to save the states. By using this parameter,
2468 performance of saving the states is degraded because
2469 xsave doesn't support modified optimization while
2470 xsaveopt supports it on xsaveopt enabled systems.
2472 noxsaves [X86] Disables xsaves and xrstors used in saving and
2473 restoring x86 extended register state in compacted
2474 form of xsave area. The kernel will fall back to use
2475 xsaveopt and xrstor to save and restore the states
2476 in standard form of xsave area. By using this
2477 parameter, xsave area per process might occupy more
2478 memory on xsaves enabled systems.
2480 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
2481 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
2482 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
2484 no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The
2485 only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
2486 is to be setuid root or executed by root.
2488 nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
2489 function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
2490 power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
2491 interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
2492 in certain environments such as networked servers or
2495 nohibernate [HIBERNATION] Disable hibernation and resume.
2497 nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
2498 Valid arguments: on, off
2501 nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT]
2502 In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
2503 the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
2504 whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
2505 the range to maintain the timekeeping.
2506 The CPUs in this range must also be included in the
2509 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
2511 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
2512 disable unhandled interrupt sources.
2514 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
2515 broken timer IRQ sources.
2517 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
2519 noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
2522 nointremap [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
2524 [Deprecated - use intremap=off]
2528 nojitter [IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
2530 no-kvmclock [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
2532 no-kvmapf [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
2535 no-steal-acc [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
2536 steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
2539 nolapic [X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
2541 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
2543 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
2544 lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
2546 nomca [IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
2548 nomce [X86-32] Disable Machine Check Exception
2550 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
2551 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
2553 nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
2554 shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
2557 nomodule Disable module load
2559 nopat [X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
2560 pagetables) support.
2562 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
2563 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
2565 noreplace-paravirt [X86,IA-64,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops
2567 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
2568 with UP alternatives
2570 nordrand [X86] Disable kernel use of the RDRAND and
2571 RDSEED instructions even if they are supported
2572 by the processor. RDRAND and RDSEED are still
2573 available to user space applications.
2575 noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
2578 no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
2579 This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
2580 reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
2584 nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
2586 nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
2587 and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0".
2589 nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
2591 nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
2593 notsc [BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
2595 nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
2597 nowatchdog [KNL] Disable both lockup detectors, i.e.
2598 soft-lockup and NMI watchdog (hard-lockup).
2602 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
2604 cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
2605 CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
2606 Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
2607 1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
2608 Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
2609 need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
2610 2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
2611 removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
2612 It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
2613 machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
2614 after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
2615 If the dependencies are under your control, you can
2616 turn on cpu0_hotplug.
2618 nptcg= [IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
2619 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
2622 nr_cpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2623 could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
2624 supporting 'n' processors. Later in runtime you can not
2625 use hotplug cpu feature to put more cpu back to online.
2626 just like you compile the kernel NR_CPUS=n
2628 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
2630 numa_balancing= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
2631 Allowed values are enable and disable
2633 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
2634 one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
2635 This can be set from sysctl after boot.
2636 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
2638 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
2639 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
2642 olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
2643 Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
2644 command is not properly ACKed, override the length
2645 of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while
2646 waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
2647 interrupts *may* be lost!
2649 omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
2650 Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
2651 For example, to override I2C bus2:
2652 omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
2654 oprofile.timer= [HW]
2655 Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
2657 oprofile.cpu_type= Force an oprofile cpu type
2658 This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
2659 userland or if you want common events.
2660 Format: { arch_perfmon }
2661 arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
2662 perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
2663 CPU specific event set.
2664 timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
2665 timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
2666 for generic hr timer mode)
2667 [s390] Force legacy basic mode sampling
2668 (report cpu_type "timer")
2670 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
2671 process, but there is a small probability of
2672 deadlocking the machine.
2673 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
2674 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
2677 See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt
2679 page_owner= [KNL] Boot-time page_owner enabling option.
