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12 CommandLine 2.0 Library Manual
16 <li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
18 <li><a href="#quickstart">Quick Start Guide</a>
20 <li><a href="#bool">Boolean Arguments</a></li>
21 <li><a href="#alias">Argument Aliases</a></li>
22 <li><a href="#onealternative">Selecting an alternative from a
23 set of possibilities</a></li>
24 <li><a href="#namedalternatives">Named alternatives</a></li>
25 <li><a href="#list">Parsing a list of options</a></li>
26 <li><a href="#bits">Collecting options as a set of flags</a></li>
27 <li><a href="#description">Adding freeform text to help output</a></li>
30 <li><a href="#referenceguide">Reference Guide</a>
32 <li><a href="#positional">Positional Arguments</a>
34 <li><a href="#--">Specifying positional options with hyphens</a></li>
35 <li><a href="#getPosition">Determining absolute position with
37 <li><a href="#cl::ConsumeAfter">The <tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt>
41 <li><a href="#storage">Internal vs External Storage</a></li>
43 <li><a href="#attributes">Option Attributes</a></li>
45 <li><a href="#modifiers">Option Modifiers</a>
47 <li><a href="#hiding">Hiding an option from <tt>-help</tt>
49 <li><a href="#numoccurrences">Controlling the number of occurrences
50 required and allowed</a></li>
51 <li><a href="#valrequired">Controlling whether or not a value must be
53 <li><a href="#formatting">Controlling other formatting options</a></li>
54 <li><a href="#misc">Miscellaneous option modifiers</a></li>
55 <li><a href="#response">Response files</a></li>
58 <li><a href="#toplevel">Top-Level Classes and Functions</a>
60 <li><a href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions">The
61 <tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt> function</a></li>
62 <li><a href="#cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions">The
63 <tt>cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions</tt> function</a></li>
64 <li><a href="#cl::SetVersionPrinter">The <tt>cl::SetVersionPrinter</tt>
66 <li><a href="#cl::opt">The <tt>cl::opt</tt> class</a></li>
67 <li><a href="#cl::list">The <tt>cl::list</tt> class</a></li>
68 <li><a href="#cl::bits">The <tt>cl::bits</tt> class</a></li>
69 <li><a href="#cl::alias">The <tt>cl::alias</tt> class</a></li>
70 <li><a href="#cl::extrahelp">The <tt>cl::extrahelp</tt> class</a></li>
73 <li><a href="#builtinparsers">Builtin parsers</a>
75 <li><a href="#genericparser">The Generic <tt>parser<t></tt>
77 <li><a href="#boolparser">The <tt>parser<bool></tt>
78 specialization</a></li>
79 <li><a href="#boolOrDefaultparser">The <tt>parser<boolOrDefault></tt>
80 specialization</a></li>
81 <li><a href="#stringparser">The <tt>parser<string></tt>
82 specialization</a></li>
83 <li><a href="#intparser">The <tt>parser<int></tt>
84 specialization</a></li>
85 <li><a href="#doubleparser">The <tt>parser<double></tt> and
86 <tt>parser<float></tt> specializations</a></li>
89 <li><a href="#extensionguide">Extension Guide</a>
91 <li><a href="#customparser">Writing a custom parser</a></li>
92 <li><a href="#explotingexternal">Exploiting external storage</a></li>
93 <li><a href="#dynamicopts">Dynamically adding command line
98 <div class="doc_author">
99 <p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p>
102 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
104 <a name="introduction">Introduction</a>
106 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
110 <p>This document describes the CommandLine argument processing library. It will
111 show you how to use it, and what it can do. The CommandLine library uses a
112 declarative approach to specifying the command line options that your program
113 takes. By default, these options declarations implicitly hold the value parsed
114 for the option declared (of course this <a href="#storage">can be
117 <p>Although there are a <b>lot</b> of command line argument parsing libraries
118 out there in many different languages, none of them fit well with what I needed.
119 By looking at the features and problems of other libraries, I designed the
120 CommandLine library to have the following features:</p>
123 <li>Speed: The CommandLine library is very quick and uses little resources. The
124 parsing time of the library is directly proportional to the number of arguments
125 parsed, not the the number of options recognized. Additionally, command line
126 argument values are captured transparently into user defined global variables,
127 which can be accessed like any other variable (and with the same
130 <li>Type Safe: As a user of CommandLine, you don't have to worry about
131 remembering the type of arguments that you want (is it an int? a string? a
132 bool? an enum?) and keep casting it around. Not only does this help prevent
133 error prone constructs, it also leads to dramatically cleaner source code.</li>
135 <li>No subclasses required: To use CommandLine, you instantiate variables that
136 correspond to the arguments that you would like to capture, you don't subclass a
137 parser. This means that you don't have to write <b>any</b> boilerplate
140 <li>Globally accessible: Libraries can specify command line arguments that are
141 automatically enabled in any tool that links to the library. This is possible
142 because the application doesn't have to keep a list of arguments to pass to
143 the parser. This also makes supporting <a href="#dynamicopts">dynamically
144 loaded options</a> trivial.</li>
146 <li>Cleaner: CommandLine supports enum and other types directly, meaning that
147 there is less error and more security built into the library. You don't have to
148 worry about whether your integral command line argument accidentally got
149 assigned a value that is not valid for your enum type.</li>
151 <li>Powerful: The CommandLine library supports many different types of
152 arguments, from simple <a href="#boolparser">boolean flags</a> to <a
153 href="#cl::opt">scalars arguments</a> (<a href="#stringparser">strings</a>, <a
154 href="#intparser">integers</a>, <a href="#genericparser">enums</a>, <a
155 href="#doubleparser">doubles</a>), to <a href="#cl::list">lists of
156 arguments</a>. This is possible because CommandLine is...</li>
158 <li>Extensible: It is very simple to add a new argument type to CommandLine.
159 Simply specify the parser that you want to use with the command line option when
160 you declare it. <a href="#customparser">Custom parsers</a> are no problem.</li>
162 <li>Labor Saving: The CommandLine library cuts down on the amount of grunt work
163 that you, the user, have to do. For example, it automatically provides a
164 <tt>-help</tt> option that shows the available command line options for your
165 tool. Additionally, it does most of the basic correctness checking for
168 <li>Capable: The CommandLine library can handle lots of different forms of
169 options often found in real programs. For example, <a
170 href="#positional">positional</a> arguments, <tt>ls</tt> style <a
171 href="#cl::Grouping">grouping</a> options (to allow processing '<tt>ls
172 -lad</tt>' naturally), <tt>ld</tt> style <a href="#cl::Prefix">prefix</a>
173 options (to parse '<tt>-lmalloc -L/usr/lib</tt>'), and <a
174 href="#cl::ConsumeAfter">interpreter style options</a>.</li>
178 <p>This document will hopefully let you jump in and start using CommandLine in
179 your utility quickly and painlessly. Additionally it should be a simple
180 reference manual to figure out how stuff works. If it is failing in some area
181 (or you want an extension to the library), nag the author, <a
182 href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a>.</p>
186 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
188 <a name="quickstart">Quick Start Guide</a>
190 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
194 <p>This section of the manual runs through a simple CommandLine'ification of a
195 basic compiler tool. This is intended to show you how to jump into using the
196 CommandLine library in your own program, and show you some of the cool things it
199 <p>To start out, you need to include the CommandLine header file into your
202 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
203 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
206 <p>Additionally, you need to add this as the first line of your main
209 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
210 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
211 <a href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions">cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</a>(argc, argv);
216 <p>... which actually parses the arguments and fills in the variable
219 <p>Now that you are ready to support command line arguments, we need to tell the
220 system which ones we want, and what type of arguments they are. The CommandLine
221 library uses a declarative syntax to model command line arguments with the
222 global variable declarations that capture the parsed values. This means that
223 for every command line option that you would like to support, there should be a
224 global variable declaration to capture the result. For example, in a compiler,
225 we would like to support the Unix-standard '<tt>-o <filename></tt>' option
226 to specify where to put the output. With the CommandLine library, this is
227 represented like this:</p>
229 <a name="value_desc_example"></a>
230 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
231 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> OutputFilename("<i>o</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Specify output filename</i>"), <a href="#cl::value_desc">cl::value_desc</a>("<i>filename</i>"));
234 <p>This declares a global variable "<tt>OutputFilename</tt>" that is used to
235 capture the result of the "<tt>o</tt>" argument (first parameter). We specify
236 that this is a simple scalar option by using the "<tt><a
237 href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt>" template (as opposed to the <a
238 href="#list">"<tt>cl::list</tt> template</a>), and tell the CommandLine library
239 that the data type that we are parsing is a string.</p>
241 <p>The second and third parameters (which are optional) are used to specify what
242 to output for the "<tt>-help</tt>" option. In this case, we get a line that
245 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
246 USAGE: compiler [options]
249 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
250 <b>-o <filename> - Specify output filename</b>
253 <p>Because we specified that the command line option should parse using the
254 <tt>string</tt> data type, the variable declared is automatically usable as a
255 real string in all contexts that a normal C++ string object may be used. For
258 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
260 std::ofstream Output(OutputFilename.c_str());
261 if (Output.good()) ...
