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14 <div class="doc_title">
15 The Often Misunderstood GEP Instruction
19 <li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
20 <li><a href="#addresses">Address Computation</a>
22 <li><a href="#extra_index">Why is the extra 0 index required?</a></li>
23 <li><a href="#deref">What is dereferenced by GEP?</a></li>
24 <li><a href="#firstptr">Why can you index through the first pointer but not
25 subsequent ones?</a></li>
26 <li><a href="#lead0">Why don't GEP x,0,0,1 and GEP x,1 alias? </a></li>
27 <li><a href="#trail0">Why do GEP x,1,0,0 and GEP x,1 alias? </a></li>
28 <li><a href="#vectors">Can GEP index into vector elements?</a>
29 <li><a href="#addrspace">What effect do address spaces have on GEPs?</a>
30 <li><a href="#int">How is GEP different from ptrtoint, arithmetic, and inttoptr?</a></li>
31 <li><a href="#be">I'm writing a backend for a target which needs custom lowering for GEP. How do I do this?</a>
32 <li><a href="#vla">How does VLA addressing work with GEPs?</a>
34 <li><a href="#rules">Rules</a>
36 <li><a href="#bounds">What happens if an array index is out of bounds?</a>
37 <li><a href="#negative">Can array indices be negative?</a>
38 <li><a href="#compare">Can I compare two values computed with GEPs?</a>
39 <li><a href="#types">Can I do GEP with a different pointer type than the type of the underlying object?</a>
40 <li><a href="#null">Can I cast an object's address to integer and add it to null?</a>
41 <li><a href="#ptrdiff">Can I compute the distance between two objects, and add that value to one address to compute the other address?</a>
42 <li><a href="#tbaa">Can I do type-based alias analysis on LLVM IR?</a>
43 <li><a href="#overflow">What happens if a GEP computation overflows?</a>
44 <li><a href="#check">How can I tell if my front-end is following the rules?</a>
46 <li><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a>
48 <li><a href="#goals">Why is GEP designed this way?</a></li>
49 <li><a href="#i32">Why do struct member indices always use i32?</a></li>
50 <li><a href="#uglygep">What's an uglygep?</a>
52 <li><a href="#summary">Summary</a></li>
55 <div class="doc_author">
56 <p>Written by: <a href="mailto:rspencer@reidspencer.com">Reid Spencer</a>.</p>
60 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
61 <div class="doc_section"><a name="intro"><b>Introduction</b></a></div>
62 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
64 <div class="doc_text">
65 <p>This document seeks to dispel the mystery and confusion surrounding LLVM's
66 <a href="LangRef.html#i_getelementptr">GetElementPtr</a> (GEP) instruction.
67 Questions about the wily GEP instruction are
68 probably the most frequently occurring questions once a developer gets down to
69 coding with LLVM. Here we lay out the sources of confusion and show that the
70 GEP instruction is really quite simple.
74 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
75 <div class="doc_section"><a name="addresses"><b>Address Computation</b></a></div>
76 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
77 <div class="doc_text">
78 <p>When people are first confronted with the GEP instruction, they tend to
79 relate it to known concepts from other programming paradigms, most notably C
80 array indexing and field selection. GEP closely resembles C array indexing
81 and field selection, however it's is a little different and this leads to
82 the following questions.</p>
85 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
86 <div class="doc_subsection">
87 <a name="firstptr"><b>What is the first index of the GEP instruction?</b></a>
89 <div class="doc_text">
90 <p>Quick answer: The index stepping through the first operand.</p>
91 <p>The confusion with the first index usually arises from thinking about
92 the GetElementPtr instruction as if it was a C index operator. They aren't the
93 same. For example, when we write, in "C":</p>
95 <div class="doc_code">
103 <p>it is natural to think that there is only one index, the selection of the
104 field <tt>F</tt>. However, in this example, <tt>Foo</tt> is a pointer. That
105 pointer must be indexed explicitly in LLVM. C, on the other hand, indices
106 through it transparently. To arrive at the same address location as the C
107 code, you would provide the GEP instruction with two index operands. The
108 first operand indexes through the pointer; the second operand indexes the
109 field <tt>F</tt> of the structure, just as if you wrote:</p>
111 <div class="doc_code">
117 <p>Sometimes this question gets rephrased as:</p>
118 <blockquote><p><i>Why is it okay to index through the first pointer, but
119 subsequent pointers won't be dereferenced?</i></p></blockquote>
120 <p>The answer is simply because memory does not have to be accessed to
121 perform the computation. The first operand to the GEP instruction must be a
122 value of a pointer type. The value of the pointer is provided directly to
123 the GEP instruction as an operand without any need for accessing memory. It
124 must, therefore be indexed and requires an index operand. Consider this
127 <div class="doc_code">
129 struct munger_struct {
133 void munge(struct munger_struct *P) {
134 P[0].f1 = P[1].f1 + P[2].f2;
137 munger_struct Array[3];
143 <p>In this "C" example, the front end compiler (llvm-gcc) will generate three
144 GEP instructions for the three indices through "P" in the assignment
145 statement. The function argument <tt>P</tt> will be the first operand of each
146 of these GEP instructions. The second operand indexes through that pointer.