2680 Storage of the information about who allocated
2681 each page is disabled in default. With this switch,
2683 on: enable the feature
2685 panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
2686 timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
2687 timeout = 0: wait forever
2688 timeout < 0: reboot immediately
2691 panic_on_warn panic() instead of WARN(). Useful to cause kdump
2694 crash_kexec_post_notifiers
2695 Run kdump after running panic-notifiers and dumping
2696 kmsg. This only for the users who doubt kdump always
2697 succeeds in any situation.
2698 Note that this also increases risks of kdump failure,
2699 because some panic notifiers can make the crashed
2700 kernel more unstable.
2702 parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
2703 connected to, default is 0.
2705 parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
2706 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
2709 parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
2710 Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
2711 Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
2712 IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
2713 ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
2714 possible conflicts). You can specify the base
2715 address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
2716 should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
2717 settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
2718 (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
2719 Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
2720 are specified on the command line, starting
2723 parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT]
2724 Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
2725 a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
2726 computer where firmware has no options for setting
2727 up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
2728 Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
2729 Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
2732 Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
2733 the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if
2734 your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
2739 See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
2740 See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2742 pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
2743 earlydump [X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel
2745 off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
2746 bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
2747 the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
2748 has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
2749 nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
2750 hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
2751 if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
2752 suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
2753 conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
2755 conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
2757 noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
2758 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
2759 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
2760 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
2761 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
2762 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
2764 check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
2765 properly configured MMIO access to PCI
2766 config space on AMD family 10h CPU
2767 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
2768 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
2769 disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
2770 noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
2771 Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
2772 should never be necessary.
2773 ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
2774 primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
2775 boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
2776 when the system masks IRQs.
2777 noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
2778 boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
2779 a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
2780 The opposite of ioapicreroute.
2781 biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
2782 routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
2783 on several machines and they hang the machine
2784 when used, but on other computers it's the only
2785 way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
2786 this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
2787 IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
2789 rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
2790 Use with caution as certain devices share
2791 address decoders between ROMs and other
2793 norom [X86] Do not assign address space to
2794 expansion ROMs that do not already have
2795 BIOS assigned address ranges.
2796 nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the
2797 BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
2798 irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
2799 assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
2800 make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
2802 pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address
2803 of the PIRQ table (normally generated
2804 by the BIOS) if it is outside the
2805 F0000h-100000h range.
2806 lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
2807 useful if the kernel is unable to find your
2808 secondary buses and you want to tell it
2809 explicitly which ones they are.
2810 assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus
2811 numbers ourselves, overriding
2812 whatever the firmware may have done.
2813 usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
2814 in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
2815 some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
2816 some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
2817 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
2818 IRQ routing is enabled.
2819 noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
2820 or for PCI scanning.
2821 use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
2822 from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
2823 is enabled by default. If you need to use this,
2824 please report a bug.
2825 nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
2826 If you need to use this, please report a bug.
2827 routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
2828 This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
2829 so this option is a temporary workaround
2830 for broken drivers that don't call it.
2831 skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can
2832 handle more pci cards
2833 firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
2834 just use the configuration from the
2835 bootloader. This is currently used on
2836 IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
2837 configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.
2838 noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
2839 This might help on some broken boards which
2840 machine check when some devices' config space
2841 is read. But various workarounds are disabled
2842 and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
2843 bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
2844 This sorting is done to get a device
2845 order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
2846 nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
2847 pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
2848 tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
2849 pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value
2850 supported by all devices below the root complex.
2851 pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
2852 based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
2853 Read Request Size) to the largest supported
2854 value (no larger than the MPS that the device
2855 or bus can support) for best performance.
2856 pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
2857 every device is guaranteed to support. This
2858 configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
2859 any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
2860 reduced performance. This also guarantees
2861 that hot-added devices will work.
2862 cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2863 reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
2864 The default value is 256 bytes.
2865 cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2866 reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
2867 window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
2870 [<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
2871 Specifies alignment and device to reassign
2872 aligned memory resources.
2873 If <order of align> is not specified,
2874 PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
2875 PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
2876 windows need to be expanded.
2877 ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
2878 end-to-end CRC checking).
