1 CFQ (Complete Fairness Queueing)
2 ===============================
4 The main aim of CFQ scheduler is to provide a fair allocation of the disk
5 I/O bandwidth for all the processes which requests an I/O operation.
7 CFQ maintains the per process queue for the processes which request I/O
8 operation(synchronous requests). In case of asynchronous requests, all the
9 requests from all the processes are batched together according to their
10 process's I/O priority.
12 CFQ ioscheduler tunables
13 ========================
17 This specifies how long CFQ should idle for next request on certain cfq queues
18 (for sequential workloads) and service trees (for random workloads) before
19 queue is expired and CFQ selects next queue to dispatch from.
21 By default slice_idle is a non-zero value. That means by default we idle on
22 queues/service trees. This can be very helpful on highly seeky media like
23 single spindle SATA/SAS disks where we can cut down on overall number of
24 seeks and see improved throughput.
26 Setting slice_idle to 0 will remove all the idling on queues/service tree
27 level and one should see an overall improved throughput on faster storage
28 devices like multiple SATA/SAS disks in hardware RAID configuration. The down
29 side is that isolation provided from WRITES also goes down and notion of
30 IO priority becomes weaker.
32 So depending on storage and workload, it might be useful to set slice_idle=0.
33 In general I think for SATA/SAS disks and software RAID of SATA/SAS disks
34 keeping slice_idle enabled should be useful. For any configurations where
35 there are multiple spindles behind single LUN (Host based hardware RAID
36 controller or for storage arrays), setting slice_idle=0 might end up in better
37 throughput and acceptable latencies.
41 This specifies, given in Kbytes, the maximum "distance" for backward seeking.
42 The distance is the amount of space from the current head location to the
43 sectors that are backward in terms of distance.
45 This parameter allows the scheduler to anticipate requests in the "backward"
46 direction and consider them as being the "next" if they are within this
47 distance from the current head location.
51 This parameter is used to compute the cost of backward seeking. If the
52 backward distance of request is just 1/back_seek_penalty from a "front"
53 request, then the seeking cost of two requests is considered equivalent.
55 So scheduler will not bias toward one or the other request (otherwise scheduler
56 will bias toward front request). Default value of back_seek_penalty is 2.
60 This parameter is used to set the timeout of asynchronous requests. Default
61 value of this is 248ms.
65 This parameter is used to set the timeout of synchronous requests. Default
66 value of this is 124ms. In case to favor synchronous requests over asynchronous
67 one, this value should be decreased relative to fifo_expire_async.
71 This parameter forces idling at the CFQ group level instead of CFQ
72 queue level. This was introduced after a bottleneck was observed
73 in higher end storage due to idle on sequential queue and allow dispatch
74 from a single queue. The idea with this parameter is that it can be run with
75 slice_idle=0 and group_idle=8, so that idling does not happen on individual
76 queues in the group but happens overall on the group and thus still keeps the
77 IO controller working.
78 Not idling on individual queues in the group will dispatch requests from
79 multiple queues in the group at the same time and achieve higher throughput
80 on higher end storage.
82 Default value for this parameter is 8ms.
86 This parameter is used to enable/disable the latency mode of the CFQ
87 scheduler. If latency mode (called low_latency) is enabled, CFQ tries
88 to recompute the slice time for each process based on the target_latency set
89 for the system. This favors fairness over throughput. Disabling low
90 latency (setting it to 0) ignores target latency, allowing each process in the
91 system to get a full time slice.
93 By default low latency mode is enabled.
97 This parameter is used to calculate the time slice for a process if cfq's
98 latency mode is enabled. It will ensure that sync requests have an estimated
99 latency. But if sequential workload is higher(e.g. sequential read),
100 then to meet the latency constraints, throughput may decrease because of less
101 time for each process to issue I/O request before the cfq queue is switched.
103 Though this can be overcome by disabling the latency_mode, it may increase
104 the read latency for some applications. This parameter allows for changing
105 target_latency through the sysfs interface which can provide the balanced
106 throughput and read latency.
108 Default value for target_latency is 300ms.
112 This parameter is same as of slice_sync but for asynchronous queue. The
113 default value is 40ms.
117 This parameter is used to limit the dispatching of asynchronous request to
118 device request queue in queue's slice time. The maximum number of request that
119 are allowed to be dispatched also depends upon the io priority. Default value
124 When a queue is selected for execution, the queues IO requests are only
125 executed for a certain amount of time(time_slice) before switching to another
126 queue. This parameter is used to calculate the time slice of synchronous
129 time_slice is computed using the below equation:-
130 time_slice = slice_sync + (slice_sync/5 * (4 - prio)). To increase the
131 time_slice of synchronous queue, increase the value of slice_sync. Default
136 This specifies the number of request dispatched to the device queue. In a
137 queue's time slice, a request will not be dispatched if the number of request
138 in the device exceeds this parameter. This parameter is used for synchronous
141 In case of storage with several disk, this setting can limit the parallel
142 processing of request. Therefore, increasing the value can improve the
143 performance although this can cause the latency of some I/O to increase due
144 to more number of requests.
149 CFQ supports blkio cgroup and has "blkio." prefixed files in each
150 blkio cgroup directory. It is weight-based and there are four knobs
151 for configuration - weight[_device] and leaf_weight[_device].
