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5 <title>LLVM bugpoint tool: design and usage</title>
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10 LLVM bugpoint tool: design and usage
14 <li><a href="#desc">Description</a></li>
15 <li><a href="#design">Design Philosophy</a>
17 <li><a href="#autoselect">Automatic Debugger Selection</a></li>
18 <li><a href="#crashdebug">Crash debugger</a></li>
19 <li><a href="#codegendebug">Code generator debugger</a></li>
20 <li><a href="#miscompilationdebug">Miscompilation debugger</a></li>
22 <li><a href="#advice">Advice for using <tt>bugpoint</tt></a></li>
25 <div class="doc_author">
26 <p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p>
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30 <div class="doc_section">
31 <a name="desc">Description</a>
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35 <div class="doc_text">
37 <p><tt>bugpoint</tt> narrows down the source of problems in LLVM tools and
38 passes. It can be used to debug three types of failures: optimizer crashes,
39 miscompilations by optimizers, or bad native code generation (including problems
40 in the static and JIT compilers). It aims to reduce large test cases to small,
41 useful ones. For example, if <tt>opt</tt> crashes while optimizing a
42 file, it will identify the optimization (or combination of optimizations) that
43 causes the crash, and reduce the file down to a small example which triggers the
46 <p>For detailed case scenarios, such as debugging <tt>opt</tt>,
47 <tt>llvm-ld</tt>, or one of the LLVM code generators, see <a
48 href="HowToSubmitABug.html">How To Submit a Bug Report document</a>.</p>
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53 <div class="doc_section">
54 <a name="design">Design Philosophy</a>
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58 <div class="doc_text">
60 <p><tt>bugpoint</tt> is designed to be a useful tool without requiring any
61 hooks into the LLVM infrastructure at all. It works with any and all LLVM
62 passes and code generators, and does not need to "know" how they work. Because
63 of this, it may appear to do stupid things or miss obvious
64 simplifications. <tt>bugpoint</tt> is also designed to trade off programmer
65 time for computer time in the compiler-debugging process; consequently, it may
66 take a long period of (unattended) time to reduce a test case, but we feel it
67 is still worth it. Note that <tt>bugpoint</tt> is generally very quick unless
68 debugging a miscompilation where each test of the program (which requires
69 executing it) takes a long time.</p>
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74 <div class="doc_subsection">
75 <a name="autoselect">Automatic Debugger Selection</a>
78 <div class="doc_text">
80 <p><tt>bugpoint</tt> reads each <tt>.bc</tt> or <tt>.ll</tt> file specified on
81 the command line and links them together into a single module, called the test
82 program. If any LLVM passes are specified on the command line, it runs these
83 passes on the test program. If any of the passes crash, or if they produce
84 malformed output (which causes the verifier to abort), <tt>bugpoint</tt> starts
85 the <a href="#crashdebug">crash debugger</a>.</p>
87 <p>Otherwise, if the <tt>-output</tt> option was not specified,
88 <tt>bugpoint</tt> runs the test program with the C backend (which is assumed to
89 generate good code) to generate a reference output. Once <tt>bugpoint</tt> has
90 a reference output for the test program, it tries executing it with the
91 selected code generator. If the selected code generator crashes,
92 <tt>bugpoint</tt> starts the <a href="#crashdebug">crash debugger</a> on the
93 code generator. Otherwise, if the resulting output differs from the reference
94 output, it assumes the difference resulted from a code generator failure, and
95 starts the <a href="#codegendebug">code generator debugger</a>.</p>
97 <p>Finally, if the output of the selected code generator matches the reference
98 output, <tt>bugpoint</tt> runs the test program after all of the LLVM passes
99 have been applied to it. If its output differs from the reference output, it
100 assumes the difference resulted from a failure in one of the LLVM passes, and
101 enters the <a href="#miscompilationdebug">miscompilation debugger</a>.