2879 bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
2883 hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2884 reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
2885 Default size is 256 bytes.
2886 hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2887 reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
2888 Default size is 2 megabytes.
2889 realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
2890 if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
2891 accommodate resources required by all child
2893 off: Turn realloc off
2895 realloc same as realloc=on
2896 noari do not use PCIe ARI.
2897 pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we
2898 only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
2901 pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
2904 force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
2905 WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
2907 pcie_hp= [PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options:
2908 nomsi Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this
2909 makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services).
2911 pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe ports handling:
2912 auto Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services
2913 associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER). Use
2914 them only if that is allowed by the BIOS.
2915 native Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports
2917 compat Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe
2920 pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
2921 nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
2922 all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
2924 pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
2928 Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on,
2929 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
2930 for debug and development, but should not be
2931 needed on a platform with proper driver support.
2934 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2936 pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
2939 See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
2941 percpu_alloc= Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
2942 Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
2943 Archs may support subset or none of the selections.
2944 See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
2945 allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging
2946 and performance comparison.
2949 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2952 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2954 pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
2955 See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
2957 plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
2958 Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
2959 See also Documentation/parport.txt.
2961 pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
2962 Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
2966 Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
2967 CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time
2968 via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show
2969 current resource usage; turning this on also shows
2970 possible settings and some assignment information.
2976 { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
2979 [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
2982 [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
2984 pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
2985 Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
2988 [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
2990 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
2992 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
2994 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
2996 Format: <port>,<port>....
2998 print-fatal-signals=
2999 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals
3001 If enabled, warn about various signal handling
3002 related application anomalies: too many signals,
3003 too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
3006 If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
3007 you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
3011 printk.always_kmsg_dump=
3012 Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
3014 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
3017 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
3018 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
3020 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
3021 Limit processor to maximum C-state
3022 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
3024 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
3025 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
3026 instead using the legacy FADT method
3028 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
3029 Format: [schedule,]<number>
3030 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
3031 Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
3032 statistical time based profiling.
3033 Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
3034 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
3035 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
3037 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
3039 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3041 psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
3042 probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
3043 psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
3045 psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE]
3046 Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
3049 [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
3050 psmouse.smartscroll=
3051 [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
3052 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
3054 pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
3057 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3060 [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
3063 quiet [KNL] Disable most log messages
3068 See Documentation/md.txt.
3070 ramdisk_blocksize= [RAM]
3071 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3073 ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
3074 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3077 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
3078 the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
3079 Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
3080 be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for
3081 that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p"
3082 for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N"
3083 is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on the
3084 offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
3085 real-time workloads. It can also improve energy
3086 efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
3089 Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
3090 (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
3091 awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
3092 make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
3093 This improves the real-time response for the
3094 offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
3095 wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
3096 energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
3097 periodically wake up to do the polling.
3099 rcutree.blimit= [KNL]
3100 Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to
3101 process in one batch.
3103 rcutree.dump_tree= [KNL]
3104 Dump the structure of the rcu_node combining tree
3105 out at early boot. This is used for diagnostic
3106 purposes, to verify correct tree setup.
3108 rcutree.gp_cleanup_delay= [KNL]
3109 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3110 RCU grace-period cleanup. This only has effect
3111 when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_CLEANUP is set.
3113 rcutree.gp_init_delay= [KNL]
3114 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3115 RCU grace-period initialization. This only has
3116 effect when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_INIT
3119 rcutree.gp_preinit_delay= [KNL]
3120 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3121 RCU grace-period pre-initialization, that is,
3122 the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up
3123 the rcu_node combining tree. This only has effect
3124 when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_PREINIT is set.
3126 rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL]
3127 Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining
3128 tree. This is used by rcutorture, and might
3129 possibly be useful for architectures having high
3130 cache-to-cache transfer latencies.
3132 rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL]
3133 Change the number of CPUs assigned to each
3134 leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very
3135 large systems, which will choose the value 64,
3136 and for NUMA systems with large remote-access
3137 latencies, which will choose a value aligned
3138 with the appropriate hardware boundaries.
3140 rcutree.jiffies_till_sched_qs= [KNL]
3141 Set required age in jiffies for a
3142 given grace period before RCU starts
3143 soliciting quiescent-state help from
3144 rcu_note_context_switch().
