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5 <title>LLVM Assembly Language Reference Manual</title>
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7 <meta name="author" content="Chris Lattner">
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9 content="LLVM Assembly Language Reference Manual.">
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15 <h1>LLVM Language Reference Manual</h1>
17 <li><a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
18 <li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
19 <li><a href="#identifiers">Identifiers</a></li>
20 <li><a href="#highlevel">High Level Structure</a>
22 <li><a href="#modulestructure">Module Structure</a></li>
23 <li><a href="#linkage">Linkage Types</a>
25 <li><a href="#linkage_private">'<tt>private</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
26 <li><a href="#linkage_linker_private">'<tt>linker_private</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
27 <li><a href="#linkage_linker_private_weak">'<tt>linker_private_weak</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
28 <li><a href="#linkage_linker_private_weak_def_auto">'<tt>linker_private_weak_def_auto</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
29 <li><a href="#linkage_internal">'<tt>internal</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
30 <li><a href="#linkage_available_externally">'<tt>available_externally</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
31 <li><a href="#linkage_linkonce">'<tt>linkonce</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
32 <li><a href="#linkage_common">'<tt>common</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
33 <li><a href="#linkage_weak">'<tt>weak</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
34 <li><a href="#linkage_appending">'<tt>appending</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
35 <li><a href="#linkage_externweak">'<tt>extern_weak</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
36 <li><a href="#linkage_linkonce_odr">'<tt>linkonce_odr</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
37 <li><a href="#linkage_weak">'<tt>weak_odr</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
38 <li><a href="#linkage_external">'<tt>externally visible</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
39 <li><a href="#linkage_dllimport">'<tt>dllimport</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
40 <li><a href="#linkage_dllexport">'<tt>dllexport</tt>' Linkage</a></li>
43 <li><a href="#callingconv">Calling Conventions</a></li>
44 <li><a href="#namedtypes">Named Types</a></li>
45 <li><a href="#globalvars">Global Variables</a></li>
46 <li><a href="#functionstructure">Functions</a></li>
47 <li><a href="#aliasstructure">Aliases</a></li>
48 <li><a href="#namedmetadatastructure">Named Metadata</a></li>
49 <li><a href="#paramattrs">Parameter Attributes</a></li>
50 <li><a href="#fnattrs">Function Attributes</a></li>
51 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collector Names</a></li>
52 <li><a href="#moduleasm">Module-Level Inline Assembly</a></li>
53 <li><a href="#datalayout">Data Layout</a></li>
54 <li><a href="#pointeraliasing">Pointer Aliasing Rules</a></li>
55 <li><a href="#volatile">Volatile Memory Accesses</a></li>
56 <li><a href="#memmodel">Memory Model for Concurrent Operations</a></li>
59 <li><a href="#typesystem">Type System</a>
61 <li><a href="#t_classifications">Type Classifications</a></li>
62 <li><a href="#t_primitive">Primitive Types</a>
64 <li><a href="#t_integer">Integer Type</a></li>
65 <li><a href="#t_floating">Floating Point Types</a></li>
66 <li><a href="#t_x86mmx">X86mmx Type</a></li>
67 <li><a href="#t_void">Void Type</a></li>
68 <li><a href="#t_label">Label Type</a></li>
69 <li><a href="#t_metadata">Metadata Type</a></li>
72 <li><a href="#t_derived">Derived Types</a>
74 <li><a href="#t_aggregate">Aggregate Types</a>
76 <li><a href="#t_array">Array Type</a></li>
77 <li><a href="#t_struct">Structure Type</a></li>
78 <li><a href="#t_opaque">Opaque Type</a></li>
79 <li><a href="#t_vector">Vector Type</a></li>
82 <li><a href="#t_function">Function Type</a></li>
83 <li><a href="#t_pointer">Pointer Type</a></li>
88 <li><a href="#constants">Constants</a>
90 <li><a href="#simpleconstants">Simple Constants</a></li>
91 <li><a href="#complexconstants">Complex Constants</a></li>
92 <li><a href="#globalconstants">Global Variable and Function Addresses</a></li>
93 <li><a href="#undefvalues">Undefined Values</a></li>
94 <li><a href="#trapvalues">Trap Values</a></li>
95 <li><a href="#blockaddress">Addresses of Basic Blocks</a></li>
96 <li><a href="#constantexprs">Constant Expressions</a></li>
99 <li><a href="#othervalues">Other Values</a>
101 <li><a href="#inlineasm">Inline Assembler Expressions</a></li>
102 <li><a href="#metadata">Metadata Nodes and Metadata Strings</a></li>
105 <li><a href="#intrinsic_globals">Intrinsic Global Variables</a>
107 <li><a href="#intg_used">The '<tt>llvm.used</tt>' Global Variable</a></li>
108 <li><a href="#intg_compiler_used">The '<tt>llvm.compiler.used</tt>'
109 Global Variable</a></li>
110 <li><a href="#intg_global_ctors">The '<tt>llvm.global_ctors</tt>'
111 Global Variable</a></li>
112 <li><a href="#intg_global_dtors">The '<tt>llvm.global_dtors</tt>'
113 Global Variable</a></li>
116 <li><a href="#instref">Instruction Reference</a>
118 <li><a href="#terminators">Terminator Instructions</a>
120 <li><a href="#i_ret">'<tt>ret</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
121 <li><a href="#i_br">'<tt>br</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
122 <li><a href="#i_switch">'<tt>switch</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
123 <li><a href="#i_indirectbr">'<tt>indirectbr</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
124 <li><a href="#i_invoke">'<tt>invoke</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
125 <li><a href="#i_unwind">'<tt>unwind</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
126 <li><a href="#i_unreachable">'<tt>unreachable</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
129 <li><a href="#binaryops">Binary Operations</a>
131 <li><a href="#i_add">'<tt>add</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
132 <li><a href="#i_fadd">'<tt>fadd</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
133 <li><a href="#i_sub">'<tt>sub</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
134 <li><a href="#i_fsub">'<tt>fsub</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
135 <li><a href="#i_mul">'<tt>mul</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
136 <li><a href="#i_fmul">'<tt>fmul</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
137 <li><a href="#i_udiv">'<tt>udiv</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
138 <li><a href="#i_sdiv">'<tt>sdiv</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
139 <li><a href="#i_fdiv">'<tt>fdiv</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
140 <li><a href="#i_urem">'<tt>urem</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
141 <li><a href="#i_srem">'<tt>srem</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
142 <li><a href="#i_frem">'<tt>frem</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
145 <li><a href="#bitwiseops">Bitwise Binary Operations</a>
147 <li><a href="#i_shl">'<tt>shl</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
148 <li><a href="#i_lshr">'<tt>lshr</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
149 <li><a href="#i_ashr">'<tt>ashr</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
150 <li><a href="#i_and">'<tt>and</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
151 <li><a href="#i_or">'<tt>or</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
152 <li><a href="#i_xor">'<tt>xor</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
155 <li><a href="#vectorops">Vector Operations</a>
157 <li><a href="#i_extractelement">'<tt>extractelement</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
158 <li><a href="#i_insertelement">'<tt>insertelement</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
159 <li><a href="#i_shufflevector">'<tt>shufflevector</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
162 <li><a href="#aggregateops">Aggregate Operations</a>
164 <li><a href="#i_extractvalue">'<tt>extractvalue</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
165 <li><a href="#i_insertvalue">'<tt>insertvalue</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
168 <li><a href="#memoryops">Memory Access and Addressing Operations</a>
170 <li><a href="#i_alloca">'<tt>alloca</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
171 <li><a href="#i_load">'<tt>load</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
172 <li><a href="#i_store">'<tt>store</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
173 <li><a href="#i_getelementptr">'<tt>getelementptr</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
176 <li><a href="#convertops">Conversion Operations</a>
178 <li><a href="#i_trunc">'<tt>trunc .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
179 <li><a href="#i_zext">'<tt>zext .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
180 <li><a href="#i_sext">'<tt>sext .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
181 <li><a href="#i_fptrunc">'<tt>fptrunc .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
182 <li><a href="#i_fpext">'<tt>fpext .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
183 <li><a href="#i_fptoui">'<tt>fptoui .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
184 <li><a href="#i_fptosi">'<tt>fptosi .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
185 <li><a href="#i_uitofp">'<tt>uitofp .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
186 <li><a href="#i_sitofp">'<tt>sitofp .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
187 <li><a href="#i_ptrtoint">'<tt>ptrtoint .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
188 <li><a href="#i_inttoptr">'<tt>inttoptr .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
189 <li><a href="#i_bitcast">'<tt>bitcast .. to</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
192 <li><a href="#otherops">Other Operations</a>
194 <li><a href="#i_icmp">'<tt>icmp</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
195 <li><a href="#i_fcmp">'<tt>fcmp</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
196 <li><a href="#i_phi">'<tt>phi</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
197 <li><a href="#i_select">'<tt>select</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
198 <li><a href="#i_call">'<tt>call</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
199 <li><a href="#i_va_arg">'<tt>va_arg</tt>' Instruction</a></li>
204 <li><a href="#intrinsics">Intrinsic Functions</a>
206 <li><a href="#int_varargs">Variable Argument Handling Intrinsics</a>
208 <li><a href="#int_va_start">'<tt>llvm.va_start</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
209 <li><a href="#int_va_end">'<tt>llvm.va_end</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
210 <li><a href="#int_va_copy">'<tt>llvm.va_copy</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
213 <li><a href="#int_gc">Accurate Garbage Collection Intrinsics</a>
215 <li><a href="#int_gcroot">'<tt>llvm.gcroot</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
216 <li><a href="#int_gcread">'<tt>llvm.gcread</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
217 <li><a href="#int_gcwrite">'<tt>llvm.gcwrite</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
220 <li><a href="#int_codegen">Code Generator Intrinsics</a>
222 <li><a href="#int_returnaddress">'<tt>llvm.returnaddress</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
223 <li><a href="#int_frameaddress">'<tt>llvm.frameaddress</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
224 <li><a href="#int_stacksave">'<tt>llvm.stacksave</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
225 <li><a href="#int_stackrestore">'<tt>llvm.stackrestore</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
226 <li><a href="#int_prefetch">'<tt>llvm.prefetch</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
227 <li><a href="#int_pcmarker">'<tt>llvm.pcmarker</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
228 <li><a href="#int_readcyclecounter">'<tt>llvm.readcyclecounter</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
231 <li><a href="#int_libc">Standard C Library Intrinsics</a>
233 <li><a href="#int_memcpy">'<tt>llvm.memcpy.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
234 <li><a href="#int_memmove">'<tt>llvm.memmove.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
235 <li><a href="#int_memset">'<tt>llvm.memset.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
236 <li><a href="#int_sqrt">'<tt>llvm.sqrt.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
237 <li><a href="#int_powi">'<tt>llvm.powi.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
238 <li><a href="#int_sin">'<tt>llvm.sin.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
239 <li><a href="#int_cos">'<tt>llvm.cos.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
240 <li><a href="#int_pow">'<tt>llvm.pow.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
241 <li><a href="#int_exp">'<tt>llvm.exp.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
242 <li><a href="#int_log">'<tt>llvm.log.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
243 <li><a href="#int_fma">'<tt>llvm.fma.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
246 <li><a href="#int_manip">Bit Manipulation Intrinsics</a>
248 <li><a href="#int_bswap">'<tt>llvm.bswap.*</tt>' Intrinsics</a></li>
249 <li><a href="#int_ctpop">'<tt>llvm.ctpop.*</tt>' Intrinsic </a></li>
250 <li><a href="#int_ctlz">'<tt>llvm.ctlz.*</tt>' Intrinsic </a></li>
251 <li><a href="#int_cttz">'<tt>llvm.cttz.*</tt>' Intrinsic </a></li>
254 <li><a href="#int_overflow">Arithmetic with Overflow Intrinsics</a>
256 <li><a href="#int_sadd_overflow">'<tt>llvm.sadd.with.overflow.*</tt> Intrinsics</a></li>
257 <li><a href="#int_uadd_overflow">'<tt>llvm.uadd.with.overflow.*</tt> Intrinsics</a></li>
258 <li><a href="#int_ssub_overflow">'<tt>llvm.ssub.with.overflow.*</tt> Intrinsics</a></li>
259 <li><a href="#int_usub_overflow">'<tt>llvm.usub.with.overflow.*</tt> Intrinsics</a></li>
260 <li><a href="#int_smul_overflow">'<tt>llvm.smul.with.overflow.*</tt> Intrinsics</a></li>
261 <li><a href="#int_umul_overflow">'<tt>llvm.umul.with.overflow.*</tt> Intrinsics</a></li>
264 <li><a href="#int_fp16">Half Precision Floating Point Intrinsics</a>
266 <li><a href="#int_convert_to_fp16">'<tt>llvm.convert.to.fp16</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
267 <li><a href="#int_convert_from_fp16">'<tt>llvm.convert.from.fp16</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
270 <li><a href="#int_debugger">Debugger intrinsics</a></li>
271 <li><a href="#int_eh">Exception Handling intrinsics</a></li>
272 <li><a href="#int_trampoline">Trampoline Intrinsic</a>
274 <li><a href="#int_it">'<tt>llvm.init.trampoline</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
277 <li><a href="#int_atomics">Atomic intrinsics</a>
279 <li><a href="#int_memory_barrier"><tt>llvm.memory_barrier</tt></a></li>
280 <li><a href="#int_atomic_cmp_swap"><tt>llvm.atomic.cmp.swap</tt></a></li>
281 <li><a href="#int_atomic_swap"><tt>llvm.atomic.swap</tt></a></li>
282 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_add"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.add</tt></a></li>
283 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_sub"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.sub</tt></a></li>
284 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_and"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.and</tt></a></li>
285 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_nand"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.nand</tt></a></li>
286 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_or"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.or</tt></a></li>
287 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_xor"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.xor</tt></a></li>
288 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_max"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.max</tt></a></li>
289 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_min"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.min</tt></a></li>
290 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_umax"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.umax</tt></a></li>
291 <li><a href="#int_atomic_load_umin"><tt>llvm.atomic.load.umin</tt></a></li>
294 <li><a href="#int_memorymarkers">Memory Use Markers</a>
296 <li><a href="#int_lifetime_start"><tt>llvm.lifetime.start</tt></a></li>
297 <li><a href="#int_lifetime_end"><tt>llvm.lifetime.end</tt></a></li>
298 <li><a href="#int_invariant_start"><tt>llvm.invariant.start</tt></a></li>
299 <li><a href="#int_invariant_end"><tt>llvm.invariant.end</tt></a></li>
302 <li><a href="#int_general">General intrinsics</a>
304 <li><a href="#int_var_annotation">
305 '<tt>llvm.var.annotation</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
306 <li><a href="#int_annotation">
307 '<tt>llvm.annotation.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
308 <li><a href="#int_trap">
309 '<tt>llvm.trap</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
310 <li><a href="#int_stackprotector">
311 '<tt>llvm.stackprotector</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
312 <li><a href="#int_objectsize">
313 '<tt>llvm.objectsize</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
320 <div class="doc_author">
321 <p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a>
322 and <a href="mailto:vadve@cs.uiuc.edu">Vikram Adve</a></p>
325 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
326 <h2><a name="abstract">Abstract</a></h2>
327 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
331 <p>This document is a reference manual for the LLVM assembly language. LLVM is
332 a Static Single Assignment (SSA) based representation that provides type
333 safety, low-level operations, flexibility, and the capability of representing
334 'all' high-level languages cleanly. It is the common code representation
335 used throughout all phases of the LLVM compilation strategy.</p>
339 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
340 <h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
341 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
345 <p>The LLVM code representation is designed to be used in three different forms:
346 as an in-memory compiler IR, as an on-disk bitcode representation (suitable
347 for fast loading by a Just-In-Time compiler), and as a human readable
348 assembly language representation. This allows LLVM to provide a powerful
349 intermediate representation for efficient compiler transformations and
350 analysis, while providing a natural means to debug and visualize the
351 transformations. The three different forms of LLVM are all equivalent. This
352 document describes the human readable representation and notation.</p>
354 <p>The LLVM representation aims to be light-weight and low-level while being
355 expressive, typed, and extensible at the same time. It aims to be a
356 "universal IR" of sorts, by being at a low enough level that high-level ideas
357 may be cleanly mapped to it (similar to how microprocessors are "universal
358 IR's", allowing many source languages to be mapped to them). By providing
359 type information, LLVM can be used as the target of optimizations: for
360 example, through pointer analysis, it can be proven that a C automatic
361 variable is never accessed outside of the current function, allowing it to
362 be promoted to a simple SSA value instead of a memory location.</p>
364 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
366 <a name="wellformed">Well-Formedness</a>
371 <p>It is important to note that this document describes 'well formed' LLVM
372 assembly language. There is a difference between what the parser accepts and
373 what is considered 'well formed'. For example, the following instruction is
374 syntactically okay, but not well formed:</p>
376 <pre class="doc_code">
377 %x = <a href="#i_add">add</a> i32 1, %x
380 <p>because the definition of <tt>%x</tt> does not dominate all of its uses. The
381 LLVM infrastructure provides a verification pass that may be used to verify
382 that an LLVM module is well formed. This pass is automatically run by the
383 parser after parsing input assembly and by the optimizer before it outputs
384 bitcode. The violations pointed out by the verifier pass indicate bugs in
385 transformation passes or input to the parser.</p>
391 <!-- Describe the typesetting conventions here. -->
393 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
394 <h2><a name="identifiers">Identifiers</a></h2>
395 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
399 <p>LLVM identifiers come in two basic types: global and local. Global
400 identifiers (functions, global variables) begin with the <tt>'@'</tt>
401 character. Local identifiers (register names, types) begin with
402 the <tt>'%'</tt> character. Additionally, there are three different formats
403 for identifiers, for different purposes:</p>
406 <li>Named values are represented as a string of characters with their prefix.