265 <p>There are many different options that you can use to customize the command
266 line option handling library, but the above example shows the general interface
267 to these options. The options can be specified in any order, and are specified
268 with helper functions like <a href="#cl::desc"><tt>cl::desc(...)</tt></a>, so
269 there are no positional dependencies to remember. The available options are
270 discussed in detail in the <a href="#referenceguide">Reference Guide</a>.</p>
272 <p>Continuing the example, we would like to have our compiler take an input
273 filename as well as an output filename, but we do not want the input filename to
274 be specified with a hyphen (ie, not <tt>-filename.c</tt>). To support this
275 style of argument, the CommandLine library allows for <a
276 href="#positional">positional</a> arguments to be specified for the program.
277 These positional arguments are filled with command line parameters that are not
278 in option form. We use this feature like this:</p>
280 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
281 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> InputFilename(<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><input file></i>"), <a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a>("<i>-</i>"));
284 <p>This declaration indicates that the first positional argument should be
285 treated as the input filename. Here we use the <tt><a
286 href="#cl::init">cl::init</a></tt> option to specify an initial value for the
287 command line option, which is used if the option is not specified (if you do not
288 specify a <tt><a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a></tt> modifier for an option, then
289 the default constructor for the data type is used to initialize the value).
290 Command line options default to being optional, so if we would like to require
291 that the user always specify an input filename, we would add the <tt><a
292 href="#cl::Required">cl::Required</a></tt> flag, and we could eliminate the
293 <tt><a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a></tt> modifier, like this:</p>
295 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
296 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> InputFilename(<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><input file></i>"), <b><a href="#cl::Required">cl::Required</a></b>);
299 <p>Again, the CommandLine library does not require the options to be specified
300 in any particular order, so the above declaration is equivalent to:</p>
302 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
303 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> InputFilename(<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::Required">cl::Required</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><input file></i>"));
306 <p>By simply adding the <tt><a href="#cl::Required">cl::Required</a></tt> flag,
307 the CommandLine library will automatically issue an error if the argument is not
308 specified, which shifts all of the command line option verification code out of
309 your application into the library. This is just one example of how using flags
310 can alter the default behaviour of the library, on a per-option basis. By
311 adding one of the declarations above, the <tt>-help</tt> option synopsis is now
314 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
315 USAGE: compiler [options] <b><input file></b>
318 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
319 -o <filename> - Specify output filename
322 <p>... indicating that an input filename is expected.</p>
324 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
326 <a name="bool">Boolean Arguments</a>
331 <p>In addition to input and output filenames, we would like the compiler example
332 to support three boolean flags: "<tt>-f</tt>" to force writing binary output to
333 a terminal, "<tt>--quiet</tt>" to enable quiet mode, and "<tt>-q</tt>" for
334 backwards compatibility with some of our users. We can support these by
335 declaring options of boolean type like this:</p>
337 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
338 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool> Force ("<i>f</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Enable binary output on terminals</i>"));
339 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool> Quiet ("<i>quiet</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Don't print informational messages</i>"));
340 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool> Quiet2("<i>q</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Don't print informational messages</i>"), <a href="#cl::Hidden">cl::Hidden</a>);
343 <p>This does what you would expect: it declares three boolean variables
344 ("<tt>Force</tt>", "<tt>Quiet</tt>", and "<tt>Quiet2</tt>") to recognize these
345 options. Note that the "<tt>-q</tt>" option is specified with the "<a
346 href="#cl::Hidden"><tt>cl::Hidden</tt></a>" flag. This modifier prevents it
347 from being shown by the standard "<tt>-help</tt>" output (note that it is still
348 shown in the "<tt>-help-hidden</tt>" output).</p>
350 <p>The CommandLine library uses a <a href="#builtinparsers">different parser</a>
351 for different data types. For example, in the string case, the argument passed
352 to the option is copied literally into the content of the string variable... we
353 obviously cannot do that in the boolean case, however, so we must use a smarter
354 parser. In the case of the boolean parser, it allows no options (in which case
355 it assigns the value of true to the variable), or it allows the values
356 "<tt>true</tt>" or "<tt>false</tt>" to be specified, allowing any of the
357 following inputs:</p>
359 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
360 compiler -f # No value, 'Force' == true
361 compiler -f=true # Value specified, 'Force' == true
362 compiler -f=TRUE # Value specified, 'Force' == true
363 compiler -f=FALSE # Value specified, 'Force' == false
366 <p>... you get the idea. The <a href="#boolparser">bool parser</a> just turns
367 the string values into boolean values, and rejects things like '<tt>compiler
368 -f=foo</tt>'. Similarly, the <a href="#doubleparser">float</a>, <a
369 href="#doubleparser">double</a>, and <a href="#intparser">int</a> parsers work
370 like you would expect, using the '<tt>strtol</tt>' and '<tt>strtod</tt>' C
371 library calls to parse the string value into the specified data type.</p>
373 <p>With the declarations above, "<tt>compiler -help</tt>" emits this:</p>
375 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
376 USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
379 <b>-f - Enable binary output on terminals</b>
380 -o - Override output filename
381 <b>-quiet - Don't print informational messages</b>
382 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
385 <p>and "<tt>compiler -help-hidden</tt>" prints this:</p>
387 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
388 USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
391 -f - Enable binary output on terminals
392 -o - Override output filename
393 <b>-q - Don't print informational messages</b>
394 -quiet - Don't print informational messages
395 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
398 <p>This brief example has shown you how to use the '<tt><a
399 href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt>' class to parse simple scalar command line
400 arguments. In addition to simple scalar arguments, the CommandLine library also
401 provides primitives to support CommandLine option <a href="#alias">aliases</a>,
402 and <a href="#list">lists</a> of options.</p>
406 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
408 <a name="alias">Argument Aliases</a>
413 <p>So far, the example works well, except for the fact that we need to check the
414 quiet condition like this now:</p>
416 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
418 if (!Quiet && !Quiet2) printInformationalMessage(...);
422 <p>... which is a real pain! Instead of defining two values for the same
423 condition, we can use the "<tt><a href="#cl::alias">cl::alias</a></tt>" class to make the "<tt>-q</tt>"
424 option an <b>alias</b> for the "<tt>-quiet</tt>" option, instead of providing
427 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
428 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool> Force ("<i>f</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Overwrite output files</i>"));
429 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool> Quiet ("<i>quiet</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Don't print informational messages</i>"));
430 <a href="#cl::alias">cl::alias</a> QuietA("<i>q</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Alias for -quiet</i>"), <a href="#cl::aliasopt">cl::aliasopt</a>(Quiet));
433 <p>The third line (which is the only one we modified from above) defines a
434 "<tt>-q</tt>" alias that updates the "<tt>Quiet</tt>" variable (as specified by
435 the <tt><a href="#cl::aliasopt">cl::aliasopt</a></tt> modifier) whenever it is
436 specified. Because aliases do not hold state, the only thing the program has to
437 query is the <tt>Quiet</tt> variable now. Another nice feature of aliases is
438 that they automatically hide themselves from the <tt>-help</tt> output
439 (although, again, they are still visible in the <tt>-help-hidden
442 <p>Now the application code can simply use:</p>
444 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
446 if (!Quiet) printInformationalMessage(...);
450 <p>... which is much nicer! The "<tt><a href="#cl::alias">cl::alias</a></tt>"
451 can be used to specify an alternative name for any variable type, and has many
456 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
458 <a name="onealternative">Selecting an alternative from a set of
464 <p>So far we have seen how the CommandLine library handles builtin types like
465 <tt>std::string</tt>, <tt>bool</tt> and <tt>int</tt>, but how does it handle
466 things it doesn't know about, like enums or '<tt>int*</tt>'s?</p>
468 <p>The answer is that it uses a table-driven generic parser (unless you specify
469 your own parser, as described in the <a href="#extensionguide">Extension
470 Guide</a>). This parser maps literal strings to whatever type is required, and
471 requires you to tell it what this mapping should be.</p>
473 <p>Let's say that we would like to add four optimization levels to our
474 optimizer, using the standard flags "<tt>-g</tt>", "<tt>-O0</tt>",
475 "<tt>-O1</tt>", and "<tt>-O2</tt>". We could easily implement this with boolean
476 options like above, but there are several problems with this strategy:</p>
479 <li>A user could specify more than one of the options at a time, for example,
480 "<tt>compiler -O3 -O2</tt>". The CommandLine library would not be able to
481 catch this erroneous input for us.</li>
483 <li>We would have to test 4 different variables to see which ones are set.</li>
485 <li>This doesn't map to the numeric levels that we want... so we cannot easily
486 see if some level >= "<tt>-O1</tt>" is enabled.</li>
490 <p>To cope with these problems, we can use an enum value, and have the
491 CommandLine library fill it in with the appropriate level directly, which is
494 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
499 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><OptLevel> OptimizationLevel(<a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Choose optimization level:</i>"),
500 <a href="#cl::values">cl::values</a>(
501 clEnumVal(g , "<i>No optimizations, enable debugging</i>"),
502 clEnumVal(O1, "<i>Enable trivial optimizations</i>"),
503 clEnumVal(O2, "<i>Enable default optimizations</i>"),
504 clEnumVal(O3, "<i>Enable expensive optimizations</i>"),
508 if (OptimizationLevel >= O2) doPartialRedundancyElimination(...);
512 <p>This declaration defines a variable "<tt>OptimizationLevel</tt>" of the
513 "<tt>OptLevel</tt>" enum type. This variable can be assigned any of the values
514 that are listed in the declaration (Note that the declaration list must be
515 terminated with the "<tt>clEnumValEnd</tt>" argument!). The CommandLine
517 that the user can only specify one of the options, and it ensure that only valid