147 The third operand will be the field offset into the
148 <tt>struct munger_struct</tt> type, for either the <tt>f1</tt> or
149 <tt>f2</tt> field. So, in LLVM assembly the <tt>munge</tt> function looks
152 <div class="doc_code">
154 void %munge(%struct.munger_struct* %P) {
156 %tmp = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 1, i32 0
157 %tmp = load i32* %tmp
158 %tmp6 = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 2, i32 1
159 %tmp7 = load i32* %tmp6
160 %tmp8 = add i32 %tmp7, %tmp
161 %tmp9 = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 0, i32 0
162 store i32 %tmp8, i32* %tmp9
168 <p>In each case the first operand is the pointer through which the GEP
169 instruction starts. The same is true whether the first operand is an
170 argument, allocated memory, or a global variable. </p>
171 <p>To make this clear, let's consider a more obtuse example:</p>
173 <div class="doc_code">
175 %MyVar = uninitialized global i32
177 %idx1 = getelementptr i32* %MyVar, i64 0
178 %idx2 = getelementptr i32* %MyVar, i64 1
179 %idx3 = getelementptr i32* %MyVar, i64 2
183 <p>These GEP instructions are simply making address computations from the
184 base address of <tt>MyVar</tt>. They compute, as follows (using C syntax):
187 <div class="doc_code">
189 idx1 = (char*) &MyVar + 0
190 idx2 = (char*) &MyVar + 4
191 idx3 = (char*) &MyVar + 8
195 <p>Since the type <tt>i32</tt> is known to be four bytes long, the indices
196 0, 1 and 2 translate into memory offsets of 0, 4, and 8, respectively. No
197 memory is accessed to make these computations because the address of
198 <tt>%MyVar</tt> is passed directly to the GEP instructions.</p>
199 <p>The obtuse part of this example is in the cases of <tt>%idx2</tt> and
200 <tt>%idx3</tt>. They result in the computation of addresses that point to
201 memory past the end of the <tt>%MyVar</tt> global, which is only one
202 <tt>i32</tt> long, not three <tt>i32</tt>s long. While this is legal in LLVM,
203 it is inadvisable because any load or store with the pointer that results
204 from these GEP instructions would produce undefined results.</p>
207 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
208 <div class="doc_subsection">
209 <a name="extra_index"><b>Why is the extra 0 index required?</b></a>
211 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
212 <div class="doc_text">
213 <p>Quick answer: there are no superfluous indices.</p>
214 <p>This question arises most often when the GEP instruction is applied to a
215 global variable which is always a pointer type. For example, consider
218 <div class="doc_code">
220 %MyStruct = uninitialized global { float*, i32 }
222 %idx = getelementptr { float*, i32 }* %MyStruct, i64 0, i32 1
226 <p>The GEP above yields an <tt>i32*</tt> by indexing the <tt>i32</tt> typed
227 field of the structure <tt>%MyStruct</tt>. When people first look at it, they
228 wonder why the <tt>i64 0</tt> index is needed. However, a closer inspection
229 of how globals and GEPs work reveals the need. Becoming aware of the following
230 facts will dispel the confusion:</p>
232 <li>The type of <tt>%MyStruct</tt> is <i>not</i> <tt>{ float*, i32 }</tt>
233 but rather <tt>{ float*, i32 }*</tt>. That is, <tt>%MyStruct</tt> is a
234 pointer to a structure containing a pointer to a <tt>float</tt> and an
236 <li>Point #1 is evidenced by noticing the type of the first operand of
237 the GEP instruction (<tt>%MyStruct</tt>) which is
238 <tt>{ float*, i32 }*</tt>.</li>
239 <li>The first index, <tt>i64 0</tt> is required to step over the global
240 variable <tt>%MyStruct</tt>. Since the first argument to the GEP
241 instruction must always be a value of pointer type, the first index
242 steps through that pointer. A value of 0 means 0 elements offset from that
244 <li>The second index, <tt>i32 1</tt> selects the second field of the
245 structure (the <tt>i32</tt>). </li>
249 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
250 <div class="doc_subsection">
251 <a name="deref"><b>What is dereferenced by GEP?</b></a>
253 <div class="doc_text">
254 <p>Quick answer: nothing.</p>
255 <p>The GetElementPtr instruction dereferences nothing. That is, it doesn't
256 access memory in any way. That's what the Load and Store instructions are for.