407 For example, <tt>%foo</tt>, <tt>@DivisionByZero</tt>,
408 <tt>%a.really.long.identifier</tt>. The actual regular expression used is
409 '<tt>[%@][a-zA-Z$._][a-zA-Z$._0-9]*</tt>'. Identifiers which require
410 other characters in their names can be surrounded with quotes. Special
411 characters may be escaped using <tt>"\xx"</tt> where <tt>xx</tt> is the
412 ASCII code for the character in hexadecimal. In this way, any character
413 can be used in a name value, even quotes themselves.</li>
415 <li>Unnamed values are represented as an unsigned numeric value with their
416 prefix. For example, <tt>%12</tt>, <tt>@2</tt>, <tt>%44</tt>.</li>
418 <li>Constants, which are described in a <a href="#constants">section about
419 constants</a>, below.</li>
422 <p>LLVM requires that values start with a prefix for two reasons: Compilers
423 don't need to worry about name clashes with reserved words, and the set of
424 reserved words may be expanded in the future without penalty. Additionally,
425 unnamed identifiers allow a compiler to quickly come up with a temporary
426 variable without having to avoid symbol table conflicts.</p>
428 <p>Reserved words in LLVM are very similar to reserved words in other
429 languages. There are keywords for different opcodes
430 ('<tt><a href="#i_add">add</a></tt>',
431 '<tt><a href="#i_bitcast">bitcast</a></tt>',
432 '<tt><a href="#i_ret">ret</a></tt>', etc...), for primitive type names
433 ('<tt><a href="#t_void">void</a></tt>',
434 '<tt><a href="#t_primitive">i32</a></tt>', etc...), and others. These
435 reserved words cannot conflict with variable names, because none of them
436 start with a prefix character (<tt>'%'</tt> or <tt>'@'</tt>).</p>
438 <p>Here is an example of LLVM code to multiply the integer variable
439 '<tt>%X</tt>' by 8:</p>
443 <pre class="doc_code">
444 %result = <a href="#i_mul">mul</a> i32 %X, 8
447 <p>After strength reduction:</p>
449 <pre class="doc_code">
450 %result = <a href="#i_shl">shl</a> i32 %X, i8 3
453 <p>And the hard way:</p>
455 <pre class="doc_code">
456 %0 = <a href="#i_add">add</a> i32 %X, %X <i>; yields {i32}:%0</i>
457 %1 = <a href="#i_add">add</a> i32 %0, %0 <i>; yields {i32}:%1</i>
458 %result = <a href="#i_add">add</a> i32 %1, %1
461 <p>This last way of multiplying <tt>%X</tt> by 8 illustrates several important
462 lexical features of LLVM:</p>
465 <li>Comments are delimited with a '<tt>;</tt>' and go until the end of
468 <li>Unnamed temporaries are created when the result of a computation is not
469 assigned to a named value.</li>
471 <li>Unnamed temporaries are numbered sequentially</li>
474 <p>It also shows a convention that we follow in this document. When
475 demonstrating instructions, we will follow an instruction with a comment that
476 defines the type and name of value produced. Comments are shown in italic
481 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
482 <h2><a name="highlevel">High Level Structure</a></h2>
483 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
485 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
487 <a name="modulestructure">Module Structure</a>
492 <p>LLVM programs are composed of "Module"s, each of which is a translation unit
493 of the input programs. Each module consists of functions, global variables,
494 and symbol table entries. Modules may be combined together with the LLVM
495 linker, which merges function (and global variable) definitions, resolves
496 forward declarations, and merges symbol table entries. Here is an example of
497 the "hello world" module:</p>
499 <pre class="doc_code">
500 <i>; Declare the string constant as a global constant.</i>
501 <a href="#identifiers">@.LC0</a> = <a href="#linkage_internal">internal</a> <a href="#globalvars">constant</a> <a href="#t_array">[13 x i8]</a> c"hello world\0A\00" <i>; [13 x i8]*</i>
503 <i>; External declaration of the puts function</i>
504 <a href="#functionstructure">declare</a> i32 @puts(i8*) <i>; i32 (i8*)* </i>
506 <i>; Definition of main function</i>
507 define i32 @main() { <i>; i32()* </i>
508 <i>; Convert [13 x i8]* to i8 *...</i>
509 %cast210 = <a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a> [13 x i8]* @.LC0, i64 0, i64 0 <i>; i8*</i>
511 <i>; Call puts function to write out the string to stdout.</i>
512 <a href="#i_call">call</a> i32 @puts(i8* %cast210) <i>; i32</i>
513 <a href="#i_ret">ret</a> i32 0
516 <i>; Named metadata</i>
517 !1 = metadata !{i32 41}
521 <p>This example is made up of a <a href="#globalvars">global variable</a> named
522 "<tt>.LC0</tt>", an external declaration of the "<tt>puts</tt>" function,
523 a <a href="#functionstructure">function definition</a> for
524 "<tt>main</tt>" and <a href="#namedmetadatastructure">named metadata</a>
527 <p>In general, a module is made up of a list of global values, where both
528 functions and global variables are global values. Global values are
529 represented by a pointer to a memory location (in this case, a pointer to an
530 array of char, and a pointer to a function), and have one of the
531 following <a href="#linkage">linkage types</a>.</p>
535 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
537 <a name="linkage">Linkage Types</a>
542 <p>All Global Variables and Functions have one of the following types of
546 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_private">private</a></b></tt></dt>
547 <dd>Global values with "<tt>private</tt>" linkage are only directly accessible
548 by objects in the current module. In particular, linking code into a
549 module with an private global value may cause the private to be renamed as
550 necessary to avoid collisions. Because the symbol is private to the
551 module, all references can be updated. This doesn't show up in any symbol
552 table in the object file.</dd>
554 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_linker_private">linker_private</a></b></tt></dt>
555 <dd>Similar to <tt>private</tt>, but the symbol is passed through the
556 assembler and evaluated by the linker. Unlike normal strong symbols, they
557 are removed by the linker from the final linked image (executable or
558 dynamic library).</dd>
560 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_linker_private_weak">linker_private_weak</a></b></tt></dt>
561 <dd>Similar to "<tt>linker_private</tt>", but the symbol is weak. Note that
562 <tt>linker_private_weak</tt> symbols are subject to coalescing by the
563 linker. The symbols are removed by the linker from the final linked image
564 (executable or dynamic library).</dd>
566 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_linker_private_weak_def_auto">linker_private_weak_def_auto</a></b></tt></dt>
567 <dd>Similar to "<tt>linker_private_weak</tt>", but it's known that the address
568 of the object is not taken. For instance, functions that had an inline
569 definition, but the compiler decided not to inline it. Note,
570 unlike <tt>linker_private</tt> and <tt>linker_private_weak</tt>,
571 <tt>linker_private_weak_def_auto</tt> may have only <tt>default</tt>
572 visibility. The symbols are removed by the linker from the final linked
573 image (executable or dynamic library).</dd>
575 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_internal">internal</a></b></tt></dt>
576 <dd>Similar to private, but the value shows as a local symbol
577 (<tt>STB_LOCAL</tt> in the case of ELF) in the object file. This
578 corresponds to the notion of the '<tt>static</tt>' keyword in C.</dd>
580 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_available_externally">available_externally</a></b></tt></dt>
581 <dd>Globals with "<tt>available_externally</tt>" linkage are never emitted
582 into the object file corresponding to the LLVM module. They exist to
583 allow inlining and other optimizations to take place given knowledge of
584 the definition of the global, which is known to be somewhere outside the
585 module. Globals with <tt>available_externally</tt> linkage are allowed to
586 be discarded at will, and are otherwise the same as <tt>linkonce_odr</tt>.
587 This linkage type is only allowed on definitions, not declarations.</dd>
589 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_linkonce">linkonce</a></b></tt></dt>
590 <dd>Globals with "<tt>linkonce</tt>" linkage are merged with other globals of
591 the same name when linkage occurs. This can be used to implement
592 some forms of inline functions, templates, or other code which must be
593 generated in each translation unit that uses it, but where the body may
594 be overridden with a more definitive definition later. Unreferenced
595 <tt>linkonce</tt> globals are allowed to be discarded. Note that
596 <tt>linkonce</tt> linkage does not actually allow the optimizer to
597 inline the body of this function into callers because it doesn't know if
598 this definition of the function is the definitive definition within the
599 program or whether it will be overridden by a stronger definition.
600 To enable inlining and other optimizations, use "<tt>linkonce_odr</tt>"
603 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_weak">weak</a></b></tt></dt>
604 <dd>"<tt>weak</tt>" linkage has the same merging semantics as
605 <tt>linkonce</tt> linkage, except that unreferenced globals with
606 <tt>weak</tt> linkage may not be discarded. This is used for globals that
607 are declared "weak" in C source code.</dd>
609 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_common">common</a></b></tt></dt>
610 <dd>"<tt>common</tt>" linkage is most similar to "<tt>weak</tt>" linkage, but
611 they are used for tentative definitions in C, such as "<tt>int X;</tt>" at
613 Symbols with "<tt>common</tt>" linkage are merged in the same way as
614 <tt>weak symbols</tt>, and they may not be deleted if unreferenced.
615 <tt>common</tt> symbols may not have an explicit section,
616 must have a zero initializer, and may not be marked '<a
617 href="#globalvars"><tt>constant</tt></a>'. Functions and aliases may not
618 have common linkage.</dd>
621 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_appending">appending</a></b></tt></dt>
622 <dd>"<tt>appending</tt>" linkage may only be applied to global variables of
623 pointer to array type. When two global variables with appending linkage
624 are linked together, the two global arrays are appended together. This is
625 the LLVM, typesafe, equivalent of having the system linker append together
626 "sections" with identical names when .o files are linked.</dd>
628 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_externweak">extern_weak</a></b></tt></dt>
629 <dd>The semantics of this linkage follow the ELF object file model: the symbol
630 is weak until linked, if not linked, the symbol becomes null instead of
631 being an undefined reference.</dd>
633 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_linkonce_odr">linkonce_odr</a></b></tt></dt>
634 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_weak_odr">weak_odr</a></b></tt></dt>
635 <dd>Some languages allow differing globals to be merged, such as two functions
636 with different semantics. Other languages, such as <tt>C++</tt>, ensure
637 that only equivalent globals are ever merged (the "one definition rule"
638 — "ODR"). Such languages can use the <tt>linkonce_odr</tt>
639 and <tt>weak_odr</tt> linkage types to indicate that the global will only
640 be merged with equivalent globals. These linkage types are otherwise the
641 same as their non-<tt>odr</tt> versions.</dd>
643 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_external">externally visible</a></b></tt>:</dt>
644 <dd>If none of the above identifiers are used, the global is externally
645 visible, meaning that it participates in linkage and can be used to
646 resolve external symbol references.</dd>
649 <p>The next two types of linkage are targeted for Microsoft Windows platform
650 only. They are designed to support importing (exporting) symbols from (to)
651 DLLs (Dynamic Link Libraries).</p>
654 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_dllimport">dllimport</a></b></tt></dt>
655 <dd>"<tt>dllimport</tt>" linkage causes the compiler to reference a function
656 or variable via a global pointer to a pointer that is set up by the DLL
657 exporting the symbol. On Microsoft Windows targets, the pointer name is
658 formed by combining <code>__imp_</code> and the function or variable
661 <dt><tt><b><a name="linkage_dllexport">dllexport</a></b></tt></dt>
662 <dd>"<tt>dllexport</tt>" linkage causes the compiler to provide a global
663 pointer to a pointer in a DLL, so that it can be referenced with the
664 <tt>dllimport</tt> attribute. On Microsoft Windows targets, the pointer
665 name is formed by combining <code>__imp_</code> and the function or
669 <p>For example, since the "<tt>.LC0</tt>" variable is defined to be internal, if
670 another module defined a "<tt>.LC0</tt>" variable and was linked with this
671 one, one of the two would be renamed, preventing a collision. Since
672 "<tt>main</tt>" and "<tt>puts</tt>" are external (i.e., lacking any linkage
673 declarations), they are accessible outside of the current module.</p>
675 <p>It is illegal for a function <i>declaration</i> to have any linkage type
676 other than "externally visible", <tt>dllimport</tt>
677 or <tt>extern_weak</tt>.</p>
679 <p>Aliases can have only <tt>external</tt>, <tt>internal</tt>, <tt>weak</tt>
680 or <tt>weak_odr</tt> linkages.</p>
684 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
686 <a name="callingconv">Calling Conventions</a>
691 <p>LLVM <a href="#functionstructure">functions</a>, <a href="#i_call">calls</a>
692 and <a href="#i_invoke">invokes</a> can all have an optional calling
693 convention specified for the call. The calling convention of any pair of
694 dynamic caller/callee must match, or the behavior of the program is
695 undefined. The following calling conventions are supported by LLVM, and more
696 may be added in the future:</p>
699 <dt><b>"<tt>ccc</tt>" - The C calling convention</b>:</dt>
700 <dd>This calling convention (the default if no other calling convention is
701 specified) matches the target C calling conventions. This calling
702 convention supports varargs function calls and tolerates some mismatch in
703 the declared prototype and implemented declaration of the function (as
706 <dt><b>"<tt>fastcc</tt>" - The fast calling convention</b>:</dt>
707 <dd>This calling convention attempts to make calls as fast as possible
708 (e.g. by passing things in registers). This calling convention allows the
709 target to use whatever tricks it wants to produce fast code for the
710 target, without having to conform to an externally specified ABI
711 (Application Binary Interface).
712 <a href="CodeGenerator.html#tailcallopt">Tail calls can only be optimized
713 when this or the GHC convention is used.</a> This calling convention
714 does not support varargs and requires the prototype of all callees to
715 exactly match the prototype of the function definition.</dd>
717 <dt><b>"<tt>coldcc</tt>" - The cold calling convention</b>:</dt>
718 <dd>This calling convention attempts to make code in the caller as efficient
719 as possible under the assumption that the call is not commonly executed.
720 As such, these calls often preserve all registers so that the call does
721 not break any live ranges in the caller side. This calling convention
722 does not support varargs and requires the prototype of all callees to
723 exactly match the prototype of the function definition.</dd>
725 <dt><b>"<tt>cc <em>10</em></tt>" - GHC convention</b>:</dt>
726 <dd>This calling convention has been implemented specifically for use by the
727 <a href="http://www.haskell.org/ghc">Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC)</a>.
728 It passes everything in registers, going to extremes to achieve this by
729 disabling callee save registers. This calling convention should not be
730 used lightly but only for specific situations such as an alternative to
731 the <em>register pinning</em> performance technique often used when
732 implementing functional programming languages.At the moment only X86
733 supports this convention and it has the following limitations:
735 <li>On <em>X86-32</em> only supports up to 4 bit type parameters. No
736 floating point types are supported.</li>
737 <li>On <em>X86-64</em> only supports up to 10 bit type parameters and
738 6 floating point parameters.</li>
740 This calling convention supports
741 <a href="CodeGenerator.html#tailcallopt">tail call optimization</a> but
742 requires both the caller and callee are using it.
745 <dt><b>"<tt>cc <<em>n</em>></tt>" - Numbered convention</b>:</dt>
746 <dd>Any calling convention may be specified by number, allowing
747 target-specific calling conventions to be used. Target specific calling
748 conventions start at 64.</dd>
751 <p>More calling conventions can be added/defined on an as-needed basis, to
752 support Pascal conventions or any other well-known target-independent
757 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
759 <a name="visibility">Visibility Styles</a>
764 <p>All Global Variables and Functions have one of the following visibility
768 <dt><b>"<tt>default</tt>" - Default style</b>:</dt>
769 <dd>On targets that use the ELF object file format, default visibility means
770 that the declaration is visible to other modules and, in shared libraries,
771 means that the declared entity may be overridden. On Darwin, default
772 visibility means that the declaration is visible to other modules. Default
773 visibility corresponds to "external linkage" in the language.</dd>
775 <dt><b>"<tt>hidden</tt>" - Hidden style</b>:</dt>
776 <dd>Two declarations of an object with hidden visibility refer to the same
777 object if they are in the same shared object. Usually, hidden visibility
778 indicates that the symbol will not be placed into the dynamic symbol
779 table, so no other module (executable or shared library) can reference it
782 <dt><b>"<tt>protected</tt>" - Protected style</b>:</dt>
783 <dd>On ELF, protected visibility indicates that the symbol will be placed in
784 the dynamic symbol table, but that references within the defining module
785 will bind to the local symbol. That is, the symbol cannot be overridden by
791 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
793 <a name="namedtypes">Named Types</a>
798 <p>LLVM IR allows you to specify name aliases for certain types. This can make
799 it easier to read the IR and make the IR more condensed (particularly when
800 recursive types are involved). An example of a name specification is:</p>
802 <pre class="doc_code">
803 %mytype = type { %mytype*, i32 }
806 <p>You may give a name to any <a href="#typesystem">type</a> except
807 "<a href="#t_void">void</a>". Type name aliases may be used anywhere a type
808 is expected with the syntax "%mytype".</p>
810 <p>Note that type names are aliases for the structural type that they indicate,
811 and that you can therefore specify multiple names for the same type. This
812 often leads to confusing behavior when dumping out a .ll file. Since LLVM IR
813 uses structural typing, the name is not part of the type. When printing out
814 LLVM IR, the printer will pick <em>one name</em> to render all types of a
815 particular shape. This means that if you have code where two different
816 source types end up having the same LLVM type, that the dumper will sometimes
817 print the "wrong" or unexpected type. This is an important design point and
818 isn't going to change.</p>
822 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
824 <a name="globalvars">Global Variables</a>
829 <p>Global variables define regions of memory allocated at compilation time
830 instead of run-time. Global variables may optionally be initialized, may
831 have an explicit section to be placed in, and may have an optional explicit
832 alignment specified. A variable may be defined as "thread_local", which
833 means that it will not be shared by threads (each thread will have a
834 separated copy of the variable). A variable may be defined as a global
835 "constant," which indicates that the contents of the variable
836 will <b>never</b> be modified (enabling better optimization, allowing the
837 global data to be placed in the read-only section of an executable, etc).
838 Note that variables that need runtime initialization cannot be marked
839 "constant" as there is a store to the variable.</p>
841 <p>LLVM explicitly allows <em>declarations</em> of global variables to be marked
842 constant, even if the final definition of the global is not. This capability
843 can be used to enable slightly better optimization of the program, but
844 requires the language definition to guarantee that optimizations based on the
845 'constantness' are valid for the translation units that do not include the
848 <p>As SSA values, global variables define pointer values that are in scope
849 (i.e. they dominate) all basic blocks in the program. Global variables
850 always define a pointer to their "content" type because they describe a
851 region of memory, and all memory objects in LLVM are accessed through
854 <p>Global variables can be marked with <tt>unnamed_addr</tt> which indicates
855 that the address is not significant, only the content. Constants marked
856 like this can be merged with other constants if they have the same
857 initializer. Note that a constant with significant address <em>can</em>
858 be merged with a <tt>unnamed_addr</tt> constant, the result being a
859 constant whose address is significant.</p>
861 <p>A global variable may be declared to reside in a target-specific numbered
862 address space. For targets that support them, address spaces may affect how
863 optimizations are performed and/or what target instructions are used to
864 access the variable. The default address space is zero. The address space
865 qualifier must precede any other attributes.</p>
867 <p>LLVM allows an explicit section to be specified for globals. If the target
868 supports it, it will emit globals to the section specified.</p>
870 <p>An explicit alignment may be specified for a global, which must be a power
871 of 2. If not present, or if the alignment is set to zero, the alignment of
872 the global is set by the target to whatever it feels convenient. If an
873 explicit alignment is specified, the global is forced to have exactly that
874 alignment. Targets and optimizers are not allowed to over-align the global
875 if the global has an assigned section. In this case, the extra alignment
876 could be observable: for example, code could assume that the globals are
877 densely packed in their section and try to iterate over them as an array,
878 alignment padding would break this iteration.</p>
880 <p>For example, the following defines a global in a numbered address space with
881 an initializer, section, and alignment:</p>
883 <pre class="doc_code">
884 @G = addrspace(5) constant float 1.0, section "foo", align 4
890 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
892 <a name="functionstructure">Functions</a>
897 <p>LLVM function definitions consist of the "<tt>define</tt>" keyword, an
898 optional <a href="#linkage">linkage type</a>, an optional
899 <a href="#visibility">visibility style</a>, an optional
900 <a href="#callingconv">calling convention</a>,
901 an optional <tt>unnamed_addr</tt> attribute, a return type, an optional
902 <a href="#paramattrs">parameter attribute</a> for the return type, a function
903 name, a (possibly empty) argument list (each with optional
904 <a href="#paramattrs">parameter attributes</a>), optional
905 <a href="#fnattrs">function attributes</a>, an optional section, an optional
906 alignment, an optional <a href="#gc">garbage collector name</a>, an opening
907 curly brace, a list of basic blocks, and a closing curly brace.</p>
909 <p>LLVM function declarations consist of the "<tt>declare</tt>" keyword, an
910 optional <a href="#linkage">linkage type</a>, an optional
911 <a href="#visibility">visibility style</a>, an optional
912 <a href="#callingconv">calling convention</a>,
913 an optional <tt>unnamed_addr</tt> attribute, a return type, an optional
914 <a href="#paramattrs">parameter attribute</a> for the return type, a function
915 name, a possibly empty list of arguments, an optional alignment, and an
916 optional <a href="#gc">garbage collector name</a>.</p>
918 <p>A function definition contains a list of basic blocks, forming the CFG
919 (Control Flow Graph) for the function. Each basic block may optionally start
920 with a label (giving the basic block a symbol table entry), contains a list
921 of instructions, and ends with a <a href="#terminators">terminator</a>
922 instruction (such as a branch or function return).</p>
924 <p>The first basic block in a function is special in two ways: it is immediately
925 executed on entrance to the function, and it is not allowed to have
926 predecessor basic blocks (i.e. there can not be any branches to the entry
927 block of a function). Because the block can have no predecessors, it also
928 cannot have any <a href="#i_phi">PHI nodes</a>.</p>
930 <p>LLVM allows an explicit section to be specified for functions. If the target
931 supports it, it will emit functions to the section specified.</p>
933 <p>An explicit alignment may be specified for a function. If not present, or if
934 the alignment is set to zero, the alignment of the function is set by the
935 target to whatever it feels convenient. If an explicit alignment is
936 specified, the function is forced to have at least that much alignment. All
937 alignments must be a power of 2.</p>
939 <p>If the <tt>unnamed_addr</tt> attribute is given, the address is know to not
940 be significant and two identical functions can be merged</p>.
943 <pre class="doc_code">
944 define [<a href="#linkage">linkage</a>] [<a href="#visibility">visibility</a>]
945 [<a href="#callingconv">cconv</a>] [<a href="#paramattrs">ret attrs</a>]
946 <ResultType> @<FunctionName> ([argument list])
947 [<a href="#fnattrs">fn Attrs</a>] [section "name"] [align N]
948 [<a href="#gc">gc</a>] { ... }
953 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
955 <a name="aliasstructure">Aliases</a>
960 <p>Aliases act as "second name" for the aliasee value (which can be either
961 function, global variable, another alias or bitcast of global value). Aliases
962 may have an optional <a href="#linkage">linkage type</a>, and an
963 optional <a href="#visibility">visibility style</a>.</p>
966 <pre class="doc_code">
967 @<Name> = alias [Linkage] [Visibility] <AliaseeTy> @<Aliasee>
972 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
974 <a name="namedmetadatastructure">Named Metadata</a>
979 <p>Named metadata is a collection of metadata. <a href="#metadata">Metadata
980 nodes</a> (but not metadata strings) are the only valid operands for
981 a named metadata.</p>
984 <pre class="doc_code">
985 ; Some unnamed metadata nodes, which are referenced by the named metadata.