102 Otherwise, there is no problem <tt>bugpoint</tt> can debug.</p>
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107 <div class="doc_subsection">
108 <a name="crashdebug">Crash debugger</a>
111 <div class="doc_text">
113 <p>If an optimizer or code generator crashes, <tt>bugpoint</tt> will try as hard
114 as it can to reduce the list of passes (for optimizer crashes) and the size of
115 the test program. First, <tt>bugpoint</tt> figures out which combination of
116 optimizer passes triggers the bug. This is useful when debugging a problem
117 exposed by <tt>opt</tt>, for example, because it runs over 38 passes.</p>
119 <p>Next, <tt>bugpoint</tt> tries removing functions from the test program, to
120 reduce its size. Usually it is able to reduce a test program to a single
121 function, when debugging intraprocedural optimizations. Once the number of
122 functions has been reduced, it attempts to delete various edges in the control
123 flow graph, to reduce the size of the function as much as possible. Finally,
124 <tt>bugpoint</tt> deletes any individual LLVM instructions whose absence does
125 not eliminate the failure. At the end, <tt>bugpoint</tt> should tell you what
126 passes crash, give you a bitcode file, and give you instructions on how to
127 reproduce the failure with <tt>opt</tt> or <tt>llc</tt>.</p>
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132 <div class="doc_subsection">
133 <a name="codegendebug">Code generator debugger</a>
136 <div class="doc_text">
138 <p>The code generator debugger attempts to narrow down the amount of code that
139 is being miscompiled by the selected code generator. To do this, it takes the
140 test program and partitions it into two pieces: one piece which it compiles
141 with the C backend (into a shared object), and one piece which it runs with
142 either the JIT or the static LLC compiler. It uses several techniques to
143 reduce the amount of code pushed through the LLVM code generator, to reduce the
144 potential scope of the problem. After it is finished, it emits two bitcode
145 files (called "test" [to be compiled with the code generator] and "safe" [to be
146 compiled with the C backend], respectively), and instructions for reproducing
147 the problem. The code generator debugger assumes that the C backend produces
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153 <div class="doc_subsection">
154 <a name="miscompilationdebug">Miscompilation debugger</a>
157 <div class="doc_text">
159 <p>The miscompilation debugger works similarly to the code generator debugger.
160 It works by splitting the test program into two pieces, running the
161 optimizations specified on one piece, linking the two pieces back together, and
162 then executing the result. It attempts to narrow down the list of passes to
163 the one (or few) which are causing the miscompilation, then reduce the portion
164 of the test program which is being miscompiled. The miscompilation debugger
165 assumes that the selected code generator is working properly.</p>
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170 <div class="doc_section">
171 <a name="advice">Advice for using bugpoint</a>
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175 <div class="doc_text">
177 <tt>bugpoint</tt> can be a remarkably useful tool, but it sometimes works in
178 non-obvious ways. Here are some hints and tips:<p>
181 <li>In the code generator and miscompilation debuggers, <tt>bugpoint</tt> only
182 works with programs that have deterministic output. Thus, if the program
183 outputs <tt>argv[0]</tt>, the date, time, or any other "random" data,
184 <tt>bugpoint</tt> may misinterpret differences in these data, when output,
185 as the result of a miscompilation. Programs should be temporarily modified
186 to disable outputs that are likely to vary from run to run.
188 <li>In the code generator and miscompilation debuggers, debugging will go
189 faster if you manually modify the program or its inputs to reduce the
190 runtime, but still exhibit the problem.
192 <li><tt>bugpoint</tt> is extremely useful when working on a new optimization:
193 it helps track down regressions quickly. To avoid having to relink
194 <tt>bugpoint</tt> every time you change your optimization however, have
195 <tt>bugpoint</tt> dynamically load your optimization with the
196 <tt>-load</tt> option.
198 <li><p><tt>bugpoint</tt> can generate a lot of output and run for a long period
199 of time. It is often useful to capture the output of the program to file.
200 For example, in the C shell, you can run:</p>
202 <div class="doc_code">
203 <p><tt>bugpoint ... |& tee bugpoint.log</tt></p>
206 <p>to get a copy of <tt>bugpoint</tt>'s output in the file
207 <tt>bugpoint.log</tt>, as well as on your terminal.</p>
209 <li><tt>bugpoint</tt> cannot debug problems with the LLVM linker. If
210 <tt>bugpoint</tt> crashes before you see its "All input ok" message,
211 you might try <tt>llvm-link -v</tt> on the same set of input files. If
212 that also crashes, you may be experiencing a linker bug.
214 <li><tt>bugpoint</tt> is useful for proactively finding bugs in LLVM.
215 Invoking <tt>bugpoint</tt> with the <tt>-find-bugs</tt> option will cause
216 the list of specified optimizations to be randomized and applied to the
217 program. This process will repeat until a bug is found or the user
218 kills <tt>bugpoint</tt>.
220 <li><p><tt>bugpoint</tt> does not understand the <tt>-O</tt> option
221 that is used to specify optimization level to <tt>opt</tt>. You
224 <div class="doc_code">
225 <p><tt>opt -O2 -debug-pass=Arguments foo.bc -disable-output</tt></p>
228 <p>to get a list of passes that are used with <tt>-O2</tt> and
229 then pass this list to <tt>bugpoint</tt>.</p>
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244 <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br>
245 <a href="http://llvm.org">LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a><br>
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