3146 rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL]
3147 Set delay from grace-period initialization to
3148 first attempt to force quiescent states.
3149 Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
3150 and maximum value is HZ.
3152 rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL]
3153 Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
3154 quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum
3155 value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
3157 rcutree.kthread_prio= [KNL,BOOT]
3158 Set the SCHED_FIFO priority of the RCU per-CPU
3159 kthreads (rcuc/N). This value is also used for
3160 the priority of the RCU boost threads (rcub/N)
3161 and for the RCU grace-period kthreads (rcu_bh,
3162 rcu_preempt, and rcu_sched). If RCU_BOOST is
3163 set, valid values are 1-99 and the default is 1
3164 (the least-favored priority). Otherwise, when
3165 RCU_BOOST is not set, valid values are 0-99 and
3166 the default is zero (non-realtime operation).
3168 rcutree.rcu_nocb_leader_stride= [KNL]
3169 Set the number of NOCB kthread groups, which
3170 defaults to the square root of the number of
3171 CPUs. Larger numbers reduces the wakeup overhead
3172 on the per-CPU grace-period kthreads, but increases
3173 that same overhead on each group's leader.
3175 rcutree.qhimark= [KNL]
3176 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
3177 batch limiting is disabled.
3179 rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL]
3180 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
3181 batch limiting is re-enabled.
3183 rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL]
3184 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
3185 RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
3187 rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL]
3188 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
3189 only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
3190 Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
3191 prove do nothing more than free memory.
3193 rcutorture.cbflood_inter_holdoff= [KNL]
3194 Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive
3195 callback-flood tests.
3197 rcutorture.cbflood_intra_holdoff= [KNL]
3198 Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive
3199 bursts of callbacks within a given callback-flood
3202 rcutorture.cbflood_n_burst= [KNL]
3203 Set the number of bursts making up a given
3204 callback-flood test. Set this to zero to
3205 disable callback-flood testing.
3207 rcutorture.cbflood_n_per_burst= [KNL]
3208 Set the number of callbacks to be registered
3209 in a given burst of a callback-flood test.
3211 rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL]
3212 Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts
3215 rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL]
3216 Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts
3219 rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL]
3220 Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts
3223 rcutorture.gp_cond= [KNL]
3224 Use conditional/asynchronous update-side
3225 primitives, if available.
3227 rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL]
3228 Use expedited update-side primitives, if available.
3230 rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL]
3231 Use normal (non-expedited) asynchronous
3232 update-side primitives, if available.
3234 rcutorture.gp_sync= [KNL]
3235 Use normal (non-expedited) synchronous
3236 update-side primitives, if available. If all
3237 of rcutorture.gp_cond=, rcutorture.gp_exp=,
3238 rcutorture.gp_normal=, and rcutorture.gp_sync=
3239 are zero, rcutorture acts as if is interpreted
3240 they are all non-zero.
3242 rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL]
3243 Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
3245 rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL]
3246 Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just
3247 stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
3248 test, hence the "fake".
3250 rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL]
3251 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects
3252 N-1, where N is the number of CPUs. A value
3253 "n" less than -1 selects N-n-2, where N is again
3254 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N
3255 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
3257 rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL]
3258 Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing.
3260 rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
3261 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
3263 rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
3264 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
3265 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
3267 rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
3268 Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks
3269 allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
3270 during the rcutorture test.
3272 rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
3273 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
3274 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
3276 rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL]
3277 Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
3278 warnings, zero to disable.
3280 rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL]
3281 Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
3283 rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
3284 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
3286 rcutorture.stutter= [KNL]
3287 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
3288 five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
3289 wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's
3290 ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
3292 rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL]
3293 Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
3294 "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
3295 under test support RCU priority boosting.
3297 rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL]
3298 Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
3300 rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL]
3301 Interval (s) between each boost test.
3303 rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL]
3304 Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the
3305 rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
3307 rcutorture.torture_runnable= [BOOT]
3308 Start rcutorture running at boot time.
3310 rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL]
3311 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
3313 rcutorture.verbose= [KNL]
3314 Enable additional printk() statements.
3316 rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL]
3317 Use expedited grace-period primitives, for
3318 example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead
3319 of synchronize_rcu(). This reduces latency,
3320 but can increase CPU utilization, degrade
3321 real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency.