986 !0 = metadata !{metadata !"zero"}
987 !1 = metadata !{metadata !"one"}
988 !2 = metadata !{metadata !"two"}
990 !name = !{!0, !1, !2}
995 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
997 <a name="paramattrs">Parameter Attributes</a>
1002 <p>The return type and each parameter of a function type may have a set of
1003 <i>parameter attributes</i> associated with them. Parameter attributes are
1004 used to communicate additional information about the result or parameters of
1005 a function. Parameter attributes are considered to be part of the function,
1006 not of the function type, so functions with different parameter attributes
1007 can have the same function type.</p>
1009 <p>Parameter attributes are simple keywords that follow the type specified. If
1010 multiple parameter attributes are needed, they are space separated. For
1013 <pre class="doc_code">
1014 declare i32 @printf(i8* noalias nocapture, ...)
1015 declare i32 @atoi(i8 zeroext)
1016 declare signext i8 @returns_signed_char()
1019 <p>Note that any attributes for the function result (<tt>nounwind</tt>,
1020 <tt>readonly</tt>) come immediately after the argument list.</p>
1022 <p>Currently, only the following parameter attributes are defined:</p>
1025 <dt><tt><b>zeroext</b></tt></dt>
1026 <dd>This indicates to the code generator that the parameter or return value
1027 should be zero-extended to the extent required by the target's ABI (which
1028 is usually 32-bits, but is 8-bits for a i1 on x86-64) by the caller (for a
1029 parameter) or the callee (for a return value).</dd>
1031 <dt><tt><b>signext</b></tt></dt>
1032 <dd>This indicates to the code generator that the parameter or return value
1033 should be sign-extended to the extent required by the target's ABI (which
1034 is usually 32-bits) by the caller (for a parameter) or the callee (for a
1037 <dt><tt><b>inreg</b></tt></dt>
1038 <dd>This indicates that this parameter or return value should be treated in a
1039 special target-dependent fashion during while emitting code for a function
1040 call or return (usually, by putting it in a register as opposed to memory,
1041 though some targets use it to distinguish between two different kinds of
1042 registers). Use of this attribute is target-specific.</dd>
1044 <dt><tt><b><a name="byval">byval</a></b></tt></dt>
1045 <dd><p>This indicates that the pointer parameter should really be passed by
1046 value to the function. The attribute implies that a hidden copy of the
1048 is made between the caller and the callee, so the callee is unable to
1049 modify the value in the callee. This attribute is only valid on LLVM
1050 pointer arguments. It is generally used to pass structs and arrays by
1051 value, but is also valid on pointers to scalars. The copy is considered
1052 to belong to the caller not the callee (for example,
1053 <tt><a href="#readonly">readonly</a></tt> functions should not write to
1054 <tt>byval</tt> parameters). This is not a valid attribute for return
1057 <p>The byval attribute also supports specifying an alignment with
1058 the align attribute. It indicates the alignment of the stack slot to
1059 form and the known alignment of the pointer specified to the call site. If
1060 the alignment is not specified, then the code generator makes a
1061 target-specific assumption.</p></dd>
1063 <dt><tt><b><a name="sret">sret</a></b></tt></dt>
1064 <dd>This indicates that the pointer parameter specifies the address of a
1065 structure that is the return value of the function in the source program.
1066 This pointer must be guaranteed by the caller to be valid: loads and
1067 stores to the structure may be assumed by the callee to not to trap. This
1068 may only be applied to the first parameter. This is not a valid attribute
1069 for return values. </dd>
1071 <dt><tt><b><a name="noalias">noalias</a></b></tt></dt>
1072 <dd>This indicates that pointer values
1073 <a href="#pointeraliasing"><i>based</i></a> on the argument or return
1074 value do not alias pointer values which are not <i>based</i> on it,
1075 ignoring certain "irrelevant" dependencies.
1076 For a call to the parent function, dependencies between memory
1077 references from before or after the call and from those during the call
1078 are "irrelevant" to the <tt>noalias</tt> keyword for the arguments and
1079 return value used in that call.
1080 The caller shares the responsibility with the callee for ensuring that
1081 these requirements are met.
1082 For further details, please see the discussion of the NoAlias response in
1083 <a href="AliasAnalysis.html#MustMayNo">alias analysis</a>.<br>
1085 Note that this definition of <tt>noalias</tt> is intentionally
1086 similar to the definition of <tt>restrict</tt> in C99 for function
1087 arguments, though it is slightly weaker.
1089 For function return values, C99's <tt>restrict</tt> is not meaningful,
1090 while LLVM's <tt>noalias</tt> is.
1093 <dt><tt><b><a name="nocapture">nocapture</a></b></tt></dt>
1094 <dd>This indicates that the callee does not make any copies of the pointer
1095 that outlive the callee itself. This is not a valid attribute for return
1098 <dt><tt><b><a name="nest">nest</a></b></tt></dt>
1099 <dd>This indicates that the pointer parameter can be excised using the
1100 <a href="#int_trampoline">trampoline intrinsics</a>. This is not a valid
1101 attribute for return values.</dd>
1106 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1108 <a name="gc">Garbage Collector Names</a>
1113 <p>Each function may specify a garbage collector name, which is simply a
1116 <pre class="doc_code">
1117 define void @f() gc "name" { ... }
1120 <p>The compiler declares the supported values of <i>name</i>. Specifying a
1121 collector which will cause the compiler to alter its output in order to
1122 support the named garbage collection algorithm.</p>
1126 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1128 <a name="fnattrs">Function Attributes</a>
1133 <p>Function attributes are set to communicate additional information about a
1134 function. Function attributes are considered to be part of the function, not
1135 of the function type, so functions with different parameter attributes can
1136 have the same function type.</p>
1138 <p>Function attributes are simple keywords that follow the type specified. If
1139 multiple attributes are needed, they are space separated. For example:</p>
1141 <pre class="doc_code">
1142 define void @f() noinline { ... }
1143 define void @f() alwaysinline { ... }
1144 define void @f() alwaysinline optsize { ... }
1145 define void @f() optsize { ... }
1149 <dt><tt><b>alignstack(<<em>n</em>>)</b></tt></dt>
1150 <dd>This attribute indicates that, when emitting the prologue and epilogue,
1151 the backend should forcibly align the stack pointer. Specify the
1152 desired alignment, which must be a power of two, in parentheses.
1154 <dt><tt><b>alwaysinline</b></tt></dt>
1155 <dd>This attribute indicates that the inliner should attempt to inline this
1156 function into callers whenever possible, ignoring any active inlining size
1157 threshold for this caller.</dd>
1159 <dt><tt><b>hotpatch</b></tt></dt>
1160 <dd>This attribute indicates that the function should be 'hotpatchable',
1161 meaning the function can be patched and/or hooked even while it is
1162 loaded into memory. On x86, the function prologue will be preceded
1163 by six bytes of padding and will begin with a two-byte instruction.
1164 Most of the functions in the Windows system DLLs in Windows XP SP2 or
1165 higher were compiled in this fashion.</dd>
1167 <dt><tt><b>nonlazybind</b></tt></dt>
1168 <dd>This attribute suppresses lazy symbol binding for the function. This
1169 may make calls to the function faster, at the cost of extra program
1170 startup time if the function is not called during program startup.</dd>
1172 <dt><tt><b>inlinehint</b></tt></dt>
1173 <dd>This attribute indicates that the source code contained a hint that inlining
1174 this function is desirable (such as the "inline" keyword in C/C++). It
1175 is just a hint; it imposes no requirements on the inliner.</dd>
1177 <dt><tt><b>naked</b></tt></dt>
1178 <dd>This attribute disables prologue / epilogue emission for the function.
1179 This can have very system-specific consequences.</dd>
1181 <dt><tt><b>noimplicitfloat</b></tt></dt>
1182 <dd>This attributes disables implicit floating point instructions.</dd>
1184 <dt><tt><b>noinline</b></tt></dt>
1185 <dd>This attribute indicates that the inliner should never inline this
1186 function in any situation. This attribute may not be used together with
1187 the <tt>alwaysinline</tt> attribute.</dd>
1189 <dt><tt><b>noredzone</b></tt></dt>
1190 <dd>This attribute indicates that the code generator should not use a red
1191 zone, even if the target-specific ABI normally permits it.</dd>
1193 <dt><tt><b>noreturn</b></tt></dt>
1194 <dd>This function attribute indicates that the function never returns
1195 normally. This produces undefined behavior at runtime if the function
1196 ever does dynamically return.</dd>
1198 <dt><tt><b>nounwind</b></tt></dt>
1199 <dd>This function attribute indicates that the function never returns with an
1200 unwind or exceptional control flow. If the function does unwind, its
1201 runtime behavior is undefined.</dd>
1203 <dt><tt><b>optsize</b></tt></dt>
1204 <dd>This attribute suggests that optimization passes and code generator passes
1205 make choices that keep the code size of this function low, and otherwise
1206 do optimizations specifically to reduce code size.</dd>
1208 <dt><tt><b>readnone</b></tt></dt>
1209 <dd>This attribute indicates that the function computes its result (or decides
1210 to unwind an exception) based strictly on its arguments, without
1211 dereferencing any pointer arguments or otherwise accessing any mutable
1212 state (e.g. memory, control registers, etc) visible to caller functions.
1213 It does not write through any pointer arguments
1214 (including <tt><a href="#byval">byval</a></tt> arguments) and never
1215 changes any state visible to callers. This means that it cannot unwind
1216 exceptions by calling the <tt>C++</tt> exception throwing methods, but
1217 could use the <tt>unwind</tt> instruction.</dd>
1219 <dt><tt><b><a name="readonly">readonly</a></b></tt></dt>
1220 <dd>This attribute indicates that the function does not write through any
1221 pointer arguments (including <tt><a href="#byval">byval</a></tt>
1222 arguments) or otherwise modify any state (e.g. memory, control registers,
1223 etc) visible to caller functions. It may dereference pointer arguments
1224 and read state that may be set in the caller. A readonly function always
1225 returns the same value (or unwinds an exception identically) when called
1226 with the same set of arguments and global state. It cannot unwind an
1227 exception by calling the <tt>C++</tt> exception throwing methods, but may
1228 use the <tt>unwind</tt> instruction.</dd>
1230 <dt><tt><b><a name="ssp">ssp</a></b></tt></dt>
1231 <dd>This attribute indicates that the function should emit a stack smashing
1232 protector. It is in the form of a "canary"—a random value placed on
1233 the stack before the local variables that's checked upon return from the
1234 function to see if it has been overwritten. A heuristic is used to
1235 determine if a function needs stack protectors or not.<br>
1237 If a function that has an <tt>ssp</tt> attribute is inlined into a
1238 function that doesn't have an <tt>ssp</tt> attribute, then the resulting
1239 function will have an <tt>ssp</tt> attribute.</dd>
1241 <dt><tt><b>sspreq</b></tt></dt>
1242 <dd>This attribute indicates that the function should <em>always</em> emit a
1243 stack smashing protector. This overrides
1244 the <tt><a href="#ssp">ssp</a></tt> function attribute.<br>
1246 If a function that has an <tt>sspreq</tt> attribute is inlined into a
1247 function that doesn't have an <tt>sspreq</tt> attribute or which has
1248 an <tt>ssp</tt> attribute, then the resulting function will have
1249 an <tt>sspreq</tt> attribute.</dd>
1254 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1256 <a name="moduleasm">Module-Level Inline Assembly</a>
1261 <p>Modules may contain "module-level inline asm" blocks, which corresponds to
1262 the GCC "file scope inline asm" blocks. These blocks are internally
1263 concatenated by LLVM and treated as a single unit, but may be separated in
1264 the <tt>.ll</tt> file if desired. The syntax is very simple:</p>
1266 <pre class="doc_code">
1267 module asm "inline asm code goes here"
1268 module asm "more can go here"
1271 <p>The strings can contain any character by escaping non-printable characters.
1272 The escape sequence used is simply "\xx" where "xx" is the two digit hex code
1275 <p>The inline asm code is simply printed to the machine code .s file when
1276 assembly code is generated.</p>
1280 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1282 <a name="datalayout">Data Layout</a>
1287 <p>A module may specify a target specific data layout string that specifies how
1288 data is to be laid out in memory. The syntax for the data layout is
1291 <pre class="doc_code">
1292 target datalayout = "<i>layout specification</i>"
1295 <p>The <i>layout specification</i> consists of a list of specifications
1296 separated by the minus sign character ('-'). Each specification starts with
1297 a letter and may include other information after the letter to define some
1298 aspect of the data layout. The specifications accepted are as follows:</p>
1302 <dd>Specifies that the target lays out data in big-endian form. That is, the
1303 bits with the most significance have the lowest address location.</dd>
1306 <dd>Specifies that the target lays out data in little-endian form. That is,
1307 the bits with the least significance have the lowest address
1310 <dt><tt>p:<i>size</i>:<i>abi</i>:<i>pref</i></tt></dt>
1311 <dd>This specifies the <i>size</i> of a pointer and its <i>abi</i> and
1312 <i>preferred</i> alignments. All sizes are in bits. Specifying
1313 the <i>pref</i> alignment is optional. If omitted, the
1314 preceding <tt>:</tt> should be omitted too.</dd>
1316 <dt><tt>i<i>size</i>:<i>abi</i>:<i>pref</i></tt></dt>
1317 <dd>This specifies the alignment for an integer type of a given bit
1318 <i>size</i>. The value of <i>size</i> must be in the range [1,2^23).</dd>
1320 <dt><tt>v<i>size</i>:<i>abi</i>:<i>pref</i></tt></dt>
1321 <dd>This specifies the alignment for a vector type of a given bit
1324 <dt><tt>f<i>size</i>:<i>abi</i>:<i>pref</i></tt></dt>
1325 <dd>This specifies the alignment for a floating point type of a given bit
1326 <i>size</i>. Only values of <i>size</i> that are supported by the target
1327 will work. 32 (float) and 64 (double) are supported on all targets;
1328 80 or 128 (different flavors of long double) are also supported on some
1331 <dt><tt>a<i>size</i>:<i>abi</i>:<i>pref</i></tt></dt>
1332 <dd>This specifies the alignment for an aggregate type of a given bit
1335 <dt><tt>s<i>size</i>:<i>abi</i>:<i>pref</i></tt></dt>
1336 <dd>This specifies the alignment for a stack object of a given bit
1339 <dt><tt>n<i>size1</i>:<i>size2</i>:<i>size3</i>...</tt></dt>
1340 <dd>This specifies a set of native integer widths for the target CPU
1341 in bits. For example, it might contain "n32" for 32-bit PowerPC,
1342 "n32:64" for PowerPC 64, or "n8:16:32:64" for X86-64. Elements of
1343 this set are considered to support most general arithmetic
1344 operations efficiently.</dd>
1347 <p>When constructing the data layout for a given target, LLVM starts with a
1348 default set of specifications which are then (possibly) overridden by the
1349 specifications in the <tt>datalayout</tt> keyword. The default specifications
1350 are given in this list:</p>
1353 <li><tt>E</tt> - big endian</li>
1354 <li><tt>p:64:64:64</tt> - 64-bit pointers with 64-bit alignment</li>
1355 <li><tt>i1:8:8</tt> - i1 is 8-bit (byte) aligned</li>
1356 <li><tt>i8:8:8</tt> - i8 is 8-bit (byte) aligned</li>
1357 <li><tt>i16:16:16</tt> - i16 is 16-bit aligned</li>
1358 <li><tt>i32:32:32</tt> - i32 is 32-bit aligned</li>
1359 <li><tt>i64:32:64</tt> - i64 has ABI alignment of 32-bits but preferred
1360 alignment of 64-bits</li>
1361 <li><tt>f32:32:32</tt> - float is 32-bit aligned</li>
1362 <li><tt>f64:64:64</tt> - double is 64-bit aligned</li>
1363 <li><tt>v64:64:64</tt> - 64-bit vector is 64-bit aligned</li>
1364 <li><tt>v128:128:128</tt> - 128-bit vector is 128-bit aligned</li>
1365 <li><tt>a0:0:1</tt> - aggregates are 8-bit aligned</li>
1366 <li><tt>s0:64:64</tt> - stack objects are 64-bit aligned</li>
1369 <p>When LLVM is determining the alignment for a given type, it uses the
1370 following rules:</p>
1373 <li>If the type sought is an exact match for one of the specifications, that
1374 specification is used.</li>
1376 <li>If no match is found, and the type sought is an integer type, then the
1377 smallest integer type that is larger than the bitwidth of the sought type
1378 is used. If none of the specifications are larger than the bitwidth then
1379 the the largest integer type is used. For example, given the default
1380 specifications above, the i7 type will use the alignment of i8 (next
1381 largest) while both i65 and i256 will use the alignment of i64 (largest
1384 <li>If no match is found, and the type sought is a vector type, then the
1385 largest vector type that is smaller than the sought vector type will be
1386 used as a fall back. This happens because <128 x double> can be
1387 implemented in terms of 64 <2 x double>, for example.</li>
1392 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1394 <a name="pointeraliasing">Pointer Aliasing Rules</a>
1399 <p>Any memory access must be done through a pointer value associated
1400 with an address range of the memory access, otherwise the behavior
1401 is undefined. Pointer values are associated with address ranges
1402 according to the following rules:</p>
1405 <li>A pointer value is associated with the addresses associated with
1406 any value it is <i>based</i> on.
1407 <li>An address of a global variable is associated with the address
1408 range of the variable's storage.</li>
1409 <li>The result value of an allocation instruction is associated with
1410 the address range of the allocated storage.</li>
1411 <li>A null pointer in the default address-space is associated with
1413 <li>An integer constant other than zero or a pointer value returned
1414 from a function not defined within LLVM may be associated with address
1415 ranges allocated through mechanisms other than those provided by
1416 LLVM. Such ranges shall not overlap with any ranges of addresses
1417 allocated by mechanisms provided by LLVM.</li>
1420 <p>A pointer value is <i>based</i> on another pointer value according
1421 to the following rules:</p>
1424 <li>A pointer value formed from a
1425 <tt><a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a></tt> operation
1426 is <i>based</i> on the first operand of the <tt>getelementptr</tt>.</li>
1427 <li>The result value of a
1428 <tt><a href="#i_bitcast">bitcast</a></tt> is <i>based</i> on the operand
1429 of the <tt>bitcast</tt>.</li>
1430 <li>A pointer value formed by an
1431 <tt><a href="#i_inttoptr">inttoptr</a></tt> is <i>based</i> on all
1432 pointer values that contribute (directly or indirectly) to the
1433 computation of the pointer's value.</li>
1434 <li>The "<i>based</i> on" relationship is transitive.</li>
1437 <p>Note that this definition of <i>"based"</i> is intentionally
1438 similar to the definition of <i>"based"</i> in C99, though it is
1439 slightly weaker.</p>
1441 <p>LLVM IR does not associate types with memory. The result type of a
1442 <tt><a href="#i_load">load</a></tt> merely indicates the size and
1443 alignment of the memory from which to load, as well as the
1444 interpretation of the value. The first operand type of a
1445 <tt><a href="#i_store">store</a></tt> similarly only indicates the size
1446 and alignment of the store.</p>
1448 <p>Consequently, type-based alias analysis, aka TBAA, aka
1449 <tt>-fstrict-aliasing</tt>, is not applicable to general unadorned
1450 LLVM IR. <a href="#metadata">Metadata</a> may be used to encode
1451 additional information which specialized optimization passes may use
1452 to implement type-based alias analysis.</p>
1456 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1458 <a name="volatile">Volatile Memory Accesses</a>
1463 <p>Certain memory accesses, such as <a href="#i_load"><tt>load</tt></a>s, <a
1464 href="#i_store"><tt>store</tt></a>s, and <a
1465 href="#int_memcpy"><tt>llvm.memcpy</tt></a>s may be marked <tt>volatile</tt>.