152 Internal cgroup nodes (the ones with children) can also have tasks in
153 them, so the former two configure how much proportion the cgroup as a
154 whole is entitled to at its parent's level while the latter two
155 configure how much proportion the tasks in the cgroup have compared to
158 Another way to think about it is assuming that each internal node has
159 an implicit leaf child node which hosts all the tasks whose weight is
160 configured by leaf_weight[_device]. Let's assume a blkio hierarchy
161 composed of five cgroups - root, A, B, AA and AB - with the following
162 weights where the names represent the hierarchy.
171 root never has a parent making its weight is meaningless. For backward
172 compatibility, weight is always kept in sync with leaf_weight. B, AA
173 and AB have no child and thus its tasks have no children cgroup to
174 compete with. They always get 100% of what the cgroup won at the
175 parent level. Considering only the weights which matter, the hierarchy
176 looks like the following.
186 If all cgroups have active IOs and competing with each other, disk
187 time will be distributed like the following.
189 Distribution below root. The total active weight at this level is
190 A:500 + B:250 + C:125 = 875.
192 root-leaf : 125 / 875 =~ 14%
194 B(-leaf) : 250 / 875 =~ 28%
196 A has children and further distributes its 57% among the children and
197 the implicit leaf node. The total active weight at this level is
198 AA:500 + AB:1000 + A-leaf:750 = 2250.
200 A-leaf : ( 750 / 2250) * A =~ 19%
201 AA(-leaf) : ( 500 / 2250) * A =~ 12%
202 AB(-leaf) : (1000 / 2250) * A =~ 25%
204 CFQ IOPS Mode for group scheduling
205 ===================================
206 Basic CFQ design is to provide priority based time slices. Higher priority
207 process gets bigger time slice and lower priority process gets smaller time
208 slice. Measuring time becomes harder if storage is fast and supports NCQ and
209 it would be better to dispatch multiple requests from multiple cfq queues in
210 request queue at a time. In such scenario, it is not possible to measure time
211 consumed by single queue accurately.
213 What is possible though is to measure number of requests dispatched from a
214 single queue and also allow dispatch from multiple cfq queue at the same time.
215 This effectively becomes the fairness in terms of IOPS (IO operations per
218 If one sets slice_idle=0 and if storage supports NCQ, CFQ internally switches
219 to IOPS mode and starts providing fairness in terms of number of requests
220 dispatched. Note that this mode switching takes effect only for group
221 scheduling. For non-cgroup users nothing should change.
223 CFQ IO scheduler Idling Theory
224 ===============================
225 Idling on a queue is primarily about waiting for the next request to come
226 on same queue after completion of a request. In this process CFQ will not
227 dispatch requests from other cfq queues even if requests are pending there.
229 The rationale behind idling is that it can cut down on number of seeks
230 on rotational media. For example, if a process is doing dependent
231 sequential reads (next read will come on only after completion of previous
232 one), then not dispatching request from other queue should help as we
233 did not move the disk head and kept on dispatching sequential IO from
236 CFQ has following service trees and various queues are put on these trees.
238 sync-idle sync-noidle async
240 All cfq queues doing synchronous sequential IO go on to sync-idle tree.
241 On this tree we idle on each queue individually.
243 All synchronous non-sequential queues go on sync-noidle tree. Also any
244 request which are marked with REQ_NOIDLE go on this service tree. On this
245 tree we do not idle on individual queues instead idle on the whole group
246 of queues or the tree. So if there are 4 queues waiting for IO to dispatch
247 we will idle only once last queue has dispatched the IO and there is
248 no more IO on this service tree.
250 All async writes go on async service tree. There is no idling on async
253 CFQ has some optimizations for SSDs and if it detects a non-rotational
254 media which can support higher queue depth (multiple requests at in
255 flight at a time), then it cuts down on idling of individual queues and
256 all the queues move to sync-noidle tree and only tree idle remains. This
257 tree idling provides isolation with buffered write queues on async tree.
261 Q1. Why to idle at all on queues marked with REQ_NOIDLE.
263 A1. We only do tree idle (all queues on sync-noidle tree) on queues marked
264 with REQ_NOIDLE. This helps in providing isolation with all the sync-idle
265 queues. Otherwise in presence of many sequential readers, other
266 synchronous IO might not get fair share of disk.
268 For example, if there are 10 sequential readers doing IO and they get
269 100ms each. If a REQ_NOIDLE request comes in, it will be scheduled
270 roughly after 1 second. If after completion of REQ_NOIDLE request we
271 do not idle, and after a couple of milli seconds a another REQ_NOIDLE
272 request comes in, again it will be scheduled after 1second. Repeat it
273 and notice how a workload can lose its disk share and suffer due to
274 multiple sequential readers.
276 fsync can generate dependent IO where bunch of data is written in the
277 context of fsync, and later some journaling data is written. Journaling
278 data comes in only after fsync has finished its IO (atleast for ext4
279 that seemed to be the case). Now if one decides not to idle on fsync
280 thread due to REQ_NOIDLE, then next journaling write will not get
281 scheduled for another second. A process doing small fsync, will suffer
282 badly in presence of multiple sequential readers.
284 Hence doing tree idling on threads using REQ_NOIDLE flag on requests
285 provides isolation from multiple sequential readers and at the same
286 time we do not idle on individual threads.
288 Q2. When to specify REQ_NOIDLE
289 A2. I would think whenever one is doing synchronous write and not expecting
290 more writes to be dispatched from same context soon, should be able
291 to specify REQ_NOIDLE on writes and that probably should work well for