3323 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL]
3324 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
3326 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
3327 Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
3329 rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_timeout= [KNL]
3330 Set timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall warning
3331 messages. Disable with a value less than or equal
3334 rcupdate.rcu_self_test= [KNL]
3335 Run the RCU early boot self tests
3337 rcupdate.rcu_self_test_bh= [KNL]
3338 Run the RCU bh early boot self tests
3340 rcupdate.rcu_self_test_sched= [KNL]
3341 Run the RCU sched early boot self tests
3345 Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
3346 used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
3349 Format (x86 or x86_64):
3350 [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \
3352 [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
3354 Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio,
3355 reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
3356 reboot_force is either force or not specified,
3357 reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
3358 to be used for rebooting.
3361 [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
3362 See Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt.
3364 relative_sleep_states=
3365 [SUSPEND] Use sleep state labeling where the deepest
3366 state available other than hibernation is always "mem".
3367 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3368 0 -- Traditional sleep state labels.
3369 1 -- Relative sleep state labels.
3371 reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
3373 reservetop= [X86-32]
3375 Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
3380 Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
3381 the bottom of the address space.
3383 reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
3384 during initialization.
3387 Specify the partition device for software suspend
3389 {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
3391 resume_offset= [SWSUSP]
3392 Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
3393 given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
3394 in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
3395 See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
3397 resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3398 read the resume files
3400 resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
3401 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3402 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3404 hibernate= [HIBERNATION]
3405 noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image
3406 present during boot.
3407 nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
3408 no Disable hibernation and resume.
3410 retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
3412 rfkill.default_state=
3413 0 "airplane mode". All wifi, bluetooth, wimax, gps, fm,
3414 etc. communication is blocked by default.
3417 rfkill.master_switch_mode=
3418 0 The "airplane mode" button does nothing.
3419 1 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
3420 blocked and the previous configuration.
3421 2 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
3422 blocked and everything unblocked.
3424 rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3425 Set number of hash buckets for route cache
3427 ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
3430 on Mark read-only kernel memory as read-only (default).
3431 off Leave read-only kernel memory writable for debugging.
3433 root= [KNL] Root filesystem
3434 See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
3436 rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3437 mount the root filesystem
3439 rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
3441 rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type
3443 rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
3444 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3445 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3447 rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
3448 [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
3449 Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
3452 rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
3454 S [KNL] Run init in single mode
3456 s390_iommu= [HW,S390]
3457 Set s390 IOTLB flushing mode
3459 With strict flushing every unmap operation will result in
3460 an IOTLB flush. Default is lazy flushing before reuse,
3464 See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
3466 sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
3468 sched_debug [KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
3470 skew_tick= [KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
3471 xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
3472 contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
3473 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3474 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
3476 Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
3477 enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
3479 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
3480 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
3481 security module asking for security registration will be
3482 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
3483 as if no module has been chosen.
3485 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
3486 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3487 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
3490 Default value is set via kernel config option.
3491 If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
3492 later to disable prior to initial policy load.
3494 apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
3495 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3496 See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
3499 Default value is set via kernel config option.
3501 serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32]
3504 Maximal number of shapers.
3506 show_msr= [x86] show boot-time MSR settings
3507 Format: { <integer> }
3508 Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings.
3509 The parameter means the number of CPUs to show,
3510 for example 1 means boot CPU only.
3518 Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
3519 necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
3520 allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable
3521 merging on their own.
3522 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3524 slab_max_order= [MM, SLAB]
3525 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
3526 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
3527 fragmentation. Defaults to 1 for systems with
3528 more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
3530 slub_debug[=options[,slabs]] [MM, SLUB]
3531 Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
3532 culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
3533 slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
3534 may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
3535 last alloc / free. For more information see
3536 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3538 slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
3539 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
3540 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
3541 fragmentation. For more information see
3542 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3544 slub_min_objects= [MM, SLUB]
3545 The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
3546 increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
3547 generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
3548 the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
3549 of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
3550 and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
3551 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3553 slub_min_order= [MM, SLUB]
3554 Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
3555 lower than slub_max_order.