257 GEP is only involved in the computation of addresses. For example, consider
260 <div class="doc_code">
262 %MyVar = uninitialized global { [40 x i32 ]* }
264 %idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32]* }* %MyVar, i64 0, i32 0, i64 0, i64 17
268 <p>In this example, we have a global variable, <tt>%MyVar</tt> that is a
269 pointer to a structure containing a pointer to an array of 40 ints. The
270 GEP instruction seems to be accessing the 18th integer of the structure's
271 array of ints. However, this is actually an illegal GEP instruction. It
272 won't compile. The reason is that the pointer in the structure <i>must</i>
273 be dereferenced in order to index into the array of 40 ints. Since the
274 GEP instruction never accesses memory, it is illegal.</p>
275 <p>In order to access the 18th integer in the array, you would need to do the
278 <div class="doc_code">
280 %idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32]* }* %, i64 0, i32 0
281 %arr = load [40 x i32]** %idx
282 %idx = getelementptr [40 x i32]* %arr, i64 0, i64 17
286 <p>In this case, we have to load the pointer in the structure with a load
287 instruction before we can index into the array. If the example was changed
290 <div class="doc_code">
292 %MyVar = uninitialized global { [40 x i32 ] }
294 %idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32] }*, i64 0, i32 0, i64 17
298 <p>then everything works fine. In this case, the structure does not contain a
299 pointer and the GEP instruction can index through the global variable,
300 into the first field of the structure and access the 18th <tt>i32</tt> in the
304 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
305 <div class="doc_subsection">
306 <a name="lead0"><b>Why don't GEP x,0,0,1 and GEP x,1 alias?</b></a>
308 <div class="doc_text">
309 <p>Quick Answer: They compute different address locations.</p>
310 <p>If you look at the first indices in these GEP
311 instructions you find that they are different (0 and 1), therefore the address
312 computation diverges with that index. Consider this example:</p>
314 <div class="doc_code">
316 %MyVar = global { [10 x i32 ] }
317 %idx1 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 0, i32 0, i64 1
318 %idx2 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 1
322 <p>In this example, <tt>idx1</tt> computes the address of the second integer
323 in the array that is in the structure in <tt>%MyVar</tt>, that is
324 <tt>MyVar+4</tt>. The type of <tt>idx1</tt> is <tt>i32*</tt>. However,
325 <tt>idx2</tt> computes the address of <i>the next</i> structure after
326 <tt>%MyVar</tt>. The type of <tt>idx2</tt> is <tt>{ [10 x i32] }*</tt> and its
327 value is equivalent to <tt>MyVar + 40</tt> because it indexes past the ten
328 4-byte integers in <tt>MyVar</tt>. Obviously, in such a situation, the
329 pointers don't alias.</p>
333 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
334 <div class="doc_subsection">
335 <a name="trail0"><b>Why do GEP x,1,0,0 and GEP x,1 alias?</b></a>
337 <div class="doc_text">
338 <p>Quick Answer: They compute the same address location.</p>
339 <p>These two GEP instructions will compute the same address because indexing
340 through the 0th element does not change the address. However, it does change
341 the type. Consider this example:</p>
343 <div class="doc_code">
345 %MyVar = global { [10 x i32 ] }
346 %idx1 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 1, i32 0, i64 0
347 %idx2 = getelementptr { [10 x i32 ] }* %MyVar, i64 1
351 <p>In this example, the value of <tt>%idx1</tt> is <tt>%MyVar+40</tt> and
352 its type is <tt>i32*</tt>. The value of <tt>%idx2</tt> is also
353 <tt>MyVar+40</tt> but its type is <tt>{ [10 x i32] }*</tt>.</p>
356 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
358 <div class="doc_subsection">
359 <a name="vectors"><b>Can GEP index into vector elements?</b></a>
361 <div class="doc_text">
362 <p>This hasn't always been forcefully disallowed, though it's not recommended.