518 enum values can be specified. The "<tt>clEnumVal</tt>" macros ensure that the
519 command line arguments matched the enum values. With this option added, our
520 help output now is:</p>
522 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
523 USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
526 <b>Choose optimization level:
527 -g - No optimizations, enable debugging
528 -O1 - Enable trivial optimizations
529 -O2 - Enable default optimizations
530 -O3 - Enable expensive optimizations</b>
531 -f - Enable binary output on terminals
532 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
533 -o <filename> - Specify output filename
534 -quiet - Don't print informational messages
537 <p>In this case, it is sort of awkward that flag names correspond directly to
538 enum names, because we probably don't want a enum definition named "<tt>g</tt>"
539 in our program. Because of this, we can alternatively write this example like
542 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
547 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><OptLevel> OptimizationLevel(<a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Choose optimization level:</i>"),
548 <a href="#cl::values">cl::values</a>(
549 clEnumValN(Debug, "g", "<i>No optimizations, enable debugging</i>"),
550 clEnumVal(O1 , "<i>Enable trivial optimizations</i>"),
551 clEnumVal(O2 , "<i>Enable default optimizations</i>"),
552 clEnumVal(O3 , "<i>Enable expensive optimizations</i>"),
556 if (OptimizationLevel == Debug) outputDebugInfo(...);
560 <p>By using the "<tt>clEnumValN</tt>" macro instead of "<tt>clEnumVal</tt>", we
561 can directly specify the name that the flag should get. In general a direct
562 mapping is nice, but sometimes you can't or don't want to preserve the mapping,
563 which is when you would use it.</p>
567 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
569 <a name="namedalternatives">Named Alternatives</a>
574 <p>Another useful argument form is a named alternative style. We shall use this
575 style in our compiler to specify different debug levels that can be used.
576 Instead of each debug level being its own switch, we want to support the
577 following options, of which only one can be specified at a time:
578 "<tt>--debug-level=none</tt>", "<tt>--debug-level=quick</tt>",
579 "<tt>--debug-level=detailed</tt>". To do this, we use the exact same format as
580 our optimization level flags, but we also specify an option name. For this
581 case, the code looks like this:</p>
583 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
585 nodebuginfo, quick, detailed
588 // Enable Debug Options to be specified on the command line
589 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><DebugLev> DebugLevel("<i>debug_level</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Set the debugging level:</i>"),
590 <a href="#cl::values">cl::values</a>(
591 clEnumValN(nodebuginfo, "none", "<i>disable debug information</i>"),
592 clEnumVal(quick, "<i>enable quick debug information</i>"),
593 clEnumVal(detailed, "<i>enable detailed debug information</i>"),
597 <p>This definition defines an enumerated command line variable of type "<tt>enum
598 DebugLev</tt>", which works exactly the same way as before. The difference here
599 is just the interface exposed to the user of your program and the help output by
600 the "<tt>-help</tt>" option:</p>
602 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
603 USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
606 Choose optimization level:
607 -g - No optimizations, enable debugging
608 -O1 - Enable trivial optimizations
609 -O2 - Enable default optimizations
610 -O3 - Enable expensive optimizations
611 <b>-debug_level - Set the debugging level:
612 =none - disable debug information
613 =quick - enable quick debug information
614 =detailed - enable detailed debug information</b>
615 -f - Enable binary output on terminals
616 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
617 -o <filename> - Specify output filename
618 -quiet - Don't print informational messages
621 <p>Again, the only structural difference between the debug level declaration and
622 the optimization level declaration is that the debug level declaration includes
623 an option name (<tt>"debug_level"</tt>), which automatically changes how the
624 library processes the argument. The CommandLine library supports both forms so
625 that you can choose the form most appropriate for your application.</p>
629 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
631 <a name="list">Parsing a list of options</a>
636 <p>Now that we have the standard run-of-the-mill argument types out of the way,
637 lets get a little wild and crazy. Lets say that we want our optimizer to accept
638 a <b>list</b> of optimizations to perform, allowing duplicates. For example, we
639 might want to run: "<tt>compiler -dce -constprop -inline -dce -strip</tt>". In
640 this case, the order of the arguments and the number of appearances is very
641 important. This is what the "<tt><a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a></tt>"
642 template is for. First, start by defining an enum of the optimizations that you
643 would like to perform:</p>
645 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
647 // 'inline' is a C++ keyword, so name it 'inlining'
648 dce, constprop, inlining, strip
652 <p>Then define your "<tt><a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a></tt>" variable:</p>
654 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
655 <a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a><Opts> OptimizationList(<a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Available Optimizations:</i>"),
656 <a href="#cl::values">cl::values</a>(
657 clEnumVal(dce , "<i>Dead Code Elimination</i>"),
658 clEnumVal(constprop , "<i>Constant Propagation</i>"),
659 clEnumValN(inlining, "<i>inline</i>", "<i>Procedure Integration</i>"),
660 clEnumVal(strip , "<i>Strip Symbols</i>"),
664 <p>This defines a variable that is conceptually of the type
665 "<tt>std::vector<enum Opts></tt>". Thus, you can access it with standard
668 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
669 for (unsigned i = 0; i != OptimizationList.size(); ++i)
670 switch (OptimizationList[i])
674 <p>... to iterate through the list of options specified.</p>
676 <p>Note that the "<tt><a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a></tt>" template is
677 completely general and may be used with any data types or other arguments that
678 you can use with the "<tt><a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt>" template. One
679 especially useful way to use a list is to capture all of the positional
680 arguments together if there may be more than one specified. In the case of a
681 linker, for example, the linker takes several '<tt>.o</tt>' files, and needs to
682 capture them into a list. This is naturally specified as:</p>
684 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
686 <a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a><std::string> InputFilenames(<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<Input files>"), <a href="#cl::OneOrMore">cl::OneOrMore</a>);
690 <p>This variable works just like a "<tt>vector<string></tt>" object. As
691 such, accessing the list is simple, just like above. In this example, we used
692 the <tt><a href="#cl::OneOrMore">cl::OneOrMore</a></tt> modifier to inform the
693 CommandLine library that it is an error if the user does not specify any
694 <tt>.o</tt> files on our command line. Again, this just reduces the amount of
695 checking we have to do.</p>
699 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
701 <a name="bits">Collecting options as a set of flags</a>
706 <p>Instead of collecting sets of options in a list, it is also possible to
707 gather information for enum values in a <b>bit vector</b>. The representation used by
708 the <a href="#bits"><tt>cl::bits</tt></a> class is an <tt>unsigned</tt>
709 integer. An enum value is represented by a 0/1 in the enum's ordinal value bit
710 position. 1 indicating that the enum was specified, 0 otherwise. As each
711 specified value is parsed, the resulting enum's bit is set in the option's bit
714 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
715 <i>bits</i> |= 1 << (unsigned)<i>enum</i>;
718 <p>Options that are specified multiple times are redundant. Any instances after
719 the first are discarded.</p>
721 <p>Reworking the above list example, we could replace <a href="#list">
722 <tt>cl::list</tt></a> with <a href="#bits"><tt>cl::bits</tt></a>:</p>
724 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
725 <a href="#cl::bits">cl::bits</a><Opts> OptimizationBits(<a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Available Optimizations:</i>"),
726 <a href="#cl::values">cl::values</a>(
727 clEnumVal(dce , "<i>Dead Code Elimination</i>"),
728 clEnumVal(constprop , "<i>Constant Propagation</i>"),
729 clEnumValN(inlining, "<i>inline</i>", "<i>Procedure Integration</i>"),
730 clEnumVal(strip , "<i>Strip Symbols</i>"),
734 <p>To test to see if <tt>constprop</tt> was specified, we can use the
735 <tt>cl:bits::isSet</tt> function:</p>
737 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
738 if (OptimizationBits.isSet(constprop)) {
743 <p>It's also possible to get the raw bit vector using the
744 <tt>cl::bits::getBits</tt> function:</p>
746 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
747 unsigned bits = OptimizationBits.getBits();
750 <p>Finally, if external storage is used, then the location specified must be of
751 <b>type</b> <tt>unsigned</tt>. In all other ways a <a
752 href="#bits"><tt>cl::bits</tt></a> option is equivalent to a <a
753 href="#list"> <tt>cl::list</tt></a> option.</p>
758 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
760 <a name="description">Adding freeform text to help output</a>
765 <p>As our program grows and becomes more mature, we may decide to put summary
766 information about what it does into the help output. The help output is styled
767 to look similar to a Unix <tt>man</tt> page, providing concise information about
768 a program. Unix <tt>man</tt> pages, however often have a description about what
769 the program does. To add this to your CommandLine program, simply pass a third
771 href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions"><tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt></a>
772 call in main. This additional argument is then printed as the overview
773 information for your program, allowing you to include any additional information
774 that you want. For example:</p>
776 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
777 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
778 <a href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions">cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</a>(argc, argv, " CommandLine compiler example\n\n"
779 " This program blah blah blah...\n");
784 <p>would yield the help output:</p>
786 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
787 <b>OVERVIEW: CommandLine compiler example
789 This program blah blah blah...</b>
791 USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
795 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
796 -o <filename> - Specify output filename
803 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
805 <a name="referenceguide">Reference Guide</a>
807 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
811 <p>Now that you know the basics of how to use the CommandLine library, this
812 section will give you the detailed information you need to tune how command line
813 options work, as well as information on more "advanced" command line option
814 processing capabilities.</p>
816 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
818 <a name="positional">Positional Arguments</a>
823 <p>Positional arguments are those arguments that are not named, and are not
824 specified with a hyphen. Positional arguments should be used when an option is
825 specified by its position alone. For example, the standard Unix <tt>grep</tt>
826 tool takes a regular expression argument, and an optional filename to search
827 through (which defaults to standard input if a filename is not specified).