3556 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3558 slub_nomerge [MM, SLUB]
3559 Same with slab_nomerge. This is supported for legacy.
3560 See slab_nomerge for more information.
3563 Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
3565 smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
3566 smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port
3567 smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port
3568 smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port
3569 smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line
3570 smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel
3571 smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
3572 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
3573 1: Fast pin select (default)
3577 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
3580 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
3581 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate
3582 backtraces on all cpus.
3585 sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
3586 See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
3588 spia_io_base= [HW,MTD]
3594 Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
3596 stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
3597 [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
3598 will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
3599 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
3600 time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
3601 tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
3602 and the stacktrace above is not needed.
3606 Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
3607 machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
3608 as the initial boot-console.
3609 See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
3612 See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
3615 Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
3617 sunrpc.min_resvport=
3618 sunrpc.max_resvport=
3620 SunRPC servers often require that client requests
3621 originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
3622 range 0 < portnr < 1024).
3623 An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
3624 ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
3625 kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
3626 using these two parameters to set the minimum and
3627 maximum port values.
3631 Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
3632 service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs
3633 you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
3634 option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
3635 Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
3636 NFS server is running.
3638 auto the server chooses an appropriate mode
3639 automatically using heuristics
3640 global a single global pool contains all CPUs
3641 percpu one pool for each CPU
3642 pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
3643 to global on non-NUMA machines)
3645 sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
3646 sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
3648 Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
3649 RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
3650 server. Increasing these values may allow you to
3651 improve throughput, but will also increase the
3652 amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
3654 suspend.pm_test_delay=
3656 Sets the number of seconds to remain in a suspend test
3657 mode before resuming the system (see
3658 /sys/power/pm_test). Only available when CONFIG_PM_DEBUG
3659 is set. Default value is 5.
3662 [KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
3663 controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
3664 it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)
3666 swiotlb= [ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86]
3667 Format: { <int> | force }
3668 <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
3669 force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
3670 wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
3674 sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
3675 Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
3676 on older distributions. When this option is enabled
3677 very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
3678 is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
3679 in older udev will not work anymore.
3680 Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
3681 the kernel configuration.
3683 sysrq_always_enabled
3685 Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
3686 neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
3687 Useful for debugging.
3689 tcpmhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3690 Set the number of tcp_metrics_hash slots.
3691 Default value is 8192 or 16384 depending on total
3692 ram pages. This is used to specify the TCP metrics
3693 cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
3694 "tcp_no_metrics_save" section for more details.
3698 test_suspend= [SUSPEND][,N]
3699 Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
3700 standby suspend) or "freeze" (for suspend type freeze)
3701 as the system sleep state during system startup with
3702 the optional capability to repeat N number of times.
3703 The system is woken from this state using a
3704 wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
3706 thash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3707 Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
3709 thermal.act= [HW,ACPI]
3710 -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
3711 <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
3713 thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI]
3714 -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
3715 <degrees C>: override all critical trip points
3717 thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI]
3718 Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
3719 critical and hot trip points.
3721 thermal.off= [HW,ACPI]
3722 1: disable ACPI thermal control
3724 thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI]
3725 -1: disable all passive trip points
3726 <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
3729 thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI]
3730 Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
3731 <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
3732 0: no polling (default)
3735 Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
3736 marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
3739 Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in.
3741 tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3742 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache
3743 API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor.
3745 tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3746 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap
3747 API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled
3748 the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled.
3750 tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3751 Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages
3754 tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3755 Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately
3756 transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the
3757 kernel based on different criteria.
3761 Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
3762 topology information if the hardware supports this.
3763 The scheduler will make use of this information and
3764 e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
3767 topology_updates= [KNL, PPC, NUMA]
3769 Specify if the kernel should ignore (off)
3770 topology updates sent by the hypervisor to this
3775 tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
3776 Format: integer pcr id
3777 Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
3778 should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
3779 as a workaround for some chips which fail to
3780 flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
3781 This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
3784 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
3785 [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size on each cpu.