1466 The optimizers must not change the number of volatile operations or change their
1467 order of execution relative to other volatile operations. The optimizers
1468 <i>may</i> change the order of volatile operations relative to non-volatile
1469 operations. This is not Java's "volatile" and has no cross-thread
1470 synchronization behavior.</p>
1474 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1476 <a name="memmodel">Memory Model for Concurrent Operations</a>
1481 <p>The LLVM IR does not define any way to start parallel threads of execution
1482 or to register signal handlers. Nonetheless, there are platform-specific
1483 ways to create them, and we define LLVM IR's behavior in their presence. This
1484 model is inspired by the C++0x memory model.</p>
1486 <p>We define a <i>happens-before</i> partial order as the least partial order
1489 <li>Is a superset of single-thread program order, and</li>
1490 <li>When a <i>synchronizes-with</i> <tt>b</tt>, includes an edge from
1491 <tt>a</tt> to <tt>b</tt>. <i>Synchronizes-with</i> pairs are introduced
1492 by platform-specific techniques, like pthread locks, thread
1493 creation, thread joining, etc., and by the atomic operations described
1494 in the <a href="#int_atomics">Atomic intrinsics</a> section.</li>
1497 <p>Note that program order does not introduce <i>happens-before</i> edges
1498 between a thread and signals executing inside that thread.</p>
1500 <p>Every (defined) read operation (load instructions, memcpy, atomic
1501 loads/read-modify-writes, etc.) <var>R</var> reads a series of bytes written by
1502 (defined) write operations (store instructions, atomic
1503 stores/read-modify-writes, memcpy, etc.). For each byte, <var>R</var> reads the
1504 value written by some write that it <i>may see</i>, given any relevant
1505 <i>happens-before</i> constraints. <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> may
1506 see any write to the same byte, except:</p>
1509 <li>If <var>write<sub>1</sub></var> happens before
1510 <var>write<sub>2</sub></var>, and <var>write<sub>2</sub></var> happens
1511 before <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var>, then <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var>
1512 must not see <var>write<sub>1</sub></var>.
1513 <li>If <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> happens before <var>write<sub>3</var>,
1514 then <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> must not see
1515 <var>write<sub>3</sub></var>.
1518 <p>Given that definition, <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> is defined as follows:
1520 <li>If there is no write to the same byte that happens before
1521 <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var>, <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> returns
1522 <tt>undef</tt> for that byte.
1523 <li>If <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> may see exactly one write,
1524 <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> returns the value written by that
1526 <li>If <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> and all the writes it may see are
1527 atomic, it chooses one of those writes and returns it value.
1528 Given any two bytes in a given read <var>R</var>, if the set of
1529 writes <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> may see is the same as the set
1530 of writes another byte may see, they will both choose the same write.
1531 <li>Otherwise <var>R<sub>byte</sub></var> returns <tt>undef</tt>.</li>
1534 <p><var>R</var> returns the value composed of the series of bytes it read.
1535 This implies that some bytes within the value may be <tt>undef</tt>
1536 <b>without</b> the entire value being <tt>undef</tt>. Note that this only
1537 defines the semantics of the operation; it doesn't mean that targets will
1538 emit more than one instruction to read the series of bytes.</p>
1540 <p>Note that in cases where none of the atomic intrinsics are used, this model
1541 places only one restriction on IR transformations on top of what is required
1542 for single-threaded execution: introducing a store to a byte which might not
1543 otherwise be stored to can introduce undefined behavior.</p>
1545 <!-- FIXME: This model assumes all targets where concurrency is relevant have
1546 a byte-size store which doesn't affect adjacent bytes. As far as I can tell,
1547 none of the backends currently in the tree fall into this category; however,
1548 there might be targets which care. If there are, we want a paragraph
1551 Targets may specify that stores narrower than a certain width are not
1552 available; on such a target, for the purposes of this model, treat any
1553 non-atomic write with an alignment or width less than the minimum width
1554 as if it writes to the relevant surrounding bytes.
1561 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
1562 <h2><a name="typesystem">Type System</a></h2>
1563 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
1567 <p>The LLVM type system is one of the most important features of the
1568 intermediate representation. Being typed enables a number of optimizations
1569 to be performed on the intermediate representation directly, without having
1570 to do extra analyses on the side before the transformation. A strong type
1571 system makes it easier to read the generated code and enables novel analyses
1572 and transformations that are not feasible to perform on normal three address
1573 code representations.</p>
1575 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1577 <a name="t_classifications">Type Classifications</a>
1582 <p>The types fall into a few useful classifications:</p>
1584 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
1586 <tr><th>Classification</th><th>Types</th></tr>
1588 <td><a href="#t_integer">integer</a></td>
1589 <td><tt>i1, i2, i3, ... i8, ... i16, ... i32, ... i64, ... </tt></td>
1592 <td><a href="#t_floating">floating point</a></td>
1593 <td><tt>float, double, x86_fp80, fp128, ppc_fp128</tt></td>
1596 <td><a name="t_firstclass">first class</a></td>
1597 <td><a href="#t_integer">integer</a>,
1598 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a>,
1599 <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a>,
1600 <a href="#t_vector">vector</a>,
1601 <a href="#t_struct">structure</a>,
1602 <a href="#t_array">array</a>,
1603 <a href="#t_label">label</a>,
1604 <a href="#t_metadata">metadata</a>.
1608 <td><a href="#t_primitive">primitive</a></td>
1609 <td><a href="#t_label">label</a>,
1610 <a href="#t_void">void</a>,
1611 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a>,
1612 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a>,
1613 <a href="#t_x86mmx">x86mmx</a>,
1614 <a href="#t_metadata">metadata</a>.</td>
1617 <td><a href="#t_derived">derived</a></td>
1618 <td><a href="#t_array">array</a>,
1619 <a href="#t_function">function</a>,
1620 <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a>,
1621 <a href="#t_struct">structure</a>,
1622 <a href="#t_vector">vector</a>,
1623 <a href="#t_opaque">opaque</a>.
1629 <p>The <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> types are perhaps the most
1630 important. Values of these types are the only ones which can be produced by
1635 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1637 <a name="t_primitive">Primitive Types</a>
1642 <p>The primitive types are the fundamental building blocks of the LLVM
1645 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1647 <a name="t_integer">Integer Type</a>
1653 <p>The integer type is a very simple type that simply specifies an arbitrary
1654 bit width for the integer type desired. Any bit width from 1 bit to
1655 2<sup>23</sup>-1 (about 8 million) can be specified.</p>
1662 <p>The number of bits the integer will occupy is specified by the <tt>N</tt>
1666 <table class="layout">
1668 <td class="left"><tt>i1</tt></td>
1669 <td class="left">a single-bit integer.</td>
1672 <td class="left"><tt>i32</tt></td>
1673 <td class="left">a 32-bit integer.</td>
1676 <td class="left"><tt>i1942652</tt></td>
1677 <td class="left">a really big integer of over 1 million bits.</td>
1683 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1685 <a name="t_floating">Floating Point Types</a>
1692 <tr><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr>
1693 <tr><td><tt>float</tt></td><td>32-bit floating point value</td></tr>
1694 <tr><td><tt>double</tt></td><td>64-bit floating point value</td></tr>
1695 <tr><td><tt>fp128</tt></td><td>128-bit floating point value (112-bit mantissa)</td></tr>
1696 <tr><td><tt>x86_fp80</tt></td><td>80-bit floating point value (X87)</td></tr>
1697 <tr><td><tt>ppc_fp128</tt></td><td>128-bit floating point value (two 64-bits)</td></tr>
1703 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1705 <a name="t_x86mmx">X86mmx Type</a>
1711 <p>The x86mmx type represents a value held in an MMX register on an x86 machine. The operations allowed on it are quite limited: parameters and return values, load and store, and bitcast. User-specified MMX instructions are represented as intrinsic or asm calls with arguments and/or results of this type. There are no arrays, vectors or constants of this type.</p>
1720 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1722 <a name="t_void">Void Type</a>
1728 <p>The void type does not represent any value and has no size.</p>
1737 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1739 <a name="t_label">Label Type</a>
1745 <p>The label type represents code labels.</p>
1754 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1756 <a name="t_metadata">Metadata Type</a>
1762 <p>The metadata type represents embedded metadata. No derived types may be
1763 created from metadata except for <a href="#t_function">function</a>
1775 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1777 <a name="t_derived">Derived Types</a>
1782 <p>The real power in LLVM comes from the derived types in the system. This is
1783 what allows a programmer to represent arrays, functions, pointers, and other
1784 useful types. Each of these types contain one or more element types which
1785 may be a primitive type, or another derived type. For example, it is
1786 possible to have a two dimensional array, using an array as the element type
1787 of another array.</p>
1792 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1794 <a name="t_aggregate">Aggregate Types</a>
1799 <p>Aggregate Types are a subset of derived types that can contain multiple
1800 member types. <a href="#t_array">Arrays</a>,
1801 <a href="#t_struct">structs</a>, and <a href="#t_vector">vectors</a> are
1802 aggregate types.</p>
1806 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1808 <a name="t_array">Array Type</a>
1814 <p>The array type is a very simple derived type that arranges elements
1815 sequentially in memory. The array type requires a size (number of elements)
1816 and an underlying data type.</p>
1820 [<# elements> x <elementtype>]
1823 <p>The number of elements is a constant integer value; <tt>elementtype</tt> may
1824 be any type with a size.</p>
1827 <table class="layout">
1829 <td class="left"><tt>[40 x i32]</tt></td>
1830 <td class="left">Array of 40 32-bit integer values.</td>
1833 <td class="left"><tt>[41 x i32]</tt></td>
1834 <td class="left">Array of 41 32-bit integer values.</td>
1837 <td class="left"><tt>[4 x i8]</tt></td>
1838 <td class="left">Array of 4 8-bit integer values.</td>
1841 <p>Here are some examples of multidimensional arrays:</p>
1842 <table class="layout">
1844 <td class="left"><tt>[3 x [4 x i32]]</tt></td>
1845 <td class="left">3x4 array of 32-bit integer values.</td>
1848 <td class="left"><tt>[12 x [10 x float]]</tt></td>
1849 <td class="left">12x10 array of single precision floating point values.</td>
1852 <td class="left"><tt>[2 x [3 x [4 x i16]]]</tt></td>
1853 <td class="left">2x3x4 array of 16-bit integer values.</td>
1857 <p>There is no restriction on indexing beyond the end of the array implied by
1858 a static type (though there are restrictions on indexing beyond the bounds
1859 of an allocated object in some cases). This means that single-dimension
1860 'variable sized array' addressing can be implemented in LLVM with a zero
1861 length array type. An implementation of 'pascal style arrays' in LLVM could
1862 use the type "<tt>{ i32, [0 x float]}</tt>", for example.</p>
1866 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1868 <a name="t_function">Function Type</a>
1874 <p>The function type can be thought of as a function signature. It consists of
1875 a return type and a list of formal parameter types. The return type of a
1876 function type is a first class type or a void type.</p>
1880 <returntype> (<parameter list>)
1883 <p>...where '<tt><parameter list></tt>' is a comma-separated list of type
1884 specifiers. Optionally, the parameter list may include a type <tt>...</tt>,
1885 which indicates that the function takes a variable number of arguments.
1886 Variable argument functions can access their arguments with
1887 the <a href="#int_varargs">variable argument handling intrinsic</a>
1888 functions. '<tt><returntype></tt>' is any type except
1889 <a href="#t_label">label</a>.</p>
1892 <table class="layout">
1894 <td class="left"><tt>i32 (i32)</tt></td>
1895 <td class="left">function taking an <tt>i32</tt>, returning an <tt>i32</tt>
1897 </tr><tr class="layout">
1898 <td class="left"><tt>float (i16, i32 *) *
1900 <td class="left"><a href="#t_pointer">Pointer</a> to a function that takes
1901 an <tt>i16</tt> and a <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> to <tt>i32</tt>,
1902 returning <tt>float</tt>.
1904 </tr><tr class="layout">
1905 <td class="left"><tt>i32 (i8*, ...)</tt></td>
1906 <td class="left">A vararg function that takes at least one
1907 <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> to <tt>i8 </tt> (char in C),
1908 which returns an integer. This is the signature for <tt>printf</tt> in
1911 </tr><tr class="layout">
1912 <td class="left"><tt>{i32, i32} (i32)</tt></td>
1913 <td class="left">A function taking an <tt>i32</tt>, returning a
1914 <a href="#t_struct">structure</a> containing two <tt>i32</tt> values
1921 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1923 <a name="t_struct">Structure Type</a>
1929 <p>The structure type is used to represent a collection of data members together
1930 in memory. The elements of a structure may be any type that has a size.</p>
1932 <p>Structures in memory are accessed using '<tt><a href="#i_load">load</a></tt>'
1933 and '<tt><a href="#i_store">store</a></tt>' by getting a pointer to a field
1934 with the '<tt><a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a></tt>' instruction.
1935 Structures in registers are accessed using the
1936 '<tt><a href="#i_extractvalue">extractvalue</a></tt>' and
1937 '<tt><a href="#i_insertvalue">insertvalue</a></tt>' instructions.</p>
1939 <p>Structures may optionally be "packed" structures, which indicate that the
1940 alignment of the struct is one byte, and that there is no padding between
1941 the elements. In non-packed structs, padding between field types is defined
1942 by the target data string to match the underlying processor.</p>
1944 <p>Structures can either be "anonymous" or "named". An anonymous structure is
1945 defined inline with other types (e.g. <tt>{i32, i32}*</tt>) and a named types
1946 are always defined at the top level with a name. Anonmyous types are uniqued
1947 by their contents and can never be recursive since there is no way to write
1948 one. Named types can be recursive.
1953 %T1 = type { <type list> } <i>; Named normal struct type</i>
1954 %T2 = type <{ <type list> }> <i>; Named packed struct type</i>
1958 <table class="layout">
1960 <td class="left"><tt>{ i32, i32, i32 }</tt></td>
1961 <td class="left">A triple of three <tt>i32</tt> values</td>
1964 <td class="left"><tt>{ float, i32 (i32) * }</tt></td>
1965 <td class="left">A pair, where the first element is a <tt>float</tt> and the
1966 second element is a <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> to a
1967 <a href="#t_function">function</a> that takes an <tt>i32</tt>, returning
1968 an <tt>i32</tt>.</td>
1971 <td class="left"><tt><{ i8, i32 }></tt></td>
1972 <td class="left">A packed struct known to be 5 bytes in size.</td>
1978 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
1980 <a name="t_opaque">Opaque Type</a>
1986 <p>Opaque types are used to represent named structure types that do not have a
1987 body specified. This corresponds (for example) to the C notion of a forward
1988 declared structure.</p>
1997 <table class="layout">
1999 <td class="left"><tt>opaque</tt></td>
2000 <td class="left">An opaque type.</td>
2008 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
2010 <a name="t_pointer">Pointer Type</a>
2016 <p>The pointer type is used to specify memory locations.
2017 Pointers are commonly used to reference objects in memory.</p>
2019 <p>Pointer types may have an optional address space attribute defining the
2020 numbered address space where the pointed-to object resides. The default
2021 address space is number zero. The semantics of non-zero address
2022 spaces are target-specific.</p>
2024 <p>Note that LLVM does not permit pointers to void (<tt>void*</tt>) nor does it
2025 permit pointers to labels (<tt>label*</tt>). Use <tt>i8*</tt> instead.</p>
2033 <table class="layout">
2035 <td class="left"><tt>[4 x i32]*</tt></td>
2036 <td class="left">A <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> to <a
2037 href="#t_array">array</a> of four <tt>i32</tt> values.</td>
2040 <td class="left"><tt>i32 (i32*) *</tt></td>
2041 <td class="left"> A <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> to a <a
2042 href="#t_function">function</a> that takes an <tt>i32*</tt>, returning an
2046 <td class="left"><tt>i32 addrspace(5)*</tt></td>
2047 <td class="left">A <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> to an <tt>i32</tt> value
2048 that resides in address space #5.</td>
2054 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
2056 <a name="t_vector">Vector Type</a>
2062 <p>A vector type is a simple derived type that represents a vector of elements.
2063 Vector types are used when multiple primitive data are operated in parallel
2064 using a single instruction (SIMD). A vector type requires a size (number of
2065 elements) and an underlying primitive data type. Vector types are considered
2066 <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a>.</p>
2070 < <# elements> x <elementtype> >
2073 <p>The number of elements is a constant integer value larger than 0; elementtype
2074 may be any integer or floating point type. Vectors of size zero are not
2075 allowed, and pointers are not allowed as the element type.</p>
2078 <table class="layout">
2080 <td class="left"><tt><4 x i32></tt></td>
2081 <td class="left">Vector of 4 32-bit integer values.</td>
2084 <td class="left"><tt><8 x float></tt></td>
2085 <td class="left">Vector of 8 32-bit floating-point values.</td>
2088 <td class="left"><tt><2 x i64></tt></td>
2089 <td class="left">Vector of 2 64-bit integer values.</td>
2095 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2096 <h2><a name="constants">Constants</a></h2>
2097 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2101 <p>LLVM has several different basic types of constants. This section describes
2102 them all and their syntax.</p>
2104 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2106 <a name="simpleconstants">Simple Constants</a>
2112 <dt><b>Boolean constants</b></dt>
2113 <dd>The two strings '<tt>true</tt>' and '<tt>false</tt>' are both valid
2114 constants of the <tt><a href="#t_integer">i1</a></tt> type.</dd>
2116 <dt><b>Integer constants</b></dt>
2117 <dd>Standard integers (such as '4') are constants of
2118 the <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> type. Negative numbers may be used
2119 with integer types.</dd>
2121 <dt><b>Floating point constants</b></dt>
2122 <dd>Floating point constants use standard decimal notation (e.g. 123.421),
2123 exponential notation (e.g. 1.23421e+2), or a more precise hexadecimal
2124 notation (see below). The assembler requires the exact decimal value of a
2125 floating-point constant. For example, the assembler accepts 1.25 but
2126 rejects 1.3 because 1.3 is a repeating decimal in binary. Floating point
2127 constants must have a <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type. </dd>
2129 <dt><b>Null pointer constants</b></dt>
2130 <dd>The identifier '<tt>null</tt>' is recognized as a null pointer constant
2131 and must be of <a href="#t_pointer">pointer type</a>.</dd>
2134 <p>The one non-intuitive notation for constants is the hexadecimal form of
2135 floating point constants. For example, the form '<tt>double
2136 0x432ff973cafa8000</tt>' is equivalent to (but harder to read than)
2137 '<tt>double 4.5e+15</tt>'. The only time hexadecimal floating point
2138 constants are required (and the only time that they are generated by the
2139 disassembler) is when a floating point constant must be emitted but it cannot
2140 be represented as a decimal floating point number in a reasonable number of
2141 digits. For example, NaN's, infinities, and other special values are
2142 represented in their IEEE hexadecimal format so that assembly and disassembly
2143 do not cause any bits to change in the constants.</p>
2145 <p>When using the hexadecimal form, constants of types float and double are
2146 represented using the 16-digit form shown above (which matches the IEEE754
2147 representation for double); float values must, however, be exactly
2148 representable as IEE754 single precision. Hexadecimal format is always used
2149 for long double, and there are three forms of long double. The 80-bit format
2150 used by x86 is represented as <tt>0xK</tt> followed by 20 hexadecimal digits.
2151 The 128-bit format used by PowerPC (two adjacent doubles) is represented
2152 by <tt>0xM</tt> followed by 32 hexadecimal digits. The IEEE 128-bit format
2153 is represented by <tt>0xL</tt> followed by 32 hexadecimal digits; no
2154 currently supported target uses this format. Long doubles will only work if
2155 they match the long double format on your target. All hexadecimal formats
2156 are big-endian (sign bit at the left).</p>
2158 <p>There are no constants of type x86mmx.</p>
2161 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2163 <a name="aggregateconstants"></a> <!-- old anchor -->
2164 <a name="complexconstants">Complex Constants</a>
2169 <p>Complex constants are a (potentially recursive) combination of simple
2170 constants and smaller complex constants.</p>
2173 <dt><b>Structure constants</b></dt>
2174 <dd>Structure constants are represented with notation similar to structure
2175 type definitions (a comma separated list of elements, surrounded by braces
2176 (<tt>{}</tt>)). For example: "<tt>{ i32 4, float 17.0, i32* @G }</tt>",
2177 where "<tt>@G</tt>" is declared as "<tt>@G = external global i32</tt>".
2178 Structure constants must have <a href="#t_struct">structure type</a>, and
2179 the number and types of elements must match those specified by the
2182 <dt><b>Array constants</b></dt>
2183 <dd>Array constants are represented with notation similar to array type
2184 definitions (a comma separated list of elements, surrounded by square
2185 brackets (<tt>[]</tt>)). For example: "<tt>[ i32 42, i32 11, i32 74
2186 ]</tt>". Array constants must have <a href="#t_array">array type</a>, and
2187 the number and types of elements must match those specified by the
2190 <dt><b>Vector constants</b></dt>
2191 <dd>Vector constants are represented with notation similar to vector type
2192 definitions (a comma separated list of elements, surrounded by
2193 less-than/greater-than's (<tt><></tt>)). For example: "<tt>< i32
2194 42, i32 11, i32 74, i32 100 ></tt>". Vector constants must
2195 have <a href="#t_vector">vector type</a>, and the number and types of
2196 elements must match those specified by the type.</dd>
2198 <dt><b>Zero initialization</b></dt>
2199 <dd>The string '<tt>zeroinitializer</tt>' can be used to zero initialize a
2200 value to zero of <em>any</em> type, including scalar and
2201 <a href="#t_aggregate">aggregate</a> types.