363 It leads to awkward special cases in the optimizers, and fundamental
364 inconsistency in the IR. In the future, it will probably be outright
369 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
371 <div class="doc_subsection">
372 <a name="addrspace"><b>What effect do address spaces have on GEPs?</b></a>
374 <div class="doc_text">
375 <p>None, except that the address space qualifier on the first operand pointer
376 type always matches the address space qualifier on the result type.</p>
380 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
382 <div class="doc_subsection">
383 <a name="int"><b>How is GEP different from ptrtoint, arithmetic,
384 and inttoptr?</b></a>
386 <div class="doc_text">
387 <p>It's very similar; there are only subtle differences.</p>
389 <p>With ptrtoint, you have to pick an integer type. One approach is to pick i64;
390 this is safe on everything LLVM supports (LLVM internally assumes pointers
391 are never wider than 64 bits in many places), and the optimizer will actually
392 narrow the i64 arithmetic down to the actual pointer size on targets which
393 don't support 64-bit arithmetic in most cases. However, there are some cases
394 where it doesn't do this. With GEP you can avoid this problem.
396 <p>Also, GEP carries additional pointer aliasing rules. It's invalid to take a
397 GEP from one object, address into a different separately allocated
398 object, and dereference it. IR producers (front-ends) must follow this rule,
399 and consumers (optimizers, specifically alias analysis) benefit from being
400 able to rely on it. See the <a href="#rules">Rules</a> section for more
403 <p>And, GEP is more concise in common cases.</p>
405 <p>However, for the underlying integer computation implied, there
406 is no difference.</p>
410 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
412 <div class="doc_subsection">
413 <a name="be"><b>I'm writing a backend for a target which needs custom
414 lowering for GEP. How do I do this?</b></a>
416 <div class="doc_text">
417 <p>You don't. The integer computation implied by a GEP is target-independent.
418 Typically what you'll need to do is make your backend pattern-match
419 expressions trees involving ADD, MUL, etc., which are what GEP is lowered
420 into. This has the advantage of letting your code work correctly in more
423 <p>GEP does use target-dependent parameters for the size and layout of data
424 types, which targets can customize.</p>
426 <p>If you require support for addressing units which are not 8 bits, you'll
427 need to fix a lot of code in the backend, with GEP lowering being only a
428 small piece of the overall picture.</p>
432 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
434 <div class="doc_subsection">
435 <a name="vla"><b>How does VLA addressing work with GEPs?</b></a>
437 <div class="doc_text">
438 <p>GEPs don't natively support VLAs. LLVM's type system is entirely static,
439 and GEP address computations are guided by an LLVM type.</p>
441 <p>VLA indices can be implemented as linearized indices. For example, an
442 expression like X[a][b][c], must be effectively lowered into a form
443 like X[a*m+b*n+c], so that it appears to the GEP as a single-dimensional
446 <p>This means if you want to write an analysis which understands array
447 indices and you want to support VLAs, your code will have to be
448 prepared to reverse-engineer the linearization. One way to solve this
449 problem is to use the ScalarEvolution library, which always presents
450 VLA and non-VLA indexing in the same manner.</p>
453 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
454 <div class="doc_section"><a name="rules"><b>Rules</b></a></div>
455 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
457 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
459 <div class="doc_subsection">
460 <a name="bounds"><b>What happens if an array index is out of bounds?</b></a>
462 <div class="doc_text">
463 <p>There are two senses in which an array index can be out of bounds.</p>
465 <p>First, there's the array type which comes from the (static) type of
466 the first operand to the GEP. Indices greater than the number of elements
467 in the corresponding static array type are valid. There is no problem with
468 out of bounds indices in this sense. Indexing into an array only depends
469 on the size of the array element, not the number of elements.</p>
471 <p>A common example of how this is used is arrays where the size is not known.