3787 trace_event=[event-list]
3788 [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
3789 to facilitate early boot debugging.
3790 See also Documentation/trace/events.txt
3792 trace_options=[option-list]
3793 [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
3794 The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
3795 that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
3796 to echo the option name into
3798 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
3800 For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
3801 stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
3803 trace_options=stacktrace
3805 See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options"
3809 Have the tracepoints sent to printk as well as the
3810 tracing ring buffer. This is useful for early boot up
3811 where the system hangs or reboots and does not give the
3812 option for reading the tracing buffer or performing a
3813 ftrace_dump_on_oops.
3815 To turn off having tracepoints sent to printk,
3816 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
3817 Note, echoing 1 into this file without the
3818 tracepoint_printk kernel cmdline option has no effect.
3822 Having tracepoints sent to printk() and activating high
3823 frequency tracepoints such as irq or sched, can cause
3824 the system to live lock.
3827 [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
3828 warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
3829 be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
3830 file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
3832 This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
3833 the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
3834 be filled with content caused by the warning output.
3836 This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
3837 option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning
3839 transparent_hugepage=
3841 Format: [always|madvise|never]
3842 Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
3843 with respect to transparent hugepages.
3844 See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details.
3846 tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
3848 [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
3849 disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
3850 as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable
3851 high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
3852 virtualized environment.
3853 [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
3854 Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
3855 platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
3858 turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY]
3859 TurboGraFX parallel port interface
3861 <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
3862 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
3864 udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
3865 happen after console_init() and before a proper
3866 console driver takes over, this boot options might
3867 help "seeing" what's going on.
3869 uhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3870 Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
3873 [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
3874 Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
3875 bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
3876 anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
3877 Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
3881 [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
3883 usbcore.authorized_default=
3884 [USB] Default USB device authorization:
3885 (default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
3886 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
3888 usbcore.autosuspend=
3889 [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
3890 for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This
3891 is the time required before an idle device will be
3892 autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set
3893 to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
3895 usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
3896 [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
3898 usbcore.blinkenlights=
3899 [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
3901 usbcore.old_scheme_first=
3902 [USB] Start with the old device initialization
3903 scheme (default 0 = off).
3905 usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
3906 [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
3907 usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
3909 usbcore.use_both_schemes=
3910 [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
3911 if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
3913 usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
3914 [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
3915 USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
3916 (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
3919 [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
3921 usb-storage.delay_use=
3922 [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
3923 scanned for Logical Units (default 1).
3926 [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
3927 override the built-in unusual_devs list. List
3928 entries are separated by commas. Each entry has
3929 the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
3930 and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
3931 Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
3932 to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
3933 a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
3935 b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
3936 bytes of sense data);
3937 c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
3938 device capacity by one sector);
3939 d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
3940 READ_DISC_INFO command);
3941 e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
3942 READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
3943 f = NO_REPORT_OPCODES (don't use report opcodes
3945 g = MAX_SECTORS_240 (don't transfer more than
3946 240 sectors at a time, uas only);
3947 h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
3948 reported device capacity by one
3949 sector if the number is odd);
3950 i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
3952 j = NO_REPORT_LUNS (don't use report luns
3954 l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
3955 unlock ejectable media);
3956 m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
3957 than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
3958 n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
3959 initial READ(10) command);
3960 o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
3961 reported by the device);
3962 p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
3964 r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
3965 bogus residue values);
3966 s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
3968 t = NO_ATA_1X (don't allow ATA(12) and ATA(16)
3969 commands, uas only);
3970 u = IGNORE_UAS (don't bind to the uas driver);
3971 w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
3972 medium is write-protected).