2202 This is often used to avoid having to print large zero initializers
2203 (e.g. for large arrays) and is always exactly equivalent to using explicit
2204 zero initializers.</dd>
2206 <dt><b>Metadata node</b></dt>
2207 <dd>A metadata node is a structure-like constant with
2208 <a href="#t_metadata">metadata type</a>. For example: "<tt>metadata !{
2209 i32 0, metadata !"test" }</tt>". Unlike other constants that are meant to
2210 be interpreted as part of the instruction stream, metadata is a place to
2211 attach additional information such as debug info.</dd>
2216 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2218 <a name="globalconstants">Global Variable and Function Addresses</a>
2223 <p>The addresses of <a href="#globalvars">global variables</a>
2224 and <a href="#functionstructure">functions</a> are always implicitly valid
2225 (link-time) constants. These constants are explicitly referenced when
2226 the <a href="#identifiers">identifier for the global</a> is used and always
2227 have <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> type. For example, the following is a
2228 legal LLVM file:</p>
2230 <pre class="doc_code">
2233 @Z = global [2 x i32*] [ i32* @X, i32* @Y ]
2238 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2240 <a name="undefvalues">Undefined Values</a>
2245 <p>The string '<tt>undef</tt>' can be used anywhere a constant is expected, and
2246 indicates that the user of the value may receive an unspecified bit-pattern.
2247 Undefined values may be of any type (other than '<tt>label</tt>'
2248 or '<tt>void</tt>') and be used anywhere a constant is permitted.</p>
2250 <p>Undefined values are useful because they indicate to the compiler that the
2251 program is well defined no matter what value is used. This gives the
2252 compiler more freedom to optimize. Here are some examples of (potentially
2253 surprising) transformations that are valid (in pseudo IR):</p>
2256 <pre class="doc_code">
2266 <p>This is safe because all of the output bits are affected by the undef bits.
2267 Any output bit can have a zero or one depending on the input bits.</p>
2269 <pre class="doc_code">
2280 <p>These logical operations have bits that are not always affected by the input.
2281 For example, if <tt>%X</tt> has a zero bit, then the output of the
2282 '<tt>and</tt>' operation will always be a zero for that bit, no matter what
2283 the corresponding bit from the '<tt>undef</tt>' is. As such, it is unsafe to
2284 optimize or assume that the result of the '<tt>and</tt>' is '<tt>undef</tt>'.
2285 However, it is safe to assume that all bits of the '<tt>undef</tt>' could be
2286 0, and optimize the '<tt>and</tt>' to 0. Likewise, it is safe to assume that
2287 all the bits of the '<tt>undef</tt>' operand to the '<tt>or</tt>' could be
2288 set, allowing the '<tt>or</tt>' to be folded to -1.</p>
2290 <pre class="doc_code">
2291 %A = select undef, %X, %Y
2292 %B = select undef, 42, %Y
2293 %C = select %X, %Y, undef
2304 <p>This set of examples shows that undefined '<tt>select</tt>' (and conditional
2305 branch) conditions can go <em>either way</em>, but they have to come from one
2306 of the two operands. In the <tt>%A</tt> example, if <tt>%X</tt> and
2307 <tt>%Y</tt> were both known to have a clear low bit, then <tt>%A</tt> would
2308 have to have a cleared low bit. However, in the <tt>%C</tt> example, the
2309 optimizer is allowed to assume that the '<tt>undef</tt>' operand could be the
2310 same as <tt>%Y</tt>, allowing the whole '<tt>select</tt>' to be
2313 <pre class="doc_code">
2314 %A = xor undef, undef
2332 <p>This example points out that two '<tt>undef</tt>' operands are not
2333 necessarily the same. This can be surprising to people (and also matches C
2334 semantics) where they assume that "<tt>X^X</tt>" is always zero, even
2335 if <tt>X</tt> is undefined. This isn't true for a number of reasons, but the
2336 short answer is that an '<tt>undef</tt>' "variable" can arbitrarily change
2337 its value over its "live range". This is true because the variable doesn't
2338 actually <em>have a live range</em>. Instead, the value is logically read
2339 from arbitrary registers that happen to be around when needed, so the value
2340 is not necessarily consistent over time. In fact, <tt>%A</tt> and <tt>%C</tt>
2341 need to have the same semantics or the core LLVM "replace all uses with"
2342 concept would not hold.</p>
2344 <pre class="doc_code">
2352 <p>These examples show the crucial difference between an <em>undefined
2353 value</em> and <em>undefined behavior</em>. An undefined value (like
2354 '<tt>undef</tt>') is allowed to have an arbitrary bit-pattern. This means that
2355 the <tt>%A</tt> operation can be constant folded to '<tt>undef</tt>', because
2356 the '<tt>undef</tt>' could be an SNaN, and <tt>fdiv</tt> is not (currently)
2357 defined on SNaN's. However, in the second example, we can make a more
2358 aggressive assumption: because the <tt>undef</tt> is allowed to be an
2359 arbitrary value, we are allowed to assume that it could be zero. Since a
2360 divide by zero has <em>undefined behavior</em>, we are allowed to assume that
2361 the operation does not execute at all. This allows us to delete the divide and
2362 all code after it. Because the undefined operation "can't happen", the
2363 optimizer can assume that it occurs in dead code.</p>
2365 <pre class="doc_code">
2366 a: store undef -> %X
2367 b: store %X -> undef
2373 <p>These examples reiterate the <tt>fdiv</tt> example: a store <em>of</em> an
2374 undefined value can be assumed to not have any effect; we can assume that the
2375 value is overwritten with bits that happen to match what was already there.
2376 However, a store <em>to</em> an undefined location could clobber arbitrary
2377 memory, therefore, it has undefined behavior.</p>
2381 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2383 <a name="trapvalues">Trap Values</a>
2388 <p>Trap values are similar to <a href="#undefvalues">undef values</a>, however
2389 instead of representing an unspecified bit pattern, they represent the
2390 fact that an instruction or constant expression which cannot evoke side
2391 effects has nevertheless detected a condition which results in undefined
2394 <p>There is currently no way of representing a trap value in the IR; they
2395 only exist when produced by operations such as
2396 <a href="#i_add"><tt>add</tt></a> with the <tt>nsw</tt> flag.</p>
2398 <p>Trap value behavior is defined in terms of value <i>dependence</i>:</p>
2401 <li>Values other than <a href="#i_phi"><tt>phi</tt></a> nodes depend on
2402 their operands.</li>
2404 <li><a href="#i_phi"><tt>Phi</tt></a> nodes depend on the operand corresponding
2405 to their dynamic predecessor basic block.</li>
2407 <li>Function arguments depend on the corresponding actual argument values in
2408 the dynamic callers of their functions.</li>
2410 <li><a href="#i_call"><tt>Call</tt></a> instructions depend on the
2411 <a href="#i_ret"><tt>ret</tt></a> instructions that dynamically transfer
2412 control back to them.</li>
2414 <li><a href="#i_invoke"><tt>Invoke</tt></a> instructions depend on the
2415 <a href="#i_ret"><tt>ret</tt></a>, <a href="#i_unwind"><tt>unwind</tt></a>,
2416 or exception-throwing call instructions that dynamically transfer control
2419 <li>Non-volatile loads and stores depend on the most recent stores to all of the
2420 referenced memory addresses, following the order in the IR
2421 (including loads and stores implied by intrinsics such as
2422 <a href="#int_memcpy"><tt>@llvm.memcpy</tt></a>.)</li>
2424 <!-- TODO: In the case of multiple threads, this only applies if the store
2425 "happens-before" the load or store. -->
2427 <!-- TODO: floating-point exception state -->
2429 <li>An instruction with externally visible side effects depends on the most
2430 recent preceding instruction with externally visible side effects, following
2431 the order in the IR. (This includes
2432 <a href="#volatile">volatile operations</a>.)</li>
2434 <li>An instruction <i>control-depends</i> on a
2435 <a href="#terminators">terminator instruction</a>
2436 if the terminator instruction has multiple successors and the instruction
2437 is always executed when control transfers to one of the successors, and
2438 may not be executed when control is transferred to another.</li>
2440 <li>Additionally, an instruction also <i>control-depends</i> on a terminator
2441 instruction if the set of instructions it otherwise depends on would be
2442 different if the terminator had transferred control to a different
2445 <li>Dependence is transitive.</li>
2449 <p>Whenever a trap value is generated, all values which depend on it evaluate
2450 to trap. If they have side effects, the evoke their side effects as if each
2451 operand with a trap value were undef. If they have externally-visible side
2452 effects, the behavior is undefined.</p>
2454 <p>Here are some examples:</p>
2456 <pre class="doc_code">
2458 %trap = sub nuw i32 0, 1 ; Results in a trap value.
2459 %still_trap = and i32 %trap, 0 ; Whereas (and i32 undef, 0) would return 0.
2460 %trap_yet_again = getelementptr i32* @h, i32 %still_trap
2461 store i32 0, i32* %trap_yet_again ; undefined behavior
2463 store i32 %trap, i32* @g ; Trap value conceptually stored to memory.
2464 %trap2 = load i32* @g ; Returns a trap value, not just undef.
2466 volatile store i32 %trap, i32* @g ; External observation; undefined behavior.
2468 %narrowaddr = bitcast i32* @g to i16*
2469 %wideaddr = bitcast i32* @g to i64*
2470 %trap3 = load i16* %narrowaddr ; Returns a trap value.
2471 %trap4 = load i64* %wideaddr ; Returns a trap value.
2473 %cmp = icmp slt i32 %trap, 0 ; Returns a trap value.
2474 br i1 %cmp, label %true, label %end ; Branch to either destination.
2477 volatile store i32 0, i32* @g ; This is control-dependent on %cmp, so
2478 ; it has undefined behavior.
2482 %p = phi i32 [ 0, %entry ], [ 1, %true ]
2483 ; Both edges into this PHI are
2484 ; control-dependent on %cmp, so this
2485 ; always results in a trap value.
2487 volatile store i32 0, i32* @g ; This would depend on the store in %true
2488 ; if %cmp is true, or the store in %entry
2489 ; otherwise, so this is undefined behavior.
2491 br i1 %cmp, label %second_true, label %second_end
2492 ; The same branch again, but this time the
2493 ; true block doesn't have side effects.
2500 volatile store i32 0, i32* @g ; This time, the instruction always depends
2501 ; on the store in %end. Also, it is
2502 ; control-equivalent to %end, so this is
2503 ; well-defined (again, ignoring earlier
2504 ; undefined behavior in this example).
2509 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2511 <a name="blockaddress">Addresses of Basic Blocks</a>
2516 <p><b><tt>blockaddress(@function, %block)</tt></b></p>
2518 <p>The '<tt>blockaddress</tt>' constant computes the address of the specified
2519 basic block in the specified function, and always has an i8* type. Taking
2520 the address of the entry block is illegal.</p>
2522 <p>This value only has defined behavior when used as an operand to the
2523 '<a href="#i_indirectbr"><tt>indirectbr</tt></a>' instruction, or for
2524 comparisons against null. Pointer equality tests between labels addresses
2525 results in undefined behavior — though, again, comparison against null
2526 is ok, and no label is equal to the null pointer. This may be passed around
2527 as an opaque pointer sized value as long as the bits are not inspected. This
2528 allows <tt>ptrtoint</tt> and arithmetic to be performed on these values so
2529 long as the original value is reconstituted before the <tt>indirectbr</tt>
2532 <p>Finally, some targets may provide defined semantics when using the value as
2533 the operand to an inline assembly, but that is target specific.</p>
2538 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2540 <a name="constantexprs">Constant Expressions</a>
2545 <p>Constant expressions are used to allow expressions involving other constants
2546 to be used as constants. Constant expressions may be of
2547 any <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type and may involve any LLVM
2548 operation that does not have side effects (e.g. load and call are not
2549 supported). The following is the syntax for constant expressions:</p>
2552 <dt><b><tt>trunc (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2553 <dd>Truncate a constant to another type. The bit size of CST must be larger
2554 than the bit size of TYPE. Both types must be integers.</dd>
2556 <dt><b><tt>zext (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2557 <dd>Zero extend a constant to another type. The bit size of CST must be
2558 smaller than the bit size of TYPE. Both types must be integers.</dd>
2560 <dt><b><tt>sext (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2561 <dd>Sign extend a constant to another type. The bit size of CST must be
2562 smaller than the bit size of TYPE. Both types must be integers.</dd>
2564 <dt><b><tt>fptrunc (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2565 <dd>Truncate a floating point constant to another floating point type. The
2566 size of CST must be larger than the size of TYPE. Both types must be
2567 floating point.</dd>
2569 <dt><b><tt>fpext (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2570 <dd>Floating point extend a constant to another type. The size of CST must be
2571 smaller or equal to the size of TYPE. Both types must be floating
2574 <dt><b><tt>fptoui (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2575 <dd>Convert a floating point constant to the corresponding unsigned integer
2576 constant. TYPE must be a scalar or vector integer type. CST must be of
2577 scalar or vector floating point type. Both CST and TYPE must be scalars,
2578 or vectors of the same number of elements. If the value won't fit in the
2579 integer type, the results are undefined.</dd>
2581 <dt><b><tt>fptosi (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2582 <dd>Convert a floating point constant to the corresponding signed integer
2583 constant. TYPE must be a scalar or vector integer type. CST must be of
2584 scalar or vector floating point type. Both CST and TYPE must be scalars,
2585 or vectors of the same number of elements. If the value won't fit in the
2586 integer type, the results are undefined.</dd>
2588 <dt><b><tt>uitofp (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2589 <dd>Convert an unsigned integer constant to the corresponding floating point
2590 constant. TYPE must be a scalar or vector floating point type. CST must be
2591 of scalar or vector integer type. Both CST and TYPE must be scalars, or
2592 vectors of the same number of elements. If the value won't fit in the
2593 floating point type, the results are undefined.</dd>
2595 <dt><b><tt>sitofp (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2596 <dd>Convert a signed integer constant to the corresponding floating point
2597 constant. TYPE must be a scalar or vector floating point type. CST must be
2598 of scalar or vector integer type. Both CST and TYPE must be scalars, or
2599 vectors of the same number of elements. If the value won't fit in the
2600 floating point type, the results are undefined.</dd>
2602 <dt><b><tt>ptrtoint (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2603 <dd>Convert a pointer typed constant to the corresponding integer constant
2604 <tt>TYPE</tt> must be an integer type. <tt>CST</tt> must be of pointer
2605 type. The <tt>CST</tt> value is zero extended, truncated, or unchanged to
2606 make it fit in <tt>TYPE</tt>.</dd>
2608 <dt><b><tt>inttoptr (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2609 <dd>Convert a integer constant to a pointer constant. TYPE must be a pointer
2610 type. CST must be of integer type. The CST value is zero extended,
2611 truncated, or unchanged to make it fit in a pointer size. This one is
2612 <i>really</i> dangerous!</dd>
2614 <dt><b><tt>bitcast (CST to TYPE)</tt></b></dt>
2615 <dd>Convert a constant, CST, to another TYPE. The constraints of the operands
2616 are the same as those for the <a href="#i_bitcast">bitcast
2617 instruction</a>.</dd>
2619 <dt><b><tt>getelementptr (CSTPTR, IDX0, IDX1, ...)</tt></b></dt>
2620 <dt><b><tt>getelementptr inbounds (CSTPTR, IDX0, IDX1, ...)</tt></b></dt>
2621 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr operation</a> on
2622 constants. As with the <a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a>
2623 instruction, the index list may have zero or more indexes, which are
2624 required to make sense for the type of "CSTPTR".</dd>
2626 <dt><b><tt>select (COND, VAL1, VAL2)</tt></b></dt>
2627 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_select">select operation</a> on constants.</dd>
2629 <dt><b><tt>icmp COND (VAL1, VAL2)</tt></b></dt>
2630 <dd>Performs the <a href="#i_icmp">icmp operation</a> on constants.</dd>
2632 <dt><b><tt>fcmp COND (VAL1, VAL2)</tt></b></dt>
2633 <dd>Performs the <a href="#i_fcmp">fcmp operation</a> on constants.</dd>
2635 <dt><b><tt>extractelement (VAL, IDX)</tt></b></dt>
2636 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_extractelement">extractelement operation</a> on
2639 <dt><b><tt>insertelement (VAL, ELT, IDX)</tt></b></dt>
2640 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_insertelement">insertelement operation</a> on
2643 <dt><b><tt>shufflevector (VEC1, VEC2, IDXMASK)</tt></b></dt>
2644 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_shufflevector">shufflevector operation</a> on
2647 <dt><b><tt>extractvalue (VAL, IDX0, IDX1, ...)</tt></b></dt>
2648 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_extractvalue">extractvalue operation</a> on
2649 constants. The index list is interpreted in a similar manner as indices in
2650 a '<a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a>' operation. At least one
2651 index value must be specified.</dd>
2653 <dt><b><tt>insertvalue (VAL, ELT, IDX0, IDX1, ...)</tt></b></dt>
2654 <dd>Perform the <a href="#i_insertvalue">insertvalue operation</a> on
2655 constants. The index list is interpreted in a similar manner as indices in
2656 a '<a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a>' operation. At least one
2657 index value must be specified.</dd>
2659 <dt><b><tt>OPCODE (LHS, RHS)</tt></b></dt>
2660 <dd>Perform the specified operation of the LHS and RHS constants. OPCODE may
2661 be any of the <a href="#binaryops">binary</a>
2662 or <a href="#bitwiseops">bitwise binary</a> operations. The constraints
2663 on operands are the same as those for the corresponding instruction
2664 (e.g. no bitwise operations on floating point values are allowed).</dd>
2671 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2672 <h2><a name="othervalues">Other Values</a></h2>
2673 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2675 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2677 <a name="inlineasm">Inline Assembler Expressions</a>
2682 <p>LLVM supports inline assembler expressions (as opposed
2683 to <a href="#moduleasm"> Module-Level Inline Assembly</a>) through the use of
2684 a special value. This value represents the inline assembler as a string
2685 (containing the instructions to emit), a list of operand constraints (stored
2686 as a string), a flag that indicates whether or not the inline asm
2687 expression has side effects, and a flag indicating whether the function
2688 containing the asm needs to align its stack conservatively. An example
2689 inline assembler expression is:</p>
2691 <pre class="doc_code">
2692 i32 (i32) asm "bswap $0", "=r,r"
2695 <p>Inline assembler expressions may <b>only</b> be used as the callee operand of
2696 a <a href="#i_call"><tt>call</tt> instruction</a>. Thus, typically we
2699 <pre class="doc_code">
2700 %X = call i32 asm "<a href="#int_bswap">bswap</a> $0", "=r,r"(i32 %Y)
2703 <p>Inline asms with side effects not visible in the constraint list must be
2704 marked as having side effects. This is done through the use of the
2705 '<tt>sideeffect</tt>' keyword, like so:</p>
2707 <pre class="doc_code">
2708 call void asm sideeffect "eieio", ""()
2711 <p>In some cases inline asms will contain code that will not work unless the
2712 stack is aligned in some way, such as calls or SSE instructions on x86,
2713 yet will not contain code that does that alignment within the asm.