472 It's common to use array types with zero length to represent these. The
473 fact that the static type says there are zero elements is irrelevant; it's
474 perfectly valid to compute arbitrary element indices, as the computation
475 only depends on the size of the array element, not the number of
476 elements. Note that zero-sized arrays are not a special case here.</p>
478 <p>This sense is unconnected with <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword. The
479 <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword is designed to describe low-level pointer
480 arithmetic overflow conditions, rather than high-level array
483 <p>Analysis passes which wish to understand array indexing should not
484 assume that the static array type bounds are respected.</p>
486 <p>The second sense of being out of bounds is computing an address that's
487 beyond the actual underlying allocated object.</p>
489 <p>With the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, the result value of the GEP is
490 undefined if the address is outside the actual underlying allocated
491 object and not the address one-past-the-end.</p>
493 <p>Without the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, there are no restrictions
494 on computing out-of-bounds addresses. Obviously, performing a load or
495 a store requires an address of allocated and sufficiently aligned
496 memory. But the GEP itself is only concerned with computing addresses.</p>
500 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
501 <div class="doc_subsection">
502 <a name="negative"><b>Can array indices be negative?</b></a>
504 <div class="doc_text">
505 <p>Yes. This is basically a special case of array indices being out
510 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
511 <div class="doc_subsection">
512 <a name="compare"><b>Can I compare two values computed with GEPs?</b></a>
514 <div class="doc_text">
515 <p>Yes. If both addresses are within the same allocated object, or
516 one-past-the-end, you'll get the comparison result you expect. If either
517 is outside of it, integer arithmetic wrapping may occur, so the
518 comparison may not be meaningful.</p>
522 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
523 <div class="doc_subsection">
524 <a name="types"><b>Can I do GEP with a different pointer type than the type of
525 the underlying object?</b></a>
527 <div class="doc_text">
528 <p>Yes. There are no restrictions on bitcasting a pointer value to an arbitrary
529 pointer type. The types in a GEP serve only to define the parameters for the
530 underlying integer computation. They need not correspond with the actual
531 type of the underlying object.</p>
533 <p>Furthermore, loads and stores don't have to use the same types as the type
534 of the underlying object. Types in this context serve only to specify
535 memory size and alignment. Beyond that there are merely a hint to the
536 optimizer indicating how the value will likely be used.</p>
540 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
541 <div class="doc_subsection">
542 <a name="null"><b>Can I cast an object's address to integer and add it
545 <div class="doc_text">
546 <p>You can compute an address that way, but if you use GEP to do the add,
547 you can't use that pointer to actually access the object, unless the
548 object is managed outside of LLVM.</p>
550 <p>The underlying integer computation is sufficiently defined; null has a
551 defined value -- zero -- and you can add whatever value you want to it.</p>
553 <p>However, it's invalid to access (load from or store to) an LLVM-aware
554 object with such a pointer. This includes GlobalVariables, Allocas, and
555 objects pointed to by noalias pointers.</p>
557 <p>If you really need this functionality, you can do the arithmetic with
558 explicit integer instructions, and use inttoptr to convert the result to
559 an address. Most of GEP's special aliasing rules do not apply to pointers
560 computed from ptrtoint, arithmetic, and inttoptr sequences.</p>
564 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
565 <div class="doc_subsection">
566 <a name="ptrdiff"><b>Can I compute the distance between two objects, and add
567 that value to one address to compute the other address?</b></a>
569 <div class="doc_text">
570 <p>As with arithmetic on null, You can use GEP to compute an address that
571 way, but you can't use that pointer to actually access the object if you
572 do, unless the object is managed outside of LLVM.</p>
574 <p>Also as above, ptrtoint and inttoptr provide an alternative way to do this
575 which do not have this restriction.</p>
579 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
580 <div class="doc_subsection">
581 <a name="tbaa"><b>Can I do type-based alias analysis on LLVM IR?</b></a>
583 <div class="doc_text">
584 <p>You can't do type-based alias analysis using LLVM's built-in type system,
585 because LLVM has no restrictions on mixing types in addressing, loads or
588 <p>It would be possible to add special annotations to the IR, probably using
589 metadata, to describe a different type system (such as the C type system),
590 and do type-based aliasing on top of that. This is a much bigger
591 undertaking though.</p>
595 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
597 <div class="doc_subsection">
598 <a name="overflow"><b>What happens if a GEP computation overflows?</b></a>
600 <div class="doc_text">
601 <p>If the GEP lacks the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, the value is the result