828 Using the CommandLine library, this would be specified as:</p>
830 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
831 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> Regex (<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><regular expression></i>"), <a href="#cl::Required">cl::Required</a>);
832 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> Filename(<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><input file></i>"), <a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a>("<i>-</i>"));
835 <p>Given these two option declarations, the <tt>-help</tt> output for our grep
836 replacement would look like this:</p>
838 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
839 USAGE: spiffygrep [options] <b><regular expression> <input file></b>
842 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
845 <p>... and the resultant program could be used just like the standard
846 <tt>grep</tt> tool.</p>
848 <p>Positional arguments are sorted by their order of construction. This means
849 that command line options will be ordered according to how they are listed in a
850 .cpp file, but will not have an ordering defined if the positional arguments
851 are defined in multiple .cpp files. The fix for this problem is simply to
852 define all of your positional arguments in one .cpp file.</p>
854 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
856 <a name="--">Specifying positional options with hyphens</a>
861 <p>Sometimes you may want to specify a value to your positional argument that
862 starts with a hyphen (for example, searching for '<tt>-foo</tt>' in a file). At
863 first, you will have trouble doing this, because it will try to find an argument
864 named '<tt>-foo</tt>', and will fail (and single quotes will not save you).
865 Note that the system <tt>grep</tt> has the same problem:</p>
867 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
868 $ spiffygrep '-foo' test.txt
869 Unknown command line argument '-foo'. Try: spiffygrep -help'
871 $ grep '-foo' test.txt
872 grep: illegal option -- f
873 grep: illegal option -- o
874 grep: illegal option -- o
875 Usage: grep -hblcnsviw pattern file . . .
878 <p>The solution for this problem is the same for both your tool and the system
879 version: use the '<tt>--</tt>' marker. When the user specifies '<tt>--</tt>' on
880 the command line, it is telling the program that all options after the
881 '<tt>--</tt>' should be treated as positional arguments, not options. Thus, we
882 can use it like this:</p>
884 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
885 $ spiffygrep -- -foo test.txt
891 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
893 <a name="getPosition">Determining absolute position with getPosition()</a>
896 <p>Sometimes an option can affect or modify the meaning of another option. For
897 example, consider <tt>gcc</tt>'s <tt>-x LANG</tt> option. This tells
898 <tt>gcc</tt> to ignore the suffix of subsequent positional arguments and force
899 the file to be interpreted as if it contained source code in language
900 <tt>LANG</tt>. In order to handle this properly, you need to know the
901 absolute position of each argument, especially those in lists, so their
902 interaction(s) can be applied correctly. This is also useful for options like
903 <tt>-llibname</tt> which is actually a positional argument that starts with
905 <p>So, generally, the problem is that you have two <tt>cl::list</tt> variables
906 that interact in some way. To ensure the correct interaction, you can use the
907 <tt>cl::list::getPosition(optnum)</tt> method. This method returns the
908 absolute position (as found on the command line) of the <tt>optnum</tt>
909 item in the <tt>cl::list</tt>.</p>
910 <p>The idiom for usage is like this:</p>
912 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
913 static cl::list<std::string> Files(cl::Positional, cl::OneOrMore);
914 static cl::list<std::string> Libraries("l", cl::ZeroOrMore);
916 int main(int argc, char**argv) {
918 std::vector<std::string>::iterator fileIt = Files.begin();
919 std::vector<std::string>::iterator libIt = Libraries.begin();
920 unsigned libPos = 0, filePos = 0;
922 if ( libIt != Libraries.end() )
923 libPos = Libraries.getPosition( libIt - Libraries.begin() );
926 if ( fileIt != Files.end() )
927 filePos = Files.getPosition( fileIt - Files.begin() );
931 if ( filePos != 0 && (libPos == 0 || filePos < libPos) ) {
932 // Source File Is next
935 else if ( libPos != 0 && (filePos == 0 || libPos < filePos) ) {
940 break; // we're done with the list
944 <p>Note that, for compatibility reasons, the <tt>cl::opt</tt> also supports an
945 <tt>unsigned getPosition()</tt> option that will provide the absolute position
946 of that option. You can apply the same approach as above with a
947 <tt>cl::opt</tt> and a <tt>cl::list</tt> option as you can with two lists.</p>
950 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
952 <a name="cl::ConsumeAfter">The <tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt> modifier</a>
957 <p>The <tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt> <a href="#formatting">formatting option</a> is
958 used to construct programs that use "interpreter style" option processing. With
959 this style of option processing, all arguments specified after the last
960 positional argument are treated as special interpreter arguments that are not
961 interpreted by the command line argument.</p>
963 <p>As a concrete example, lets say we are developing a replacement for the
964 standard Unix Bourne shell (<tt>/bin/sh</tt>). To run <tt>/bin/sh</tt>, first
965 you specify options to the shell itself (like <tt>-x</tt> which turns on trace
966 output), then you specify the name of the script to run, then you specify
967 arguments to the script. These arguments to the script are parsed by the Bourne
968 shell command line option processor, but are not interpreted as options to the
969 shell itself. Using the CommandLine library, we would specify this as:</p>
971 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
972 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><string> Script(<a href="#cl::Positional">cl::Positional</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><input script></i>"), <a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a>("-"));
973 <a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a><string> Argv(<a href="#cl::ConsumeAfter">cl::ConsumeAfter</a>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i><program arguments>...</i>"));
974 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool> Trace("<i>x</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Enable trace output</i>"));
977 <p>which automatically provides the help output:</p>
979 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
980 USAGE: spiffysh [options] <b><input script> <program arguments>...</b>
983 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
984 <b>-x - Enable trace output</b>
987 <p>At runtime, if we run our new shell replacement as `<tt>spiffysh -x test.sh
988 -a -x -y bar</tt>', the <tt>Trace</tt> variable will be set to true, the
989 <tt>Script</tt> variable will be set to "<tt>test.sh</tt>", and the
990 <tt>Argv</tt> list will contain <tt>["-a", "-x", "-y", "bar"]</tt>, because they
991 were specified after the last positional argument (which is the script
994 <p>There are several limitations to when <tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt> options can
995 be specified. For example, only one <tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt> can be specified
996 per program, there must be at least one <a href="#positional">positional
997 argument</a> specified, there must not be any <a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a>
998 positional arguments, and the <tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt> option should be a <a
999 href="#cl::list">cl::list</a> option.</p>
1005 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1007 <a name="storage">Internal vs External Storage</a>
1012 <p>By default, all command line options automatically hold the value that they
1013 parse from the command line. This is very convenient in the common case,
1014 especially when combined with the ability to define command line options in the
1015 files that use them. This is called the internal storage model.</p>
1017 <p>Sometimes, however, it is nice to separate the command line option processing
1018 code from the storage of the value parsed. For example, lets say that we have a
1019 '<tt>-debug</tt>' option that we would like to use to enable debug information
1020 across the entire body of our program. In this case, the boolean value
1021 controlling the debug code should be globally accessible (in a header file, for
1022 example) yet the command line option processing code should not be exposed to
1023 all of these clients (requiring lots of .cpp files to #include
1024 <tt>CommandLine.h</tt>).</p>
1026 <p>To do this, set up your .h file with your option, like this for example:</p>
1028 <div class="doc_code">
1030 <i>// DebugFlag.h - Get access to the '-debug' command line option
1033 // DebugFlag - This boolean is set to true if the '-debug' command line option
1034 // is specified. This should probably not be referenced directly, instead, use
1035 // the DEBUG macro below.