2714 The compiler should make conservative assumptions about what the asm might
2715 contain and should generate its usual stack alignment code in the prologue
2716 if the '<tt>alignstack</tt>' keyword is present:</p>
2718 <pre class="doc_code">
2719 call void asm alignstack "eieio", ""()
2722 <p>If both keywords appear the '<tt>sideeffect</tt>' keyword must come
2725 <p>TODO: The format of the asm and constraints string still need to be
2726 documented here. Constraints on what can be done (e.g. duplication, moving,
2727 etc need to be documented). This is probably best done by reference to
2728 another document that covers inline asm from a holistic perspective.</p>
2731 <a name="inlineasm_md">Inline Asm Metadata</a>
2736 <p>The call instructions that wrap inline asm nodes may have a "!srcloc" MDNode
2737 attached to it that contains a list of constant integers. If present, the
2738 code generator will use the integer as the location cookie value when report
2739 errors through the LLVMContext error reporting mechanisms. This allows a
2740 front-end to correlate backend errors that occur with inline asm back to the
2741 source code that produced it. For example:</p>
2743 <pre class="doc_code">
2744 call void asm sideeffect "something bad", ""()<b>, !srcloc !42</b>
2746 !42 = !{ i32 1234567 }
2749 <p>It is up to the front-end to make sense of the magic numbers it places in the
2750 IR. If the MDNode contains multiple constants, the code generator will use
2751 the one that corresponds to the line of the asm that the error occurs on.</p>
2757 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2759 <a name="metadata">Metadata Nodes and Metadata Strings</a>
2764 <p>LLVM IR allows metadata to be attached to instructions in the program that
2765 can convey extra information about the code to the optimizers and code
2766 generator. One example application of metadata is source-level debug
2767 information. There are two metadata primitives: strings and nodes. All
2768 metadata has the <tt>metadata</tt> type and is identified in syntax by a
2769 preceding exclamation point ('<tt>!</tt>').</p>
2771 <p>A metadata string is a string surrounded by double quotes. It can contain
2772 any character by escaping non-printable characters with "\xx" where "xx" is
2773 the two digit hex code. For example: "<tt>!"test\00"</tt>".</p>
2775 <p>Metadata nodes are represented with notation similar to structure constants
2776 (a comma separated list of elements, surrounded by braces and preceded by an
2777 exclamation point). For example: "<tt>!{ metadata !"test\00", i32
2778 10}</tt>". Metadata nodes can have any values as their operand.</p>
2780 <p>A <a href="#namedmetadatastructure">named metadata</a> is a collection of
2781 metadata nodes, which can be looked up in the module symbol table. For
2782 example: "<tt>!foo = metadata !{!4, !3}</tt>".
2784 <p>Metadata can be used as function arguments. Here <tt>llvm.dbg.value</tt>
2785 function is using two metadata arguments.</p>
2787 <div class="doc_code">
2789 call void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata !24, i64 0, metadata !25)
2793 <p>Metadata can be attached with an instruction. Here metadata <tt>!21</tt> is
2794 attached with <tt>add</tt> instruction using <tt>!dbg</tt> identifier.</p>
2796 <div class="doc_code">
2798 %indvar.next = add i64 %indvar, 1, !dbg !21
2806 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2808 <a name="intrinsic_globals">Intrinsic Global Variables</a>
2810 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2812 <p>LLVM has a number of "magic" global variables that contain data that affect
2813 code generation or other IR semantics. These are documented here. All globals
2814 of this sort should have a section specified as "<tt>llvm.metadata</tt>". This
2815 section and all globals that start with "<tt>llvm.</tt>" are reserved for use
2818 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2820 <a name="intg_used">The '<tt>llvm.used</tt>' Global Variable</a>
2825 <p>The <tt>@llvm.used</tt> global is an array with i8* element type which has <a
2826 href="#linkage_appending">appending linkage</a>. This array contains a list of
2827 pointers to global variables and functions which may optionally have a pointer
2828 cast formed of bitcast or getelementptr. For example, a legal use of it is:</p>
2834 @llvm.used = appending global [2 x i8*] [
2836 i8* bitcast (i32* @Y to i8*)
2837 ], section "llvm.metadata"
2840 <p>If a global variable appears in the <tt>@llvm.used</tt> list, then the
2841 compiler, assembler, and linker are required to treat the symbol as if there is
2842 a reference to the global that it cannot see. For example, if a variable has
2843 internal linkage and no references other than that from the <tt>@llvm.used</tt>
2844 list, it cannot be deleted. This is commonly used to represent references from
2845 inline asms and other things the compiler cannot "see", and corresponds to
2846 "attribute((used))" in GNU C.</p>
2848 <p>On some targets, the code generator must emit a directive to the assembler or
2849 object file to prevent the assembler and linker from molesting the symbol.</p>
2853 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2855 <a name="intg_compiler_used">
2856 The '<tt>llvm.compiler.used</tt>' Global Variable
2862 <p>The <tt>@llvm.compiler.used</tt> directive is the same as the
2863 <tt>@llvm.used</tt> directive, except that it only prevents the compiler from
2864 touching the symbol. On targets that support it, this allows an intelligent
2865 linker to optimize references to the symbol without being impeded as it would be
2866 by <tt>@llvm.used</tt>.</p>
2868 <p>This is a rare construct that should only be used in rare circumstances, and
2869 should not be exposed to source languages.</p>
2873 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2875 <a name="intg_global_ctors">The '<tt>llvm.global_ctors</tt>' Global Variable</a>
2880 %0 = type { i32, void ()* }
2881 @llvm.global_ctors = appending global [1 x %0] [%0 { i32 65535, void ()* @ctor }]
2883 <p>The <tt>@llvm.global_ctors</tt> array contains a list of constructor functions and associated priorities. The functions referenced by this array will be called in ascending order of priority (i.e. lowest first) when the module is loaded. The order of functions with the same priority is not defined.
2888 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2890 <a name="intg_global_dtors">The '<tt>llvm.global_dtors</tt>' Global Variable</a>
2895 %0 = type { i32, void ()* }
2896 @llvm.global_dtors = appending global [1 x %0] [%0 { i32 65535, void ()* @dtor }]
2899 <p>The <tt>@llvm.global_dtors</tt> array contains a list of destructor functions and associated priorities. The functions referenced by this array will be called in descending order of priority (i.e. highest first) when the module is loaded. The order of functions with the same priority is not defined.
2906 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2907 <h2><a name="instref">Instruction Reference</a></h2>
2908 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
2912 <p>The LLVM instruction set consists of several different classifications of
2913 instructions: <a href="#terminators">terminator
2914 instructions</a>, <a href="#binaryops">binary instructions</a>,
2915 <a href="#bitwiseops">bitwise binary instructions</a>,
2916 <a href="#memoryops">memory instructions</a>, and
2917 <a href="#otherops">other instructions</a>.</p>
2919 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
2921 <a name="terminators">Terminator Instructions</a>
2926 <p>As mentioned <a href="#functionstructure">previously</a>, every basic block
2927 in a program ends with a "Terminator" instruction, which indicates which
2928 block should be executed after the current block is finished. These
2929 terminator instructions typically yield a '<tt>void</tt>' value: they produce
2930 control flow, not values (the one exception being the
2931 '<a href="#i_invoke"><tt>invoke</tt></a>' instruction).</p>
2933 <p>There are seven different terminator instructions: the
2934 '<a href="#i_ret"><tt>ret</tt></a>' instruction, the
2935 '<a href="#i_br"><tt>br</tt></a>' instruction, the
2936 '<a href="#i_switch"><tt>switch</tt></a>' instruction, the
2937 '<a href="#i_indirectbr">'<tt>indirectbr</tt></a>' Instruction, the
2938 '<a href="#i_invoke"><tt>invoke</tt></a>' instruction, the
2939 '<a href="#i_unwind"><tt>unwind</tt></a>' instruction, and the
2940 '<a href="#i_unreachable"><tt>unreachable</tt></a>' instruction.</p>
2942 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
2944 <a name="i_ret">'<tt>ret</tt>' Instruction</a>
2951 ret <type> <value> <i>; Return a value from a non-void function</i>
2952 ret void <i>; Return from void function</i>
2956 <p>The '<tt>ret</tt>' instruction is used to return control flow (and optionally
2957 a value) from a function back to the caller.</p>
2959 <p>There are two forms of the '<tt>ret</tt>' instruction: one that returns a
2960 value and then causes control flow, and one that just causes control flow to
2964 <p>The '<tt>ret</tt>' instruction optionally accepts a single argument, the
2965 return value. The type of the return value must be a
2966 '<a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a>' type.</p>
2968 <p>A function is not <a href="#wellformed">well formed</a> if it it has a
2969 non-void return type and contains a '<tt>ret</tt>' instruction with no return
2970 value or a return value with a type that does not match its type, or if it
2971 has a void return type and contains a '<tt>ret</tt>' instruction with a
2975 <p>When the '<tt>ret</tt>' instruction is executed, control flow returns back to
2976 the calling function's context. If the caller is a
2977 "<a href="#i_call"><tt>call</tt></a>" instruction, execution continues at the
2978 instruction after the call. If the caller was an
2979 "<a href="#i_invoke"><tt>invoke</tt></a>" instruction, execution continues at
2980 the beginning of the "normal" destination block. If the instruction returns
2981 a value, that value shall set the call or invoke instruction's return
2986 ret i32 5 <i>; Return an integer value of 5</i>
2987 ret void <i>; Return from a void function</i>
2988 ret { i32, i8 } { i32 4, i8 2 } <i>; Return a struct of values 4 and 2</i>
2992 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
2994 <a name="i_br">'<tt>br</tt>' Instruction</a>
3001 br i1 <cond>, label <iftrue>, label <iffalse><br> br label <dest> <i>; Unconditional branch</i>
3005 <p>The '<tt>br</tt>' instruction is used to cause control flow to transfer to a
3006 different basic block in the current function. There are two forms of this
3007 instruction, corresponding to a conditional branch and an unconditional
3011 <p>The conditional branch form of the '<tt>br</tt>' instruction takes a single
3012 '<tt>i1</tt>' value and two '<tt>label</tt>' values. The unconditional form
3013 of the '<tt>br</tt>' instruction takes a single '<tt>label</tt>' value as a
3017 <p>Upon execution of a conditional '<tt>br</tt>' instruction, the '<tt>i1</tt>'
3018 argument is evaluated. If the value is <tt>true</tt>, control flows to the
3019 '<tt>iftrue</tt>' <tt>label</tt> argument. If "cond" is <tt>false</tt>,
3020 control flows to the '<tt>iffalse</tt>' <tt>label</tt> argument.</p>
3025 %cond = <a href="#i_icmp">icmp</a> eq i32 %a, %b
3026 br i1 %cond, label %IfEqual, label %IfUnequal
3028 <a href="#i_ret">ret</a> i32 1
3030 <a href="#i_ret">ret</a> i32 0
3035 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3037 <a name="i_switch">'<tt>switch</tt>' Instruction</a>
3044 switch <intty> <value>, label <defaultdest> [ <intty> <val>, label <dest> ... ]
3048 <p>The '<tt>switch</tt>' instruction is used to transfer control flow to one of
3049 several different places. It is a generalization of the '<tt>br</tt>'
3050 instruction, allowing a branch to occur to one of many possible
3054 <p>The '<tt>switch</tt>' instruction uses three parameters: an integer
3055 comparison value '<tt>value</tt>', a default '<tt>label</tt>' destination,
3056 and an array of pairs of comparison value constants and '<tt>label</tt>'s.
3057 The table is not allowed to contain duplicate constant entries.</p>
3060 <p>The <tt>switch</tt> instruction specifies a table of values and
3061 destinations. When the '<tt>switch</tt>' instruction is executed, this table
3062 is searched for the given value. If the value is found, control flow is
3063 transferred to the corresponding destination; otherwise, control flow is
3064 transferred to the default destination.</p>
3066 <h5>Implementation:</h5>
3067 <p>Depending on properties of the target machine and the particular
3068 <tt>switch</tt> instruction, this instruction may be code generated in
3069 different ways. For example, it could be generated as a series of chained
3070 conditional branches or with a lookup table.</p>
3074 <i>; Emulate a conditional br instruction</i>
3075 %Val = <a href="#i_zext">zext</a> i1 %value to i32
3076 switch i32 %Val, label %truedest [ i32 0, label %falsedest ]
3078 <i>; Emulate an unconditional br instruction</i>
3079 switch i32 0, label %dest [ ]
3081 <i>; Implement a jump table:</i>
3082 switch i32 %val, label %otherwise [ i32 0, label %onzero
3084 i32 2, label %ontwo ]
3090 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3092 <a name="i_indirectbr">'<tt>indirectbr</tt>' Instruction</a>
3099 indirectbr <somety>* <address>, [ label <dest1>, label <dest2>, ... ]
3104 <p>The '<tt>indirectbr</tt>' instruction implements an indirect branch to a label
3105 within the current function, whose address is specified by
3106 "<tt>address</tt>". Address must be derived from a <a
3107 href="#blockaddress">blockaddress</a> constant.</p>
3111 <p>The '<tt>address</tt>' argument is the address of the label to jump to. The
3112 rest of the arguments indicate the full set of possible destinations that the
3113 address may point to. Blocks are allowed to occur multiple times in the
3114 destination list, though this isn't particularly useful.</p>
3116 <p>This destination list is required so that dataflow analysis has an accurate
3117 understanding of the CFG.</p>
3121 <p>Control transfers to the block specified in the address argument. All
3122 possible destination blocks must be listed in the label list, otherwise this
3123 instruction has undefined behavior. This implies that jumps to labels
3124 defined in other functions have undefined behavior as well.</p>
3126 <h5>Implementation:</h5>
3128 <p>This is typically implemented with a jump through a register.</p>
3132 indirectbr i8* %Addr, [ label %bb1, label %bb2, label %bb3 ]
3138 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3140 <a name="i_invoke">'<tt>invoke</tt>' Instruction</a>
3147 <result> = invoke [<a href="#callingconv">cconv</a>] [<a href="#paramattrs">ret attrs</a>] <ptr to function ty> <function ptr val>(<function args>) [<a href="#fnattrs">fn attrs</a>]
3148 to label <normal label> unwind label <exception label>
3152 <p>The '<tt>invoke</tt>' instruction causes control to transfer to a specified
3153 function, with the possibility of control flow transfer to either the
3154 '<tt>normal</tt>' label or the '<tt>exception</tt>' label. If the callee
3155 function returns with the "<tt><a href="#i_ret">ret</a></tt>" instruction,
3156 control flow will return to the "normal" label. If the callee (or any
3157 indirect callees) returns with the "<a href="#i_unwind"><tt>unwind</tt></a>"
3158 instruction, control is interrupted and continued at the dynamically nearest
3159 "exception" label.</p>
3162 <p>This instruction requires several arguments:</p>
3165 <li>The optional "cconv" marker indicates which <a href="#callingconv">calling
3166 convention</a> the call should use. If none is specified, the call
3167 defaults to using C calling conventions.</li>
3169 <li>The optional <a href="#paramattrs">Parameter Attributes</a> list for
3170 return values. Only '<tt>zeroext</tt>', '<tt>signext</tt>', and
3171 '<tt>inreg</tt>' attributes are valid here.</li>
3173 <li>'<tt>ptr to function ty</tt>': shall be the signature of the pointer to
3174 function value being invoked. In most cases, this is a direct function
3175 invocation, but indirect <tt>invoke</tt>s are just as possible, branching
3176 off an arbitrary pointer to function value.</li>
3178 <li>'<tt>function ptr val</tt>': An LLVM value containing a pointer to a
3179 function to be invoked. </li>
3181 <li>'<tt>function args</tt>': argument list whose types match the function
3182 signature argument types and parameter attributes. All arguments must be
3183 of <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type. If the function
3184 signature indicates the function accepts a variable number of arguments,
3185 the extra arguments can be specified.</li>
3187 <li>'<tt>normal label</tt>': the label reached when the called function
3188 executes a '<tt><a href="#i_ret">ret</a></tt>' instruction. </li>
3190 <li>'<tt>exception label</tt>': the label reached when a callee returns with
3191 the <a href="#i_unwind"><tt>unwind</tt></a> instruction. </li>
3193 <li>The optional <a href="#fnattrs">function attributes</a> list. Only
3194 '<tt>noreturn</tt>', '<tt>nounwind</tt>', '<tt>readonly</tt>' and
3195 '<tt>readnone</tt>' attributes are valid here.</li>
3199 <p>This instruction is designed to operate as a standard
3200 '<tt><a href="#i_call">call</a></tt>' instruction in most regards. The
3201 primary difference is that it establishes an association with a label, which
3202 is used by the runtime library to unwind the stack.</p>
3204 <p>This instruction is used in languages with destructors to ensure that proper
3205 cleanup is performed in the case of either a <tt>longjmp</tt> or a thrown
3206 exception. Additionally, this is important for implementation of
3207 '<tt>catch</tt>' clauses in high-level languages that support them.</p>
3209 <p>For the purposes of the SSA form, the definition of the value returned by the
3210 '<tt>invoke</tt>' instruction is deemed to occur on the edge from the current
3211 block to the "normal" label. If the callee unwinds then no return value is
3214 <p>Note that the code generator does not yet completely support unwind, and
3215 that the invoke/unwind semantics are likely to change in future versions.</p>
3219 %retval = invoke i32 @Test(i32 15) to label %Continue
3220 unwind label %TestCleanup <i>; {i32}:retval set</i>
3221 %retval = invoke <a href="#callingconv">coldcc</a> i32 %Testfnptr(i32 15) to label %Continue
3222 unwind label %TestCleanup <i>; {i32}:retval set</i>
3227 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3230 <a name="i_unwind">'<tt>unwind</tt>' Instruction</a>
3241 <p>The '<tt>unwind</tt>' instruction unwinds the stack, continuing control flow
3242 at the first callee in the dynamic call stack which used
3243 an <a href="#i_invoke"><tt>invoke</tt></a> instruction to perform the call.
3244 This is primarily used to implement exception handling.</p>
3247 <p>The '<tt>unwind</tt>' instruction causes execution of the current function to
3248 immediately halt. The dynamic call stack is then searched for the
3249 first <a href="#i_invoke"><tt>invoke</tt></a> instruction on the call stack.