3973 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
3975 user_debug= [KNL,ARM]
3977 See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
3978 1 - undefined instruction events
3980 4 - invalid data aborts
3983 Example: user_debug=31
3986 [X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
3988 nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
3989 HIGHMEM regardless of setting
3993 On X86_32, this is an alias for vdso32=. Otherwise:
3995 vdso=1: enable VDSO (the default)
3996 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
3998 vdso32= [X86] Control the 32-bit vDSO
3999 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO
4000 vdso32=0 or vdso32=2: disable 32-bit VDSO
4002 See the help text for CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO for more
4003 details. If CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO is set, the default is
4004 vdso32=0; otherwise, the default is vdso32=1.
4006 For compatibility with older kernels, vdso32=2 is an
4009 Try vdso32=0 if you encounter an error that says:
4010 dl_main: Assertion `(void *) ph->p_vaddr == _rtld_local._dl_sysinfo_dso' failed!
4013 vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
4015 video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
4016 See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
4018 video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1]
4019 If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
4020 generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
4021 level and then send out the event to user space through
4022 the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver
4023 will only send out the event without touching backlight
4028 [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
4030 <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
4032 <size> := size (can use standard suffixes
4034 <baseaddr> := physical base address
4035 <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to
4037 <id> := (optional) platform device id
4039 virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
4041 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
4043 vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
4044 See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
4045 Documentation/svga.txt.
4046 Use vga=ask for menu.
4047 This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
4048 passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
4050 vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
4051 size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
4052 minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
4053 decrease the size and leave more room for directly
4056 vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
4059 vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
4062 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
4066 Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
4067 fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
4068 code). Most statically-linked binaries and older
4069 versions of glibc use these calls. Because these
4070 functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
4071 targets for exploits that can control RIP.
4073 emulate [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
4074 emulated reasonably safely.
4076 native Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
4077 This is a little bit faster than trapping
4078 and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
4079 better than they would in emulation mode.
4080 It also makes exploits much easier to write.
4082 none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes
4083 them quite hard to use for exploits but
4084 might break your system.
4086 vt.color= [VT] Default text color.
4087 Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
4088 Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
4090 vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape.
4091 Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
4092 the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
4093 see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
4095 vt.default_blu= [VT]
4096 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
4097 Change the default blue palette of the console.
4098 This is a 16-member array composed of values
4101 vt.default_grn= [VT]
4102 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
4103 Change the default green palette of the console.
4104 This is a 16-member array composed of values
4107 vt.default_red= [VT]
4108 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
4109 Change the default red palette of the console.
4110 This is a 16-member array composed of values
4116 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
4117 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
4118 newly opened terminals.
4120 vt.global_cursor_default=
4123 Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
4124 is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
4125 i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
4126 overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
4127 cursors, 1 will display them.
4129 vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
4132 vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
4135 watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
4136 see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
4137 or other driver-specific files in the
4138 Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
4140 workqueue.disable_numa
4141 By default, all work items queued to unbound
4142 workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're
4143 issued on, which results in better behavior in
4144 general. If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for
4145 whatever reason, this option can be used. Note
4146 that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for
4147 workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/.
4149 workqueue.power_efficient
4150 Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
4151 they show better performance thanks to cache
4152 locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
4153 be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
4155 Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
4156 were observed to contribute significantly to power
4157 consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
4158 power usage at the cost of small performance
4161 The default value of this parameter is determined by
4162 the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
4164 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
4165 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
4168 x86_intel_mid_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
4169 Choose timer option for x86 Intel MID platform.
4170 Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
4171 plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
4172 x86_intel_mid_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
4174 xen_512gb_limit [KNL,X86-64,XEN]
4175 Restricts the kernel running paravirtualized under Xen
4176 to use only up to 512 GB of RAM. The reason to do so is
4177 crash analysis tools and Xen tools for doing domain
4178 save/restore/migration must be enabled to handle larger
4181 xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN]
4182 Unplug Xen emulated devices
4183 Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
4184 ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
4185 aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
4186 nics -- unplug network devices
4187 all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
4188 unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
4189 unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
4191 never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
4193 xen_nopvspin [X86,XEN]
4194 Disables the ticketlock slowpath using Xen PV
4198 Disables the PV optimizations forcing the HVM guest to
4199 run as generic HVM guest with no PV drivers.
4201 xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
4203 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
4205 ______________________________________________________________________
4209 Add more DRM drivers.