1037 extern bool DebugFlag;
1039 <i>// DEBUG macro - This macro should be used by code to emit debug information.
1040 // In the '-debug' option is specified on the command line, and if this is a
1041 // debug build, then the code specified as the option to the macro will be
1042 // executed. Otherwise it will not be.</i>
1043 <span class="doc_hilite">#ifdef NDEBUG
1046 #define DEBUG(X)</span> do { if (DebugFlag) { X; } } while (0)
1047 <span class="doc_hilite">#endif</span>
1051 <p>This allows clients to blissfully use the <tt>DEBUG()</tt> macro, or the
1052 <tt>DebugFlag</tt> explicitly if they want to. Now we just need to be able to
1053 set the <tt>DebugFlag</tt> boolean when the option is set. To do this, we pass
1054 an additional argument to our command line argument processor, and we specify
1055 where to fill in with the <a href="#cl::location">cl::location</a>
1058 <div class="doc_code">
1060 bool DebugFlag; <i>// the actual value</i>
1061 static <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><bool, true> <i>// The parser</i>
1062 Debug("<i>debug</i>", <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>("<i>Enable debug output</i>"), <a href="#cl::Hidden">cl::Hidden</a>, <a href="#cl::location">cl::location</a>(DebugFlag));
1066 <p>In the above example, we specify "<tt>true</tt>" as the second argument to
1067 the <tt><a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt> template, indicating that the
1068 template should not maintain a copy of the value itself. In addition to this,
1069 we specify the <tt><a href="#cl::location">cl::location</a></tt> attribute, so
1070 that <tt>DebugFlag</tt> is automatically set.</p>
1074 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1076 <a name="attributes">Option Attributes</a>
1081 <p>This section describes the basic attributes that you can specify on
1086 <li>The option name attribute (which is required for all options, except <a
1087 href="#positional">positional options</a>) specifies what the option name is.
1088 This option is specified in simple double quotes:
1091 <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><<b>bool</b>> Quiet("<i>quiet</i>");
1096 <li><a name="cl::desc">The <b><tt>cl::desc</tt></b></a> attribute specifies a
1097 description for the option to be shown in the <tt>-help</tt> output for the
1100 <li><a name="cl::value_desc">The <b><tt>cl::value_desc</tt></b></a> attribute
1101 specifies a string that can be used to fine tune the <tt>-help</tt> output for
1102 a command line option. Look <a href="#value_desc_example">here</a> for an
1105 <li><a name="cl::init">The <b><tt>cl::init</tt></b></a> attribute specifies an
1106 initial value for a <a href="#cl::opt">scalar</a> option. If this attribute is
1107 not specified then the command line option value defaults to the value created
1108 by the default constructor for the type. <b>Warning</b>: If you specify both
1109 <b><tt>cl::init</tt></b> and <b><tt>cl::location</tt></b> for an option,
1110 you must specify <b><tt>cl::location</tt></b> first, so that when the
1111 command-line parser sees <b><tt>cl::init</tt></b>, it knows where to put the
1112 initial value. (You will get an error at runtime if you don't put them in
1113 the right order.)</li>
1115 <li><a name="cl::location">The <b><tt>cl::location</tt></b></a> attribute where
1116 to store the value for a parsed command line option if using external storage.
1117 See the section on <a href="#storage">Internal vs External Storage</a> for more
1120 <li><a name="cl::aliasopt">The <b><tt>cl::aliasopt</tt></b></a> attribute
1121 specifies which option a <tt><a href="#cl::alias">cl::alias</a></tt> option is
1124 <li><a name="cl::values">The <b><tt>cl::values</tt></b></a> attribute specifies
1125 the string-to-value mapping to be used by the generic parser. It takes a
1126 <b>clEnumValEnd terminated</b> list of (option, value, description) triplets
1128 specify the option name, the value mapped to, and the description shown in the
1129 <tt>-help</tt> for the tool. Because the generic parser is used most
1130 frequently with enum values, two macros are often useful:
1134 <li><a name="clEnumVal">The <b><tt>clEnumVal</tt></b></a> macro is used as a
1135 nice simple way to specify a triplet for an enum. This macro automatically
1136 makes the option name be the same as the enum name. The first option to the
1137 macro is the enum, the second is the description for the command line
1140 <li><a name="clEnumValN">The <b><tt>clEnumValN</tt></b></a> macro is used to
1141 specify macro options where the option name doesn't equal the enum name. For
1142 this macro, the first argument is the enum value, the second is the flag name,
1143 and the second is the description.</li>
1147 You will get a compile time error if you try to use cl::values with a parser
1148 that does not support it.</li>
1150 <li><a name="cl::multi_val">The <b><tt>cl::multi_val</tt></b></a>
1151 attribute specifies that this option takes has multiple values
1152 (example: <tt>-sectalign segname sectname sectvalue</tt>). This
1153 attribute takes one unsigned argument - the number of values for the
1154 option. This attribute is valid only on <tt>cl::list</tt> options (and
1155 will fail with compile error if you try to use it with other option
1156 types). It is allowed to use all of the usual modifiers on
1157 multi-valued options (besides <tt>cl::ValueDisallowed</tt>,
1164 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1166 <a name="modifiers">Option Modifiers</a>
1171 <p>Option modifiers are the flags and expressions that you pass into the
1172 constructors for <tt><a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt> and <tt><a
1173 href="#cl::list">cl::list</a></tt>. These modifiers give you the ability to
1174 tweak how options are parsed and how <tt>-help</tt> output is generated to fit
1175 your application well.</p>
1177 <p>These options fall into five main categories:</p>
1180 <li><a href="#hiding">Hiding an option from <tt>-help</tt> output</a></li>
1181 <li><a href="#numoccurrences">Controlling the number of occurrences
1182 required and allowed</a></li>
1183 <li><a href="#valrequired">Controlling whether or not a value must be
1185 <li><a href="#formatting">Controlling other formatting options</a></li>
1186 <li><a href="#misc">Miscellaneous option modifiers</a></li>
1189 <p>It is not possible to specify two options from the same category (you'll get
1190 a runtime error) to a single option, except for options in the miscellaneous
1191 category. The CommandLine library specifies defaults for all of these settings
1192 that are the most useful in practice and the most common, which mean that you
1193 usually shouldn't have to worry about these.</p>
1195 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1197 <a name="hiding">Hiding an option from <tt>-help</tt> output</a>
1202 <p>The <tt>cl::NotHidden</tt>, <tt>cl::Hidden</tt>, and
1203 <tt>cl::ReallyHidden</tt> modifiers are used to control whether or not an option
1204 appears in the <tt>-help</tt> and <tt>-help-hidden</tt> output for the
1205 compiled program:</p>
1209 <li><a name="cl::NotHidden">The <b><tt>cl::NotHidden</tt></b></a> modifier
1210 (which is the default for <tt><a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt> and <tt><a
1211 href="#cl::list">cl::list</a></tt> options) indicates the option is to appear
1212 in both help listings.</li>
1214 <li><a name="cl::Hidden">The <b><tt>cl::Hidden</tt></b></a> modifier (which is the
1215 default for <tt><a href="#cl::alias">cl::alias</a></tt> options) indicates that
1216 the option should not appear in the <tt>-help</tt> output, but should appear in
1217 the <tt>-help-hidden</tt> output.</li>
1219 <li><a name="cl::ReallyHidden">The <b><tt>cl::ReallyHidden</tt></b></a> modifier
1220 indicates that the option should not appear in any help output.</li>
1226 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1228 <a name="numoccurrences">Controlling the number of occurrences required and
1234 <p>This group of options is used to control how many time an option is allowed
1235 (or required) to be specified on the command line of your program. Specifying a
1236 value for this setting allows the CommandLine library to do error checking for
1239 <p>The allowed values for this option group are:</p>
1243 <li><a name="cl::Optional">The <b><tt>cl::Optional</tt></b></a> modifier (which
1244 is the default for the <tt><a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt> and <tt><a
1245 href="#cl::alias">cl::alias</a></tt> classes) indicates that your program will
1246 allow either zero or one occurrence of the option to be specified.</li>
1248 <li><a name="cl::ZeroOrMore">The <b><tt>cl::ZeroOrMore</tt></b></a> modifier
1249 (which is the default for the <tt><a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a></tt> class)
1250 indicates that your program will allow the option to be specified zero or more
1253 <li><a name="cl::Required">The <b><tt>cl::Required</tt></b></a> modifier
1254 indicates that the specified option must be specified exactly one time.</li>
1256 <li><a name="cl::OneOrMore">The <b><tt>cl::OneOrMore</tt></b></a> modifier
1257 indicates that the option must be specified at least one time.</li>
1259 <li>The <b><tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt></b> modifier is described in the <a
1260 href="#positional">Positional arguments section</a>.</li>
1264 <p>If an option is not specified, then the value of the option is equal to the
1265 value specified by the <tt><a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a></tt> attribute. If
1266 the <tt><a href="#cl::init">cl::init</a></tt> attribute is not specified, the
1267 option value is initialized with the default constructor for the data type.</p>
1269 <p>If an option is specified multiple times for an option of the <tt><a
1270 href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a></tt> class, only the last value will be
1275 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1277 <a name="valrequired">Controlling whether or not a value must be specified</a>
1282 <p>This group of options is used to control whether or not the option allows a
1283 value to be present. In the case of the CommandLine library, a value is either
1284 specified with an equal sign (e.g. '<tt>-index-depth=17</tt>') or as a trailing
1285 string (e.g. '<tt>-o a.out</tt>').</p>
1287 <p>The allowed values for this option group are:</p>
1291 <li><a name="cl::ValueOptional">The <b><tt>cl::ValueOptional</tt></b></a> modifier
1292 (which is the default for <tt>bool</tt> typed options) specifies that it is
1293 acceptable to have a value, or not. A boolean argument can be enabled just by
1294 appearing on the command line, or it can have an explicit '<tt>-foo=true</tt>'.