3250 Once found, execution continues at the "exceptional" destination block
3251 specified by the <tt>invoke</tt> instruction. If there is no <tt>invoke</tt>
3252 instruction in the dynamic call chain, undefined behavior results.</p>
3254 <p>Note that the code generator does not yet completely support unwind, and
3255 that the invoke/unwind semantics are likely to change in future versions.</p>
3259 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3262 <a name="i_unreachable">'<tt>unreachable</tt>' Instruction</a>
3273 <p>The '<tt>unreachable</tt>' instruction has no defined semantics. This
3274 instruction is used to inform the optimizer that a particular portion of the
3275 code is not reachable. This can be used to indicate that the code after a
3276 no-return function cannot be reached, and other facts.</p>
3279 <p>The '<tt>unreachable</tt>' instruction has no defined semantics.</p>
3285 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
3287 <a name="binaryops">Binary Operations</a>
3292 <p>Binary operators are used to do most of the computation in a program. They
3293 require two operands of the same type, execute an operation on them, and
3294 produce a single value. The operands might represent multiple data, as is
3295 the case with the <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> data type. The result value
3296 has the same type as its operands.</p>
3298 <p>There are several different binary operators:</p>
3300 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3302 <a name="i_add">'<tt>add</tt>' Instruction</a>
3309 <result> = add <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3310 <result> = add nuw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3311 <result> = add nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3312 <result> = add nuw nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3316 <p>The '<tt>add</tt>' instruction returns the sum of its two operands.</p>
3319 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>add</tt>' instruction must
3320 be <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3321 integer values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3324 <p>The value produced is the integer sum of the two operands.</p>
3326 <p>If the sum has unsigned overflow, the result returned is the mathematical
3327 result modulo 2<sup>n</sup>, where n is the bit width of the result.</p>
3329 <p>Because LLVM integers use a two's complement representation, this instruction
3330 is appropriate for both signed and unsigned integers.</p>
3332 <p><tt>nuw</tt> and <tt>nsw</tt> stand for "No Unsigned Wrap"
3333 and "No Signed Wrap", respectively. If the <tt>nuw</tt> and/or
3334 <tt>nsw</tt> keywords are present, the result value of the <tt>add</tt>
3335 is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if unsigned and/or signed overflow,
3336 respectively, occurs.</p>
3340 <result> = add i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 + %var</i>
3345 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3347 <a name="i_fadd">'<tt>fadd</tt>' Instruction</a>
3354 <result> = fadd <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3358 <p>The '<tt>fadd</tt>' instruction returns the sum of its two operands.</p>
3361 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>fadd</tt>' instruction must be
3362 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3363 floating point values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3366 <p>The value produced is the floating point sum of the two operands.</p>
3370 <result> = fadd float 4.0, %var <i>; yields {float}:result = 4.0 + %var</i>
3375 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3377 <a name="i_sub">'<tt>sub</tt>' Instruction</a>
3384 <result> = sub <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3385 <result> = sub nuw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3386 <result> = sub nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3387 <result> = sub nuw nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3391 <p>The '<tt>sub</tt>' instruction returns the difference of its two
3394 <p>Note that the '<tt>sub</tt>' instruction is used to represent the
3395 '<tt>neg</tt>' instruction present in most other intermediate
3396 representations.</p>
3399 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>sub</tt>' instruction must
3400 be <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3401 integer values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3404 <p>The value produced is the integer difference of the two operands.</p>
3406 <p>If the difference has unsigned overflow, the result returned is the
3407 mathematical result modulo 2<sup>n</sup>, where n is the bit width of the
3410 <p>Because LLVM integers use a two's complement representation, this instruction
3411 is appropriate for both signed and unsigned integers.</p>
3413 <p><tt>nuw</tt> and <tt>nsw</tt> stand for "No Unsigned Wrap"
3414 and "No Signed Wrap", respectively. If the <tt>nuw</tt> and/or
3415 <tt>nsw</tt> keywords are present, the result value of the <tt>sub</tt>
3416 is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if unsigned and/or signed overflow,
3417 respectively, occurs.</p>
3421 <result> = sub i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 - %var</i>
3422 <result> = sub i32 0, %val <i>; yields {i32}:result = -%var</i>
3427 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3429 <a name="i_fsub">'<tt>fsub</tt>' Instruction</a>
3436 <result> = fsub <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3440 <p>The '<tt>fsub</tt>' instruction returns the difference of its two
3443 <p>Note that the '<tt>fsub</tt>' instruction is used to represent the
3444 '<tt>fneg</tt>' instruction present in most other intermediate
3445 representations.</p>
3448 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>fsub</tt>' instruction must be
3449 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3450 floating point values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3453 <p>The value produced is the floating point difference of the two operands.</p>
3457 <result> = fsub float 4.0, %var <i>; yields {float}:result = 4.0 - %var</i>
3458 <result> = fsub float -0.0, %val <i>; yields {float}:result = -%var</i>
3463 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3465 <a name="i_mul">'<tt>mul</tt>' Instruction</a>
3472 <result> = mul <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3473 <result> = mul nuw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3474 <result> = mul nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3475 <result> = mul nuw nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3479 <p>The '<tt>mul</tt>' instruction returns the product of its two operands.</p>
3482 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>mul</tt>' instruction must
3483 be <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3484 integer values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3487 <p>The value produced is the integer product of the two operands.</p>
3489 <p>If the result of the multiplication has unsigned overflow, the result
3490 returned is the mathematical result modulo 2<sup>n</sup>, where n is the bit
3491 width of the result.</p>
3493 <p>Because LLVM integers use a two's complement representation, and the result
3494 is the same width as the operands, this instruction returns the correct
3495 result for both signed and unsigned integers. If a full product
3496 (e.g. <tt>i32</tt>x<tt>i32</tt>-><tt>i64</tt>) is needed, the operands should
3497 be sign-extended or zero-extended as appropriate to the width of the full
3500 <p><tt>nuw</tt> and <tt>nsw</tt> stand for "No Unsigned Wrap"
3501 and "No Signed Wrap", respectively. If the <tt>nuw</tt> and/or
3502 <tt>nsw</tt> keywords are present, the result value of the <tt>mul</tt>
3503 is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if unsigned and/or signed overflow,
3504 respectively, occurs.</p>
3508 <result> = mul i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 * %var</i>
3513 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3515 <a name="i_fmul">'<tt>fmul</tt>' Instruction</a>
3522 <result> = fmul <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3526 <p>The '<tt>fmul</tt>' instruction returns the product of its two operands.</p>
3529 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>fmul</tt>' instruction must be
3530 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3531 floating point values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3534 <p>The value produced is the floating point product of the two operands.</p>
3538 <result> = fmul float 4.0, %var <i>; yields {float}:result = 4.0 * %var</i>
3543 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3545 <a name="i_udiv">'<tt>udiv</tt>' Instruction</a>
3552 <result> = udiv <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3553 <result> = udiv exact <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3557 <p>The '<tt>udiv</tt>' instruction returns the quotient of its two operands.</p>
3560 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>udiv</tt>' instruction must be
3561 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3562 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3565 <p>The value produced is the unsigned integer quotient of the two operands.</p>
3567 <p>Note that unsigned integer division and signed integer division are distinct
3568 operations; for signed integer division, use '<tt>sdiv</tt>'.</p>
3570 <p>Division by zero leads to undefined behavior.</p>
3572 <p>If the <tt>exact</tt> keyword is present, the result value of the
3573 <tt>udiv</tt> is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if %op1 is not a
3574 multiple of %op2 (as such, "((a udiv exact b) mul b) == a").</p>
3579 <result> = udiv i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 / %var</i>
3584 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3586 <a name="i_sdiv">'<tt>sdiv</tt>' Instruction</a>
3593 <result> = sdiv <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3594 <result> = sdiv exact <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3598 <p>The '<tt>sdiv</tt>' instruction returns the quotient of its two operands.</p>
3601 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>sdiv</tt>' instruction must be
3602 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3603 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3606 <p>The value produced is the signed integer quotient of the two operands rounded
3609 <p>Note that signed integer division and unsigned integer division are distinct
3610 operations; for unsigned integer division, use '<tt>udiv</tt>'.</p>
3612 <p>Division by zero leads to undefined behavior. Overflow also leads to
3613 undefined behavior; this is a rare case, but can occur, for example, by doing
3614 a 32-bit division of -2147483648 by -1.</p>
3616 <p>If the <tt>exact</tt> keyword is present, the result value of the
3617 <tt>sdiv</tt> is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if the result would
3622 <result> = sdiv i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 / %var</i>
3627 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3629 <a name="i_fdiv">'<tt>fdiv</tt>' Instruction</a>
3636 <result> = fdiv <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3640 <p>The '<tt>fdiv</tt>' instruction returns the quotient of its two operands.</p>
3643 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>fdiv</tt>' instruction must be
3644 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3645 floating point values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3648 <p>The value produced is the floating point quotient of the two operands.</p>
3652 <result> = fdiv float 4.0, %var <i>; yields {float}:result = 4.0 / %var</i>
3657 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3659 <a name="i_urem">'<tt>urem</tt>' Instruction</a>
3666 <result> = urem <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3670 <p>The '<tt>urem</tt>' instruction returns the remainder from the unsigned
3671 division of its two arguments.</p>
3674 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>urem</tt>' instruction must be
3675 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3676 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3679 <p>This instruction returns the unsigned integer <i>remainder</i> of a division.
3680 This instruction always performs an unsigned division to get the
3683 <p>Note that unsigned integer remainder and signed integer remainder are
3684 distinct operations; for signed integer remainder, use '<tt>srem</tt>'.</p>
3686 <p>Taking the remainder of a division by zero leads to undefined behavior.</p>
3690 <result> = urem i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 % %var</i>
3695 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3697 <a name="i_srem">'<tt>srem</tt>' Instruction</a>
3704 <result> = srem <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3708 <p>The '<tt>srem</tt>' instruction returns the remainder from the signed
3709 division of its two operands. This instruction can also take
3710 <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> versions of the values in which case the
3711 elements must be integers.</p>
3714 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>srem</tt>' instruction must be
3715 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3716 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3719 <p>This instruction returns the <i>remainder</i> of a division (where the result
3720 is either zero or has the same sign as the dividend, <tt>op1</tt>), not the
3721 <i>modulo</i> operator (where the result is either zero or has the same sign
3722 as the divisor, <tt>op2</tt>) of a value.
3723 For more information about the difference,
3724 see <a href="http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/anne.4.28.99.html">The
3725 Math Forum</a>. For a table of how this is implemented in various languages,
3726 please see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation">
3727 Wikipedia: modulo operation</a>.</p>
3729 <p>Note that signed integer remainder and unsigned integer remainder are
3730 distinct operations; for unsigned integer remainder, use '<tt>urem</tt>'.</p>
3732 <p>Taking the remainder of a division by zero leads to undefined behavior.
3733 Overflow also leads to undefined behavior; this is a rare case, but can
3734 occur, for example, by taking the remainder of a 32-bit division of
3735 -2147483648 by -1. (The remainder doesn't actually overflow, but this rule
3736 lets srem be implemented using instructions that return both the result of
3737 the division and the remainder.)</p>
3741 <result> = srem i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 % %var</i>
3746 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3748 <a name="i_frem">'<tt>frem</tt>' Instruction</a>
3755 <result> = frem <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3759 <p>The '<tt>frem</tt>' instruction returns the remainder from the division of
3760 its two operands.</p>
3763 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>frem</tt>' instruction must be
3764 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3765 floating point values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3768 <p>This instruction returns the <i>remainder</i> of a division. The remainder
3769 has the same sign as the dividend.</p>
3773 <result> = frem float 4.0, %var <i>; yields {float}:result = 4.0 % %var</i>
3780 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
3782 <a name="bitwiseops">Bitwise Binary Operations</a>
3787 <p>Bitwise binary operators are used to do various forms of bit-twiddling in a
3788 program. They are generally very efficient instructions and can commonly be
3789 strength reduced from other instructions. They require two operands of the
3790 same type, execute an operation on them, and produce a single value. The
3791 resulting value is the same type as its operands.</p>
3793 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3795 <a name="i_shl">'<tt>shl</tt>' Instruction</a>
3802 <result> = shl <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3803 <result> = shl nuw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3804 <result> = shl nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3805 <result> = shl nuw nsw <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3809 <p>The '<tt>shl</tt>' instruction returns the first operand shifted to the left
3810 a specified number of bits.</p>
3813 <p>Both arguments to the '<tt>shl</tt>' instruction must be the
3814 same <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of
3815 integer type. '<tt>op2</tt>' is treated as an unsigned value.</p>
3818 <p>The value produced is <tt>op1</tt> * 2<sup><tt>op2</tt></sup> mod
3819 2<sup>n</sup>, where <tt>n</tt> is the width of the result. If <tt>op2</tt>
3820 is (statically or dynamically) negative or equal to or larger than the number
3821 of bits in <tt>op1</tt>, the result is undefined. If the arguments are
3822 vectors, each vector element of <tt>op1</tt> is shifted by the corresponding
3823 shift amount in <tt>op2</tt>.</p>
3825 <p>If the <tt>nuw</tt> keyword is present, then the shift produces a
3826 <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if it shifts out any non-zero bits. If
3827 the <tt>nsw</tt> keyword is present, then the shift produces a
3828 <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if it shifts out any bits that disagree
3829 with the resultant sign bit. As such, NUW/NSW have the same semantics as
3830 they would if the shift were expressed as a mul instruction with the same
3831 nsw/nuw bits in (mul %op1, (shl 1, %op2)).</p>
3835 <result> = shl i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}: 4 << %var</i>
3836 <result> = shl i32 4, 2 <i>; yields {i32}: 16</i>
3837 <result> = shl i32 1, 10 <i>; yields {i32}: 1024</i>
3838 <result> = shl i32 1, 32 <i>; undefined</i>
3839 <result> = shl <2 x i32> < i32 1, i32 1>, < i32 1, i32 2> <i>; yields: result=<2 x i32> < i32 2, i32 4></i>
3844 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3846 <a name="i_lshr">'<tt>lshr</tt>' Instruction</a>
3853 <result> = lshr <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3854 <result> = lshr exact <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3858 <p>The '<tt>lshr</tt>' instruction (logical shift right) returns the first
3859 operand shifted to the right a specified number of bits with zero fill.</p>
3862 <p>Both arguments to the '<tt>lshr</tt>' instruction must be the same
3863 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3864 type. '<tt>op2</tt>' is treated as an unsigned value.</p>
3867 <p>This instruction always performs a logical shift right operation. The most
3868 significant bits of the result will be filled with zero bits after the shift.
3869 If <tt>op2</tt> is (statically or dynamically) equal to or larger than the
3870 number of bits in <tt>op1</tt>, the result is undefined. If the arguments are
3871 vectors, each vector element of <tt>op1</tt> is shifted by the corresponding
3872 shift amount in <tt>op2</tt>.</p>
3874 <p>If the <tt>exact</tt> keyword is present, the result value of the
3875 <tt>lshr</tt> is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if any of the bits
3876 shifted out are non-zero.</p>
3881 <result> = lshr i32 4, 1 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 2</i>
3882 <result> = lshr i32 4, 2 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 1</i>
3883 <result> = lshr i8 4, 3 <i>; yields {i8}:result = 0</i>
3884 <result> = lshr i8 -2, 1 <i>; yields {i8}:result = 0x7FFFFFFF </i>
3885 <result> = lshr i32 1, 32 <i>; undefined</i>
3886 <result> = lshr <2 x i32> < i32 -2, i32 4>, < i32 1, i32 2> <i>; yields: result=<2 x i32> < i32 0x7FFFFFFF, i32 1></i>
3891 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3893 <a name="i_ashr">'<tt>ashr</tt>' Instruction</a>
3900 <result> = ashr <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3901 <result> = ashr exact <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3905 <p>The '<tt>ashr</tt>' instruction (arithmetic shift right) returns the first
3906 operand shifted to the right a specified number of bits with sign
3910 <p>Both arguments to the '<tt>ashr</tt>' instruction must be the same
3911 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3912 type. '<tt>op2</tt>' is treated as an unsigned value.</p>
3915 <p>This instruction always performs an arithmetic shift right operation, The
3916 most significant bits of the result will be filled with the sign bit
3917 of <tt>op1</tt>. If <tt>op2</tt> is (statically or dynamically) equal to or
3918 larger than the number of bits in <tt>op1</tt>, the result is undefined. If
3919 the arguments are vectors, each vector element of <tt>op1</tt> is shifted by
3920 the corresponding shift amount in <tt>op2</tt>.</p>
3922 <p>If the <tt>exact</tt> keyword is present, the result value of the
3923 <tt>ashr</tt> is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if any of the bits
3924 shifted out are non-zero.</p>
3928 <result> = ashr i32 4, 1 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 2</i>
3929 <result> = ashr i32 4, 2 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 1</i>
3930 <result> = ashr i8 4, 3 <i>; yields {i8}:result = 0</i>
3931 <result> = ashr i8 -2, 1 <i>; yields {i8}:result = -1</i>
3932 <result> = ashr i32 1, 32 <i>; undefined</i>
3933 <result> = ashr <2 x i32> < i32 -2, i32 4>, < i32 1, i32 3> <i>; yields: result=<2 x i32> < i32 -1, i32 0></i>
3938 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
3940 <a name="i_and">'<tt>and</tt>' Instruction</a>
3947 <result> = and <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
3951 <p>The '<tt>and</tt>' instruction returns the bitwise logical and of its two
3955 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>and</tt>' instruction must be
3956 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
3957 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
3960 <p>The truth table used for the '<tt>and</tt>' instruction is:</p>
3962 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
3994 <result> = and i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 & %var</i>
3995 <result> = and i32 15, 40 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 8</i>
3996 <result> = and i32 4, 8 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 0</i>
3999 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4001 <a name="i_or">'<tt>or</tt>' Instruction</a>
4008 <result> = or <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
4012 <p>The '<tt>or</tt>' instruction returns the bitwise logical inclusive or of its
4016 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>or</tt>' instruction must be
4017 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
4018 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
4021 <p>The truth table used for the '<tt>or</tt>' instruction is:</p>
4023 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
4055 <result> = or i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 | %var</i>
4056 <result> = or i32 15, 40 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 47</i>
4057 <result> = or i32 4, 8 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 12</i>
4062 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4064 <a name="i_xor">'<tt>xor</tt>' Instruction</a>
4071 <result> = xor <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {ty}:result</i>
4075 <p>The '<tt>xor</tt>' instruction returns the bitwise logical exclusive or of
4076 its two operands. The <tt>xor</tt> is used to implement the "one's
4077 complement" operation, which is the "~" operator in C.</p>
4080 <p>The two arguments to the '<tt>xor</tt>' instruction must be
4081 <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of integer
4082 values. Both arguments must have identical types.</p>
4085 <p>The truth table used for the '<tt>xor</tt>' instruction is:</p>
4087 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
4119 <result> = xor i32 4, %var <i>; yields {i32}:result = 4 ^ %var</i>
4120 <result> = xor i32 15, 40 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 39</i>
4121 <result> = xor i32 4, 8 <i>; yields {i32}:result = 12</i>
4122 <result> = xor i32 %V, -1 <i>; yields {i32}:result = ~%V</i>
4129 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
4131 <a name="vectorops">Vector Operations</a>
4136 <p>LLVM supports several instructions to represent vector operations in a
4137 target-independent manner. These instructions cover the element-access and
4138 vector-specific operations needed to process vectors effectively. While LLVM
4139 does directly support these vector operations, many sophisticated algorithms
4140 will want to use target-specific intrinsics to take full advantage of a
4141 specific target.</p>
4143 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4145 <a name="i_extractelement">'<tt>extractelement</tt>' Instruction</a>
4152 <result> = extractelement <n x <ty>> <val>, i32 <idx> <i>; yields <ty></i>
4156 <p>The '<tt>extractelement</tt>' instruction extracts a single scalar element
4157 from a vector at a specified index.</p>
4161 <p>The first operand of an '<tt>extractelement</tt>' instruction is a value
4162 of <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> type. The second operand is an index
4163 indicating the position from which to extract the element. The index may be
4167 <p>The result is a scalar of the same type as the element type of
4168 <tt>val</tt>. Its value is the value at position <tt>idx</tt> of
4169 <tt>val</tt>. If <tt>idx</tt> exceeds the length of <tt>val</tt>, the
4170 results are undefined.</p>
4174 <result> = extractelement <4 x i32> %vec, i32 0 <i>; yields i32</i>
4179 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4181 <a name="i_insertelement">'<tt>insertelement</tt>' Instruction</a>
4188 <result> = insertelement <n x <ty>> <val>, <ty> <elt>, i32 <idx> <i>; yields <n x <ty>></i>
4192 <p>The '<tt>insertelement</tt>' instruction inserts a scalar element into a
4193 vector at a specified index.</p>
4196 <p>The first operand of an '<tt>insertelement</tt>' instruction is a value
4197 of <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> type. The second operand is a scalar value
4198 whose type must equal the element type of the first operand. The third
4199 operand is an index indicating the position at which to insert the value.
4200 The index may be a variable.</p>
4203 <p>The result is a vector of the same type as <tt>val</tt>. Its element values
4204 are those of <tt>val</tt> except at position <tt>idx</tt>, where it gets the
4205 value <tt>elt</tt>. If <tt>idx</tt> exceeds the length of <tt>val</tt>, the
4206 results are undefined.</p>
4210 <result> = insertelement <4 x i32> %vec, i32 1, i32 0 <i>; yields <4 x i32></i>
4215 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4217 <a name="i_shufflevector">'<tt>shufflevector</tt>' Instruction</a>
4224 <result> = shufflevector <n x <ty>> <v1>, <n x <ty>> <v2>, <m x i32> <mask> <i>; yields <m x <ty>></i>
4228 <p>The '<tt>shufflevector</tt>' instruction constructs a permutation of elements
4229 from two input vectors, returning a vector with the same element type as the
4230 input and length that is the same as the shuffle mask.</p>
4233 <p>The first two operands of a '<tt>shufflevector</tt>' instruction are vectors
4234 with types that match each other. The third argument is a shuffle mask whose
4235 element type is always 'i32'. The result of the instruction is a vector
4236 whose length is the same as the shuffle mask and whose element type is the
4237 same as the element type of the first two operands.</p>
4239 <p>The shuffle mask operand is required to be a constant vector with either
4240 constant integer or undef values.</p>
4243 <p>The elements of the two input vectors are numbered from left to right across
4244 both of the vectors. The shuffle mask operand specifies, for each element of
4245 the result vector, which element of the two input vectors the result element
4246 gets. The element selector may be undef (meaning "don't care") and the
4247 second operand may be undef if performing a shuffle from only one vector.</p>
4251 <result> = shufflevector <4 x i32> %v1, <4 x i32> %v2,
4252 <4 x i32> <i32 0, i32 4, i32 1, i32 5> <i>; yields <4 x i32></i>
4253 <result> = shufflevector <4 x i32> %v1, <4 x i32> undef,
4254 <4 x i32> <i32 0, i32 1, i32 2, i32 3> <i>; yields <4 x i32></i> - Identity shuffle.