602 from evaluating the implied two's complement integer computation. However,
603 since there's no guarantee of where an object will be allocated in the
604 address space, such values have limited meaning.</p>
606 <p>If the GEP has the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword, the result value is
607 undefined (a "<a href="LangRef.html#trapvalues">trap value</a>") if the GEP
608 overflows (i.e. wraps around the end of the address space).</p>
610 <p>As such, there are some ramifications of this for inbounds GEPs: scales
611 implied by array/vector/pointer indices are always known to be "nsw" since
612 they are signed values that are scaled by the element size. These values
613 are also allowed to be negative (e.g. "gep i32 *%P, i32 -1") but the
614 pointer itself is logically treated as an unsigned value. This means that
615 GEPs have an asymmetric relation between the pointer base (which is treated
616 as unsigned) and the offset applied to it (which is treated as signed). The
617 result of the additions within the offset calculation cannot have signed
618 overflow, but when applied to the base pointer, there can be signed
625 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
627 <div class="doc_subsection">
628 <a name="check"><b>How can I tell if my front-end is following the
631 <div class="doc_text">
632 <p>There is currently no checker for the getelementptr rules. Currently,
633 the only way to do this is to manually check each place in your front-end
634 where GetElementPtr operators are created.</p>
636 <p>It's not possible to write a checker which could find all rule
637 violations statically. It would be possible to write a checker which
638 works by instrumenting the code with dynamic checks though. Alternatively,
639 it would be possible to write a static checker which catches a subset of
640 possible problems. However, no such checker exists today.</p>
644 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
645 <div class="doc_section"><a name="rationale"><b>Rationale</b></a></div>
646 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
648 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
650 <div class="doc_subsection">
651 <a name="goals"><b>Why is GEP designed this way?</b></a>
653 <div class="doc_text">
654 <p>The design of GEP has the following goals, in rough unofficial
655 order of priority:</p>
657 <li>Support C, C-like languages, and languages which can be
658 conceptually lowered into C (this covers a lot).</li>
659 <li>Support optimizations such as those that are common in
660 C compilers. In particular, GEP is a cornerstone of LLVM's
661 <a href="LangRef.html#pointeraliasing">pointer aliasing model</a>.</li>
662 <li>Provide a consistent method for computing addresses so that
663 address computations don't need to be a part of load and
664 store instructions in the IR.</li>
665 <li>Support non-C-like languages, to the extent that it doesn't
666 interfere with other goals.</li>
667 <li>Minimize target-specific information in the IR.</li>
671 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
672 <div class="doc_subsection">
673 <a name="i32"><b>Why do struct member indices always use i32?</b></a>
675 <div class="doc_text">
676 <p>The specific type i32 is probably just a historical artifact, however it's
677 wide enough for all practical purposes, so there's been no need to change it.
678 It doesn't necessarily imply i32 address arithmetic; it's just an identifier
679 which identifies a field in a struct. Requiring that all struct indices be
680 the same reduces the range of possibilities for cases where two GEPs are
681 effectively the same but have distinct operand types.</p>
685 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
687 <div class="doc_subsection">
688 <a name="uglygep"><b>What's an uglygep?</b></a>
690 <div class="doc_text">
691 <p>Some LLVM optimizers operate on GEPs by internally lowering them into
692 more primitive integer expressions, which allows them to be combined
693 with other integer expressions and/or split into multiple separate
694 integer expressions. If they've made non-trivial changes, translating
695 back into LLVM IR can involve reverse-engineering the structure of
696 the addressing in order to fit it into the static type of the original
697 first operand. It isn't always possibly to fully reconstruct this
698 structure; sometimes the underlying addressing doesn't correspond with
699 the static type at all. In such cases the optimizer instead will emit
700 a GEP with the base pointer casted to a simple address-unit pointer,
701 using the name "uglygep". This isn't pretty, but it's just as
702 valid, and it's sufficient to preserve the pointer aliasing guarantees
703 that GEP provides.</p>
707 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
708 <div class="doc_section"><a name="summary"><b>Summary</b></a></div>
709 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
711 <div class="doc_text">
712 <p>In summary, here's some things to always remember about the GetElementPtr
715 <li>The GEP instruction never accesses memory, it only provides pointer
717 <li>The first operand to the GEP instruction is always a pointer and it must
719 <li>There are no superfluous indices for the GEP instruction.</li>
720 <li>Trailing zero indices are superfluous for pointer aliasing, but not for
721 the types of the pointers.</li>
722 <li>Leading zero indices are not superfluous for pointer aliasing nor the
723 types of the pointers.</li>
727 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
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