1295 If an option is specified with this mode, it is illegal for the value to be
1296 provided without the equal sign. Therefore '<tt>-foo true</tt>' is illegal. To
1297 get this behavior, you must use the <a
1298 href="#cl::ValueRequired">cl::ValueRequired</a> modifier.</li>
1300 <li><a name="cl::ValueRequired">The <b><tt>cl::ValueRequired</tt></b></a> modifier
1301 (which is the default for all other types except for <a
1302 href="#onealternative">unnamed alternatives using the generic parser</a>)
1303 specifies that a value must be provided. This mode informs the command line
1304 library that if an option is not provides with an equal sign, that the next
1305 argument provided must be the value. This allows things like '<tt>-o
1306 a.out</tt>' to work.</li>
1308 <li><a name="cl::ValueDisallowed">The <b><tt>cl::ValueDisallowed</tt></b></a>
1309 modifier (which is the default for <a href="#onealternative">unnamed
1310 alternatives using the generic parser</a>) indicates that it is a runtime error
1311 for the user to specify a value. This can be provided to disallow users from
1312 providing options to boolean options (like '<tt>-foo=true</tt>').</li>
1316 <p>In general, the default values for this option group work just like you would
1317 want them to. As mentioned above, you can specify the <a
1318 href="#cl::ValueDisallowed">cl::ValueDisallowed</a> modifier to a boolean
1319 argument to restrict your command line parser. These options are mostly useful
1320 when <a href="#extensionguide">extending the library</a>.</p>
1324 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1326 <a name="formatting">Controlling other formatting options</a>
1331 <p>The formatting option group is used to specify that the command line option
1332 has special abilities and is otherwise different from other command line
1333 arguments. As usual, you can only specify one of these arguments at most.</p>
1337 <li><a name="cl::NormalFormatting">The <b><tt>cl::NormalFormatting</tt></b></a>
1338 modifier (which is the default all options) specifies that this option is
1341 <li><a name="cl::Positional">The <b><tt>cl::Positional</tt></b></a> modifier
1342 specifies that this is a positional argument that does not have a command line
1343 option associated with it. See the <a href="#positional">Positional
1344 Arguments</a> section for more information.</li>
1346 <li>The <b><a href="#cl::ConsumeAfter"><tt>cl::ConsumeAfter</tt></a></b> modifier
1347 specifies that this option is used to capture "interpreter style" arguments. See <a href="#cl::ConsumeAfter">this section for more information</a>.</li>
1349 <li><a name="cl::Prefix">The <b><tt>cl::Prefix</tt></b></a> modifier specifies
1350 that this option prefixes its value. With 'Prefix' options, the equal sign does
1351 not separate the value from the option name specified. Instead, the value is
1352 everything after the prefix, including any equal sign if present. This is useful
1353 for processing odd arguments like <tt>-lmalloc</tt> and <tt>-L/usr/lib</tt> in a
1354 linker tool or <tt>-DNAME=value</tt> in a compiler tool. Here, the
1355 '<tt>l</tt>', '<tt>D</tt>' and '<tt>L</tt>' options are normal string (or list)
1356 options, that have the <b><tt><a href="#cl::Prefix">cl::Prefix</a></tt></b>
1357 modifier added to allow the CommandLine library to recognize them. Note that
1358 <b><tt><a href="#cl::Prefix">cl::Prefix</a></tt></b> options must not have the
1359 <b><tt><a href="#cl::ValueDisallowed">cl::ValueDisallowed</a></tt></b> modifier
1362 <li><a name="cl::Grouping">The <b><tt>cl::Grouping</tt></b></a> modifier is used
1363 to implement Unix-style tools (like <tt>ls</tt>) that have lots of single letter
1364 arguments, but only require a single dash. For example, the '<tt>ls -labF</tt>'
1365 command actually enables four different options, all of which are single
1366 letters. Note that <b><tt><a href="#cl::Grouping">cl::Grouping</a></tt></b>
1367 options cannot have values.</li>
1371 <p>The CommandLine library does not restrict how you use the <b><tt><a
1372 href="#cl::Prefix">cl::Prefix</a></tt></b> or <b><tt><a
1373 href="#cl::Grouping">cl::Grouping</a></tt></b> modifiers, but it is possible to
1374 specify ambiguous argument settings. Thus, it is possible to have multiple
1375 letter options that are prefix or grouping options, and they will still work as
1378 <p>To do this, the CommandLine library uses a greedy algorithm to parse the
1379 input option into (potentially multiple) prefix and grouping options. The
1380 strategy basically looks like this:</p>
1382 <div class="doc_code"><tt>parse(string OrigInput) {</tt>
1385 <li><tt>string input = OrigInput;</tt>
1386 <li><tt>if (isOption(input)) return getOption(input).parse();</tt> <i>// Normal option</i>
1387 <li><tt>while (!isOption(input) && !input.empty()) input.pop_back();</tt> <i>// Remove the last letter</i>
1388 <li><tt>if (input.empty()) return error();</tt> <i>// No matching option</i>
1389 <li><tt>if (getOption(input).isPrefix())<br>
1390 return getOption(input).parse(input);</tt>
1391 <li><tt>while (!input.empty()) { <i>// Must be grouping options</i><br>
1392 getOption(input).parse();<br>
1393 OrigInput.erase(OrigInput.begin(), OrigInput.begin()+input.length());<br>
1394 input = OrigInput;<br>
1395 while (!isOption(input) && !input.empty()) input.pop_back();<br>
1397 <li><tt>if (!OrigInput.empty()) error();</tt></li>
1405 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1407 <a name="misc">Miscellaneous option modifiers</a>
1412 <p>The miscellaneous option modifiers are the only flags where you can specify
1413 more than one flag from the set: they are not mutually exclusive. These flags
1414 specify boolean properties that modify the option.</p>
1418 <li><a name="cl::CommaSeparated">The <b><tt>cl::CommaSeparated</tt></b></a> modifier
1419 indicates that any commas specified for an option's value should be used to
1420 split the value up into multiple values for the option. For example, these two
1421 options are equivalent when <tt>cl::CommaSeparated</tt> is specified:
1422 "<tt>-foo=a -foo=b -foo=c</tt>" and "<tt>-foo=a,b,c</tt>". This option only
1423 makes sense to be used in a case where the option is allowed to accept one or
1424 more values (i.e. it is a <a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a> option).</li>
1426 <li><a name="cl::PositionalEatsArgs">The
1427 <b><tt>cl::PositionalEatsArgs</tt></b></a> modifier (which only applies to
1428 positional arguments, and only makes sense for lists) indicates that positional
1429 argument should consume any strings after it (including strings that start with
1430 a "-") up until another recognized positional argument. For example, if you
1431 have two "eating" positional arguments, "<tt>pos1</tt>" and "<tt>pos2</tt>", the
1432 string "<tt>-pos1 -foo -bar baz -pos2 -bork</tt>" would cause the "<tt>-foo -bar
1433 -baz</tt>" strings to be applied to the "<tt>-pos1</tt>" option and the
1434 "<tt>-bork</tt>" string to be applied to the "<tt>-pos2</tt>" option.</li>
1436 <li><a name="cl::Sink">The <b><tt>cl::Sink</tt></b></a> modifier is
1437 used to handle unknown options. If there is at least one option with
1438 <tt>cl::Sink</tt> modifier specified, the parser passes
1439 unrecognized option strings to it as values instead of signaling an
1440 error. As with <tt>cl::CommaSeparated</tt>, this modifier
1441 only makes sense with a <a href="#cl::list">cl::list</a> option.</li>
1445 <p>So far, these are the only three miscellaneous option modifiers.</p>
1449 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1451 <a name="response">Response files</a>
1456 <p>Some systems, such as certain variants of Microsoft Windows and
1457 some older Unices have a relatively low limit on command-line
1458 length. It is therefore customary to use the so-called 'response
1459 files' to circumvent this restriction. These files are mentioned on
1460 the command-line (using the "@file") syntax. The program reads these
1461 files and inserts the contents into argv, thereby working around the
1462 command-line length limits. Response files are enabled by an optional
1464 <a href="#cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions"><tt>cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions</tt></a>
1466 <a href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions"><tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt></a>.
1473 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1475 <a name="toplevel">Top-Level Classes and Functions</a>
1480 <p>Despite all of the built-in flexibility, the CommandLine option library
1481 really only consists of one function (<a
1482 href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions"><tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt></a>)
1483 and three main classes: <a href="#cl::opt"><tt>cl::opt</tt></a>, <a
1484 href="#cl::list"><tt>cl::list</tt></a>, and <a
1485 href="#cl::alias"><tt>cl::alias</tt></a>. This section describes these three
1486 classes in detail.</p>
1488 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1490 <a name="cl::ParseCommandLineOptions">The <tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt>
1496 <p>The <tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt> function is designed to be called
1497 directly from <tt>main</tt>, and is used to fill in the values of all of the
1498 command line option variables once <tt>argc</tt> and <tt>argv</tt> are
1501 <p>The <tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt> function requires two parameters
1502 (<tt>argc</tt> and <tt>argv</tt>), but may also take an optional third parameter
1503 which holds <a href="#description">additional extra text</a> to emit when the
1504 <tt>-help</tt> option is invoked, and a fourth boolean parameter that enables
1505 <a href="#response">response files</a>.</p>
1509 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1511 <a name="cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions">The <tt>cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions</tt>
1517 <p>The <tt>cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions</tt> function has mostly the same effects
1519 href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions"><tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt></a>,
1520 except that it is designed to take values for options from an environment
1521 variable, for those cases in which reading the command line is not convenient or
1522 desired. It fills in the values of all the command line option variables just
1524 href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions"><tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt></a>
1527 <p>It takes four parameters: the name of the program (since <tt>argv</tt> may
1528 not be available, it can't just look in <tt>argv[0]</tt>), the name of the
1529 environment variable to examine, the optional
1530 <a href="#description">additional extra text</a> to emit when the
1531 <tt>-help</tt> option is invoked, and the boolean
1532 switch that controls whether <a href="#response">response files</a>
1535 <p><tt>cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions</tt> will break the environment
1536 variable's value up into words and then process them using
1537 <a href="#cl::ParseCommandLineOptions"><tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt></a>.
1538 <b>Note:</b> Currently <tt>cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions</tt> does not support
1539 quoting, so an environment variable containing <tt>-option "foo bar"</tt> will
1540 be parsed as three words, <tt>-option</tt>, <tt>"foo</tt>, and <tt>bar"</tt>,
1541 which is different from what you would get from the shell with the same
1546 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1548 <a name="cl::SetVersionPrinter">The <tt>cl::SetVersionPrinter</tt>
1554 <p>The <tt>cl::SetVersionPrinter</tt> function is designed to be called
1555 directly from <tt>main</tt> and <i>before</i>
1556 <tt>cl::ParseCommandLineOptions</tt>. Its use is optional. It simply arranges
1557 for a function to be called in response to the <tt>--version</tt> option instead
1558 of having the <tt>CommandLine</tt> library print out the usual version string
1559 for LLVM. This is useful for programs that are not part of LLVM but wish to use
1560 the <tt>CommandLine</tt> facilities. Such programs should just define a small
1561 function that takes no arguments and returns <tt>void</tt> and that prints out
1562 whatever version information is appropriate for the program. Pass the address
1563 of that function to <tt>cl::SetVersionPrinter</tt> to arrange for it to be
1564 called when the <tt>--version</tt> option is given by the user.</p>
1567 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1569 <a name="cl::opt">The <tt>cl::opt</tt> class</a>
1574 <p>The <tt>cl::opt</tt> class is the class used to represent scalar command line
1575 options, and is the one used most of the time. It is a templated class which
1576 can take up to three arguments (all except for the first have default values
1579 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1580 <b>namespace</b> cl {
1581 <b>template</b> <<b>class</b> DataType, <b>bool</b> ExternalStorage = <b>false</b>,
1582 <b>class</b> ParserClass = parser<DataType> >
1587 <p>The first template argument specifies what underlying data type the command
1588 line argument is, and is used to select a default parser implementation. The
1589 second template argument is used to specify whether the option should contain
1590 the storage for the option (the default) or whether external storage should be
1591 used to contain the value parsed for the option (see <a href="#storage">Internal
1592 vs External Storage</a> for more information).</p>
1594 <p>The third template argument specifies which parser to use. The default value
1595 selects an instantiation of the <tt>parser</tt> class based on the underlying
1596 data type of the option. In general, this default works well for most
1597 applications, so this option is only used when using a <a
1598 href="#customparser">custom parser</a>.</p>
1602 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1604 <a name="cl::list">The <tt>cl::list</tt> class</a>
1609 <p>The <tt>cl::list</tt> class is the class used to represent a list of command
1610 line options. It too is a templated class which can take up to three
1613 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1614 <b>namespace</b> cl {
1615 <b>template</b> <<b>class</b> DataType, <b>class</b> Storage = <b>bool</b>,
1616 <b>class</b> ParserClass = parser<DataType> >
1621 <p>This class works the exact same as the <a
1622 href="#cl::opt"><tt>cl::opt</tt></a> class, except that the second argument is
1623 the <b>type</b> of the external storage, not a boolean value. For this class,
1624 the marker type '<tt>bool</tt>' is used to indicate that internal storage should
1629 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1631 <a name="cl::bits">The <tt>cl::bits</tt> class</a>
1636 <p>The <tt>cl::bits</tt> class is the class used to represent a list of command
1637 line options in the form of a bit vector. It is also a templated class which
1638 can take up to three arguments:</p>
1640 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1641 <b>namespace</b> cl {
1642 <b>template</b> <<b>class</b> DataType, <b>class</b> Storage = <b>bool</b>,
1643 <b>class</b> ParserClass = parser<DataType> >
1648 <p>This class works the exact same as the <a
1649 href="#cl::opt"><tt>cl::lists</tt></a> class, except that the second argument
1650 must be of <b>type</b> <tt>unsigned</tt> if external storage is used.</p>
1654 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1656 <a name="cl::alias">The <tt>cl::alias</tt> class</a>
1661 <p>The <tt>cl::alias</tt> class is a nontemplated class that is used to form
1662 aliases for other arguments.</p>
1664 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1665 <b>namespace</b> cl {
1670 <p>The <a href="#cl::aliasopt"><tt>cl::aliasopt</tt></a> attribute should be
1671 used to specify which option this is an alias for. Alias arguments default to
1672 being <a href="#cl::Hidden">Hidden</a>, and use the aliased options parser to do
1673 the conversion from string to data.</p>
1677 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1679 <a name="cl::extrahelp">The <tt>cl::extrahelp</tt> class</a>
1684 <p>The <tt>cl::extrahelp</tt> class is a nontemplated class that allows extra
1685 help text to be printed out for the <tt>-help</tt> option.</p>
1687 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1688 <b>namespace</b> cl {
1689 <b>struct</b> extrahelp;
1693 <p>To use the extrahelp, simply construct one with a <tt>const char*</tt>
1694 parameter to the constructor. The text passed to the constructor will be printed
1695 at the bottom of the help message, verbatim. Note that multiple
1696 <tt>cl::extrahelp</tt> <b>can</b> be used, but this practice is discouraged. If
1697 your tool needs to print additional help information, put all that help into a
1698 single <tt>cl::extrahelp</tt> instance.</p>
1700 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1701 cl::extrahelp("\nADDITIONAL HELP:\n\n This is the extra help\n");
1707 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1709 <a name="builtinparsers">Builtin parsers</a>
1714 <p>Parsers control how the string value taken from the command line is
1715 translated into a typed value, suitable for use in a C++ program. By default,
1716 the CommandLine library uses an instance of <tt>parser<type></tt> if the
1717 command line option specifies that it uses values of type '<tt>type</tt>'.
1718 Because of this, custom option processing is specified with specializations of
1719 the '<tt>parser</tt>' class.</p>
1721 <p>The CommandLine library provides the following builtin parser
1722 specializations, which are sufficient for most applications. It can, however,
1723 also be extended to work with new data types and new ways of interpreting the
1724 same data. See the <a href="#customparser">Writing a Custom Parser</a> for more
1725 details on this type of library extension.</p>
1729 <li><a name="genericparser">The <b>generic <tt>parser<t></tt> parser</b></a>
1730 can be used to map strings values to any data type, through the use of the <a
1731 href="#cl::values">cl::values</a> property, which specifies the mapping
1732 information. The most common use of this parser is for parsing enum values,
1733 which allows you to use the CommandLine library for all of the error checking to
1734 make sure that only valid enum values are specified (as opposed to accepting
1735 arbitrary strings). Despite this, however, the generic parser class can be used
1736 for any data type.</li>
1738 <li><a name="boolparser">The <b><tt>parser<bool></tt> specialization</b></a>
1739 is used to convert boolean strings to a boolean value. Currently accepted
1740 strings are "<tt>true</tt>", "<tt>TRUE</tt>", "<tt>True</tt>", "<tt>1</tt>",
1741 "<tt>false</tt>", "<tt>FALSE</tt>", "<tt>False</tt>", and "<tt>0</tt>".</li>
1743 <li><a name="boolOrDefaultparser">The <b><tt>parser<boolOrDefault></tt>
1744 specialization</b></a> is used for cases where the value is boolean,
1745 but we also need to know whether the option was specified at all. boolOrDefault
1746 is an enum with 3 values, BOU_UNSET, BOU_TRUE and BOU_FALSE. This parser accepts
1747 the same strings as <b><tt>parser<bool></tt></b>.</li>
1749 <li><a name="stringparser">The <b><tt>parser<string></tt>
1750 specialization</b></a> simply stores the parsed string into the string value
1751 specified. No conversion or modification of the data is performed.</li>
1753 <li><a name="intparser">The <b><tt>parser<int></tt> specialization</b></a>
1754 uses the C <tt>strtol</tt> function to parse the string input. As such, it will
1755 accept a decimal number (with an optional '+' or '-' prefix) which must start
1756 with a non-zero digit. It accepts octal numbers, which are identified with a
1757 '<tt>0</tt>' prefix digit, and hexadecimal numbers with a prefix of
1758 '<tt>0x</tt>' or '<tt>0X</tt>'.</li>
1760 <li><a name="doubleparser">The <b><tt>parser<double></tt></b></a> and
1761 <b><tt>parser<float></tt> specializations</b> use the standard C
1762 <tt>strtod</tt> function to convert floating point strings into floating point
1763 values. As such, a broad range of string formats is supported, including
1764 exponential notation (ex: <tt>1.7e15</tt>) and properly supports locales.
1773 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
1775 <a name="extensionguide">Extension Guide</a>
1777 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
1781 <p>Although the CommandLine library has a lot of functionality built into it
1782 already (as discussed previously), one of its true strengths lie in its
1783 extensibility. This section discusses how the CommandLine library works under
1784 the covers and illustrates how to do some simple, common, extensions.</p>
1786 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1788 <a name="customparser">Writing a custom parser</a>
1793 <p>One of the simplest and most common extensions is the use of a custom parser.
1794 As <a href="#builtinparsers">discussed previously</a>, parsers are the portion
1795 of the CommandLine library that turns string input from the user into a
1796 particular parsed data type, validating the input in the process.</p>
1798 <p>There are two ways to use a new parser:</p>
1804 <p>Specialize the <a href="#genericparser"><tt>cl::parser</tt></a> template for
1805 your custom data type.<p>
1807 <p>This approach has the advantage that users of your custom data type will
1808 automatically use your custom parser whenever they define an option with a value
1809 type of your data type. The disadvantage of this approach is that it doesn't
1810 work if your fundamental data type is something that is already supported.</p>
1816 <p>Write an independent class, using it explicitly from options that need
1819 <p>This approach works well in situations where you would line to parse an
1820 option using special syntax for a not-very-special data-type. The drawback of
1821 this approach is that users of your parser have to be aware that they are using
1822 your parser instead of the builtin ones.</p>
1828 <p>To guide the discussion, we will discuss a custom parser that accepts file
1829 sizes, specified with an optional unit after the numeric size. For example, we
1830 would like to parse "102kb", "41M", "1G" into the appropriate integer value. In
1831 this case, the underlying data type we want to parse into is
1832 '<tt>unsigned</tt>'. We choose approach #2 above because we don't want to make
1833 this the default for all <tt>unsigned</tt> options.</p>
1835 <p>To start out, we declare our new <tt>FileSizeParser</tt> class:</p>
1837 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1838 <b>struct</b> FileSizeParser : <b>public</b> cl::basic_parser<<b>unsigned</b>> {
1839 <i>// parse - Return true on error.</i>
1840 <b>bool</b> parse(cl::Option &O, <b>const char</b> *ArgName, <b>const</b> std::string &ArgValue,
1841 <b>unsigned</b> &Val);
1845 <p>Our new class inherits from the <tt>cl::basic_parser</tt> template class to
1846 fill in the default, boiler plate code for us. We give it the data type that
1847 we parse into, the last argument to the <tt>parse</tt> method, so that clients of
1848 our custom parser know what object type to pass in to the parse method. (Here we
1849 declare that we parse into '<tt>unsigned</tt>' variables.)</p>
1851 <p>For most purposes, the only method that must be implemented in a custom
1852 parser is the <tt>parse</tt> method. The <tt>parse</tt> method is called
1853 whenever the option is invoked, passing in the option itself, the option name,
1854 the string to parse, and a reference to a return value. If the string to parse
1855 is not well-formed, the parser should output an error message and return true.
1856 Otherwise it should return false and set '<tt>Val</tt>' to the parsed value. In
1857 our example, we implement <tt>parse</tt> as:</p>
1859 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1860 <b>bool</b> FileSizeParser::parse(cl::Option &O, <b>const char</b> *ArgName,
1861 <b>const</b> std::string &Arg, <b>unsigned</b> &Val) {
1862 <b>const char</b> *ArgStart = Arg.c_str();
1865 <i>// Parse integer part, leaving 'End' pointing to the first non-integer char</i>
1866 Val = (unsigned)strtol(ArgStart, &End, 0);
1869 <b>switch</b> (*End++) {
1870 <b>case</b> 0: <b>return</b> false; <i>// No error</i>
1871 <b>case</b> 'i': <i>// Ignore the 'i' in KiB if people use that</i>
1872 <b>case</b> 'b': <b>case</b> 'B': <i>// Ignore B suffix</i>
1875 <b>case</b> 'g': <b>case</b> 'G': Val *= 1024*1024*1024; <b>break</b>;
1876 <b>case</b> 'm': <b>case</b> 'M': Val *= 1024*1024; <b>break</b>;
1877 <b>case</b> 'k': <b>case</b> 'K': Val *= 1024; <b>break</b>;
1880 <i>// Print an error message if unrecognized character!</i>
1881 <b>return</b> O.error("'" + Arg + "' value invalid for file size argument!");
1887 <p>This function implements a very simple parser for the kinds of strings we are
1888 interested in. Although it has some holes (it allows "<tt>123KKK</tt>" for
1889 example), it is good enough for this example. Note that we use the option
1890 itself to print out the error message (the <tt>error</tt> method always returns
1891 true) in order to get a nice error message (shown below). Now that we have our
1892 parser class, we can use it like this:</p>
1894 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1895 <b>static</b> <a href="#cl::opt">cl::opt</a><<b>unsigned</b>, <b>false</b>, FileSizeParser>
1896 MFS(<i>"max-file-size"</i>, <a href="#cl::desc">cl::desc</a>(<i>"Maximum file size to accept"</i>),
1897 <a href="#cl::value_desc">cl::value_desc</a>("<i>size</i>"));
1900 <p>Which adds this to the output of our program:</p>
1902 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1904 -help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
1906 <b>-max-file-size=<size> - Maximum file size to accept</b>
1909 <p>And we can test that our parse works correctly now (the test program just
1910 prints out the max-file-size argument value):</p>
1912 <div class="doc_code"><pre>
1915 $ ./test -max-file-size=123MB
1917 $ ./test -max-file-size=3G
1919 $ ./test -max-file-size=dog
1920 -max-file-size option: 'dog' value invalid for file size argument!
1923 <p>It looks like it works. The error message that we get is nice and helpful,
1924 and we seem to accept reasonable file sizes. This wraps up the "custom parser"
1929 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1931 <a name="explotingexternal">Exploiting external storage</a>
1935 <p>Several of the LLVM libraries define static <tt>cl::opt</tt> instances that
1936 will automatically be included in any program that links with that library.
1937 This is a feature. However, sometimes it is necessary to know the value of the
1938 command line option outside of the library. In these cases the library does or
1939 should provide an external storage location that is accessible to users of the
1940 library. Examples of this include the <tt>llvm::DebugFlag</tt> exported by the
1941 <tt>lib/Support/Debug.cpp</tt> file and the <tt>llvm::TimePassesIsEnabled</tt>
1942 flag exported by the <tt>lib/VMCore/Pass.cpp</tt> file.</p>
1944 <p>TODO: complete this section</p>
1948 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1950 <a name="dynamicopts">Dynamically adding command line options</a>
1955 <p>TODO: fill in this section</p>
1961 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
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1970 <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br>
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