4255 <result> = shufflevector <8 x i32> %v1, <8 x i32> undef,
4256 <4 x i32> <i32 0, i32 1, i32 2, i32 3> <i>; yields <4 x i32></i>
4257 <result> = shufflevector <4 x i32> %v1, <4 x i32> %v2,
4258 <8 x i32> <i32 0, i32 1, i32 2, i32 3, i32 4, i32 5, i32 6, i32 7 > <i>; yields <8 x i32></i>
4265 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
4267 <a name="aggregateops">Aggregate Operations</a>
4272 <p>LLVM supports several instructions for working with
4273 <a href="#t_aggregate">aggregate</a> values.</p>
4275 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4277 <a name="i_extractvalue">'<tt>extractvalue</tt>' Instruction</a>
4284 <result> = extractvalue <aggregate type> <val>, <idx>{, <idx>}*
4288 <p>The '<tt>extractvalue</tt>' instruction extracts the value of a member field
4289 from an <a href="#t_aggregate">aggregate</a> value.</p>
4292 <p>The first operand of an '<tt>extractvalue</tt>' instruction is a value
4293 of <a href="#t_struct">struct</a> or
4294 <a href="#t_array">array</a> type. The operands are constant indices to
4295 specify which value to extract in a similar manner as indices in a
4296 '<tt><a href="#i_getelementptr">getelementptr</a></tt>' instruction.</p>
4297 <p>The major differences to <tt>getelementptr</tt> indexing are:</p>
4299 <li>Since the value being indexed is not a pointer, the first index is
4300 omitted and assumed to be zero.</li>
4301 <li>At least one index must be specified.</li>
4302 <li>Not only struct indices but also array indices must be in
4307 <p>The result is the value at the position in the aggregate specified by the
4312 <result> = extractvalue {i32, float} %agg, 0 <i>; yields i32</i>
4317 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4319 <a name="i_insertvalue">'<tt>insertvalue</tt>' Instruction</a>
4326 <result> = insertvalue <aggregate type> <val>, <ty> <elt>, <idx>{, <idx>}* <i>; yields <aggregate type></i>
4330 <p>The '<tt>insertvalue</tt>' instruction inserts a value into a member field
4331 in an <a href="#t_aggregate">aggregate</a> value.</p>
4334 <p>The first operand of an '<tt>insertvalue</tt>' instruction is a value
4335 of <a href="#t_struct">struct</a> or
4336 <a href="#t_array">array</a> type. The second operand is a first-class
4337 value to insert. The following operands are constant indices indicating
4338 the position at which to insert the value in a similar manner as indices in a
4339 '<tt><a href="#i_extractvalue">extractvalue</a></tt>' instruction. The
4340 value to insert must have the same type as the value identified by the
4344 <p>The result is an aggregate of the same type as <tt>val</tt>. Its value is
4345 that of <tt>val</tt> except that the value at the position specified by the
4346 indices is that of <tt>elt</tt>.</p>
4350 %agg1 = insertvalue {i32, float} undef, i32 1, 0 <i>; yields {i32 1, float undef}</i>
4351 %agg2 = insertvalue {i32, float} %agg1, float %val, 1 <i>; yields {i32 1, float %val}</i>
4352 %agg3 = insertvalue {i32, {float}} %agg1, float %val, 1, 0 <i>; yields {i32 1, float %val}</i>
4359 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
4361 <a name="memoryops">Memory Access and Addressing Operations</a>
4366 <p>A key design point of an SSA-based representation is how it represents
4367 memory. In LLVM, no memory locations are in SSA form, which makes things
4368 very simple. This section describes how to read, write, and allocate
4371 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4373 <a name="i_alloca">'<tt>alloca</tt>' Instruction</a>
4380 <result> = alloca <type>[, <ty> <NumElements>][, align <alignment>] <i>; yields {type*}:result</i>
4384 <p>The '<tt>alloca</tt>' instruction allocates memory on the stack frame of the
4385 currently executing function, to be automatically released when this function
4386 returns to its caller. The object is always allocated in the generic address
4387 space (address space zero).</p>
4390 <p>The '<tt>alloca</tt>' instruction
4391 allocates <tt>sizeof(<type>)*NumElements</tt> bytes of memory on the
4392 runtime stack, returning a pointer of the appropriate type to the program.
4393 If "NumElements" is specified, it is the number of elements allocated,
4394 otherwise "NumElements" is defaulted to be one. If a constant alignment is
4395 specified, the value result of the allocation is guaranteed to be aligned to
4396 at least that boundary. If not specified, or if zero, the target can choose
4397 to align the allocation on any convenient boundary compatible with the
4400 <p>'<tt>type</tt>' may be any sized type.</p>
4403 <p>Memory is allocated; a pointer is returned. The operation is undefined if
4404 there is insufficient stack space for the allocation. '<tt>alloca</tt>'d
4405 memory is automatically released when the function returns. The
4406 '<tt>alloca</tt>' instruction is commonly used to represent automatic
4407 variables that must have an address available. When the function returns
4408 (either with the <tt><a href="#i_ret">ret</a></tt>
4409 or <tt><a href="#i_unwind">unwind</a></tt> instructions), the memory is
4410 reclaimed. Allocating zero bytes is legal, but the result is undefined.</p>
4414 %ptr = alloca i32 <i>; yields {i32*}:ptr</i>
4415 %ptr = alloca i32, i32 4 <i>; yields {i32*}:ptr</i>
4416 %ptr = alloca i32, i32 4, align 1024 <i>; yields {i32*}:ptr</i>
4417 %ptr = alloca i32, align 1024 <i>; yields {i32*}:ptr</i>
4422 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4424 <a name="i_load">'<tt>load</tt>' Instruction</a>
4431 <result> = load <ty>* <pointer>[, align <alignment>][, !nontemporal !<index>]
4432 <result> = volatile load <ty>* <pointer>[, align <alignment>][, !nontemporal !<index>]
4433 !<index> = !{ i32 1 }
4437 <p>The '<tt>load</tt>' instruction is used to read from memory.</p>
4440 <p>The argument to the '<tt>load</tt>' instruction specifies the memory address
4441 from which to load. The pointer must point to
4442 a <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type. If the <tt>load</tt> is
4443 marked as <tt>volatile</tt>, then the optimizer is not allowed to modify the
4444 number or order of execution of this <tt>load</tt> with other <a
4445 href="#volatile">volatile operations</a>.</p>
4447 <p>The optional constant <tt>align</tt> argument specifies the alignment of the
4448 operation (that is, the alignment of the memory address). A value of 0 or an
4449 omitted <tt>align</tt> argument means that the operation has the preferential
4450 alignment for the target. It is the responsibility of the code emitter to
4451 ensure that the alignment information is correct. Overestimating the
4452 alignment results in undefined behavior. Underestimating the alignment may
4453 produce less efficient code. An alignment of 1 is always safe.</p>
4455 <p>The optional <tt>!nontemporal</tt> metadata must reference a single
4456 metatadata name <index> corresponding to a metadata node with
4457 one <tt>i32</tt> entry of value 1. The existence of
4458 the <tt>!nontemporal</tt> metatadata on the instruction tells the optimizer
4459 and code generator that this load is not expected to be reused in the cache.
4460 The code generator may select special instructions to save cache bandwidth,
4461 such as the <tt>MOVNT</tt> instruction on x86.</p>
4464 <p>The location of memory pointed to is loaded. If the value being loaded is of
4465 scalar type then the number of bytes read does not exceed the minimum number
4466 of bytes needed to hold all bits of the type. For example, loading an
4467 <tt>i24</tt> reads at most three bytes. When loading a value of a type like
4468 <tt>i20</tt> with a size that is not an integral number of bytes, the result
4469 is undefined if the value was not originally written using a store of the
4474 %ptr = <a href="#i_alloca">alloca</a> i32 <i>; yields {i32*}:ptr</i>
4475 <a href="#i_store">store</a> i32 3, i32* %ptr <i>; yields {void}</i>
4476 %val = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:val = i32 3</i>
4481 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4483 <a name="i_store">'<tt>store</tt>' Instruction</a>
4490 store <ty> <value>, <ty>* <pointer>[, align <alignment>][, !nontemporal !<index>] <i>; yields {void}</i>
4491 volatile store <ty> <value>, <ty>* <pointer>[, align <alignment>][, !nontemporal !<index>] <i>; yields {void}</i>
4495 <p>The '<tt>store</tt>' instruction is used to write to memory.</p>
4498 <p>There are two arguments to the '<tt>store</tt>' instruction: a value to store
4499 and an address at which to store it. The type of the
4500 '<tt><pointer></tt>' operand must be a pointer to
4501 the <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type of the
4502 '<tt><value></tt>' operand. If the <tt>store</tt> is marked as
4503 <tt>volatile</tt>, then the optimizer is not allowed to modify the number or
4504 order of execution of this <tt>store</tt> with other <a
4505 href="#volatile">volatile operations</a>.</p>
4507 <p>The optional constant "align" argument specifies the alignment of the
4508 operation (that is, the alignment of the memory address). A value of 0 or an
4509 omitted "align" argument means that the operation has the preferential
4510 alignment for the target. It is the responsibility of the code emitter to
4511 ensure that the alignment information is correct. Overestimating the
4512 alignment results in an undefined behavior. Underestimating the alignment may
4513 produce less efficient code. An alignment of 1 is always safe.</p>
4515 <p>The optional !nontemporal metadata must reference a single metatadata
4516 name <index> corresponding to a metadata node with one i32 entry of
4517 value 1. The existence of the !nontemporal metatadata on the
4518 instruction tells the optimizer and code generator that this load is
4519 not expected to be reused in the cache. The code generator may
4520 select special instructions to save cache bandwidth, such as the
4521 MOVNT instruction on x86.</p>
4525 <p>The contents of memory are updated to contain '<tt><value></tt>' at the
4526 location specified by the '<tt><pointer></tt>' operand. If
4527 '<tt><value></tt>' is of scalar type then the number of bytes written
4528 does not exceed the minimum number of bytes needed to hold all bits of the
4529 type. For example, storing an <tt>i24</tt> writes at most three bytes. When
4530 writing a value of a type like <tt>i20</tt> with a size that is not an
4531 integral number of bytes, it is unspecified what happens to the extra bits
4532 that do not belong to the type, but they will typically be overwritten.</p>
4536 %ptr = <a href="#i_alloca">alloca</a> i32 <i>; yields {i32*}:ptr</i>
4537 store i32 3, i32* %ptr <i>; yields {void}</i>
4538 %val = <a href="#i_load">load</a> i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:val = i32 3</i>
4543 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4545 <a name="i_getelementptr">'<tt>getelementptr</tt>' Instruction</a>
4552 <result> = getelementptr <pty>* <ptrval>{, <ty> <idx>}*
4553 <result> = getelementptr inbounds <pty>* <ptrval>{, <ty> <idx>}*
4557 <p>The '<tt>getelementptr</tt>' instruction is used to get the address of a
4558 subelement of an <a href="#t_aggregate">aggregate</a> data structure.
4559 It performs address calculation only and does not access memory.</p>
4562 <p>The first argument is always a pointer, and forms the basis of the
4563 calculation. The remaining arguments are indices that indicate which of the
4564 elements of the aggregate object are indexed. The interpretation of each
4565 index is dependent on the type being indexed into. The first index always
4566 indexes the pointer value given as the first argument, the second index
4567 indexes a value of the type pointed to (not necessarily the value directly
4568 pointed to, since the first index can be non-zero), etc. The first type
4569 indexed into must be a pointer value, subsequent types can be arrays,
4570 vectors, and structs. Note that subsequent types being indexed into
4571 can never be pointers, since that would require loading the pointer before
4572 continuing calculation.</p>
4574 <p>The type of each index argument depends on the type it is indexing into.
4575 When indexing into a (optionally packed) structure, only <tt>i32</tt>
4576 integer <b>constants</b> are allowed. When indexing into an array, pointer
4577 or vector, integers of any width are allowed, and they are not required to be
4580 <p>For example, let's consider a C code fragment and how it gets compiled to
4583 <pre class="doc_code">
4595 int *foo(struct ST *s) {
4596 return &s[1].Z.B[5][13];
4600 <p>The LLVM code generated by the GCC frontend is:</p>
4602 <pre class="doc_code">
4603 %RT = <a href="#namedtypes">type</a> { i8 , [10 x [20 x i32]], i8 }
4604 %ST = <a href="#namedtypes">type</a> { i32, double, %RT }
4606 define i32* @foo(%ST* %s) {
4608 %reg = getelementptr %ST* %s, i32 1, i32 2, i32 1, i32 5, i32 13
4614 <p>In the example above, the first index is indexing into the '<tt>%ST*</tt>'
4615 type, which is a pointer, yielding a '<tt>%ST</tt>' = '<tt>{ i32, double, %RT
4616 }</tt>' type, a structure. The second index indexes into the third element
4617 of the structure, yielding a '<tt>%RT</tt>' = '<tt>{ i8 , [10 x [20 x i32]],
4618 i8 }</tt>' type, another structure. The third index indexes into the second
4619 element of the structure, yielding a '<tt>[10 x [20 x i32]]</tt>' type, an
4620 array. The two dimensions of the array are subscripted into, yielding an
4621 '<tt>i32</tt>' type. The '<tt>getelementptr</tt>' instruction returns a
4622 pointer to this element, thus computing a value of '<tt>i32*</tt>' type.</p>
4624 <p>Note that it is perfectly legal to index partially through a structure,
4625 returning a pointer to an inner element. Because of this, the LLVM code for
4626 the given testcase is equivalent to:</p>
4629 define i32* @foo(%ST* %s) {
4630 %t1 = getelementptr %ST* %s, i32 1 <i>; yields %ST*:%t1</i>
4631 %t2 = getelementptr %ST* %t1, i32 0, i32 2 <i>; yields %RT*:%t2</i>
4632 %t3 = getelementptr %RT* %t2, i32 0, i32 1 <i>; yields [10 x [20 x i32]]*:%t3</i>
4633 %t4 = getelementptr [10 x [20 x i32]]* %t3, i32 0, i32 5 <i>; yields [20 x i32]*:%t4</i>
4634 %t5 = getelementptr [20 x i32]* %t4, i32 0, i32 13 <i>; yields i32*:%t5</i>
4639 <p>If the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword is present, the result value of the
4640 <tt>getelementptr</tt> is a <a href="#trapvalues">trap value</a> if the
4641 base pointer is not an <i>in bounds</i> address of an allocated object,
4642 or if any of the addresses that would be formed by successive addition of
4643 the offsets implied by the indices to the base address with infinitely
4644 precise arithmetic are not an <i>in bounds</i> address of that allocated
4645 object. The <i>in bounds</i> addresses for an allocated object are all
4646 the addresses that point into the object, plus the address one byte past
4649 <p>If the <tt>inbounds</tt> keyword is not present, the offsets are added to
4650 the base address with silently-wrapping two's complement arithmetic, and
4651 the result value of the <tt>getelementptr</tt> may be outside the object
4652 pointed to by the base pointer. The result value may not necessarily be
4653 used to access memory though, even if it happens to point into allocated
4654 storage. See the <a href="#pointeraliasing">Pointer Aliasing Rules</a>
4655 section for more information.</p>
4657 <p>The getelementptr instruction is often confusing. For some more insight into
4658 how it works, see <a href="GetElementPtr.html">the getelementptr FAQ</a>.</p>
4662 <i>; yields [12 x i8]*:aptr</i>
4663 %aptr = getelementptr {i32, [12 x i8]}* %saptr, i64 0, i32 1
4664 <i>; yields i8*:vptr</i>
4665 %vptr = getelementptr {i32, <2 x i8>}* %svptr, i64 0, i32 1, i32 1
4666 <i>; yields i8*:eptr</i>
4667 %eptr = getelementptr [12 x i8]* %aptr, i64 0, i32 1
4668 <i>; yields i32*:iptr</i>
4669 %iptr = getelementptr [10 x i32]* @arr, i16 0, i16 0
4676 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
4678 <a name="convertops">Conversion Operations</a>
4683 <p>The instructions in this category are the conversion instructions (casting)
4684 which all take a single operand and a type. They perform various bit
4685 conversions on the operand.</p>
4687 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4689 <a name="i_trunc">'<tt>trunc .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4696 <result> = trunc <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4700 <p>The '<tt>trunc</tt>' instruction truncates its operand to the
4701 type <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
4704 <p>The '<tt>trunc</tt>' instruction takes a value to trunc, and a type to trunc it to.
4705 Both types must be of <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> types, or vectors
4706 of the same number of integers.
4707 The bit size of the <tt>value</tt> must be larger than
4708 the bit size of the destination type, <tt>ty2</tt>.
4709 Equal sized types are not allowed.</p>
4712 <p>The '<tt>trunc</tt>' instruction truncates the high order bits
4713 in <tt>value</tt> and converts the remaining bits to <tt>ty2</tt>. Since the
4714 source size must be larger than the destination size, <tt>trunc</tt> cannot
4715 be a <i>no-op cast</i>. It will always truncate bits.</p>
4719 %X = trunc i32 257 to i8 <i>; yields i8:1</i>
4720 %Y = trunc i32 123 to i1 <i>; yields i1:true</i>
4721 %Z = trunc i32 122 to i1 <i>; yields i1:false</i>
4722 %W = trunc <2 x i16> <i16 8, i16 7> to <2 x i8> <i>; yields <i8 8, i8 7></i>
4727 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4729 <a name="i_zext">'<tt>zext .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4736 <result> = zext <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4740 <p>The '<tt>zext</tt>' instruction zero extends its operand to type
4745 <p>The '<tt>zext</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, and a type to cast it to.
4746 Both types must be of <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> types, or vectors
4747 of the same number of integers.
4748 The bit size of the <tt>value</tt> must be smaller than
4749 the bit size of the destination type,
4753 <p>The <tt>zext</tt> fills the high order bits of the <tt>value</tt> with zero
4754 bits until it reaches the size of the destination type, <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
4756 <p>When zero extending from i1, the result will always be either 0 or 1.</p>
4760 %X = zext i32 257 to i64 <i>; yields i64:257</i>
4761 %Y = zext i1 true to i32 <i>; yields i32:1</i>
4762 %Z = zext <2 x i16> <i16 8, i16 7> to <2 x i32> <i>; yields <i32 8, i32 7></i>
4767 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4769 <a name="i_sext">'<tt>sext .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4776 <result> = sext <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4780 <p>The '<tt>sext</tt>' sign extends <tt>value</tt> to the type <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
4783 <p>The '<tt>sext</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, and a type to cast it to.
4784 Both types must be of <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> types, or vectors
4785 of the same number of integers.
4786 The bit size of the <tt>value</tt> must be smaller than
4787 the bit size of the destination type,
4791 <p>The '<tt>sext</tt>' instruction performs a sign extension by copying the sign
4792 bit (highest order bit) of the <tt>value</tt> until it reaches the bit size
4793 of the type <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
4795 <p>When sign extending from i1, the extension always results in -1 or 0.</p>
4799 %X = sext i8 -1 to i16 <i>; yields i16 :65535</i>
4800 %Y = sext i1 true to i32 <i>; yields i32:-1</i>
4801 %Z = sext <2 x i16> <i16 8, i16 7> to <2 x i32> <i>; yields <i32 8, i32 7></i>
4806 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4808 <a name="i_fptrunc">'<tt>fptrunc .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4815 <result> = fptrunc <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4819 <p>The '<tt>fptrunc</tt>' instruction truncates <tt>value</tt> to type
4823 <p>The '<tt>fptrunc</tt>' instruction takes a <a href="#t_floating">floating
4824 point</a> value to cast and a <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type
4825 to cast it to. The size of <tt>value</tt> must be larger than the size of
4826 <tt>ty2</tt>. This implies that <tt>fptrunc</tt> cannot be used to make a
4827 <i>no-op cast</i>.</p>
4830 <p>The '<tt>fptrunc</tt>' instruction truncates a <tt>value</tt> from a larger
4831 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type to a smaller
4832 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type. If the value cannot fit
4833 within the destination type, <tt>ty2</tt>, then the results are
4838 %X = fptrunc double 123.0 to float <i>; yields float:123.0</i>
4839 %Y = fptrunc double 1.0E+300 to float <i>; yields undefined</i>
4844 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4846 <a name="i_fpext">'<tt>fpext .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4853 <result> = fpext <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4857 <p>The '<tt>fpext</tt>' extends a floating point <tt>value</tt> to a larger
4858 floating point value.</p>
4861 <p>The '<tt>fpext</tt>' instruction takes a
4862 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> <tt>value</tt> to cast, and
4863 a <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type to cast it to. The source
4864 type must be smaller than the destination type.</p>
4867 <p>The '<tt>fpext</tt>' instruction extends the <tt>value</tt> from a smaller
4868 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type to a larger
4869 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type. The <tt>fpext</tt> cannot be
4870 used to make a <i>no-op cast</i> because it always changes bits. Use
4871 <tt>bitcast</tt> to make a <i>no-op cast</i> for a floating point cast.</p>
4875 %X = fpext float 3.125 to double <i>; yields double:3.125000e+00</i>
4876 %Y = fpext double %X to fp128 <i>; yields fp128:0xL00000000000000004000900000000000</i>
4881 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4883 <a name="i_fptoui">'<tt>fptoui .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4890 <result> = fptoui <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4894 <p>The '<tt>fptoui</tt>' converts a floating point <tt>value</tt> to its
4895 unsigned integer equivalent of type <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
4898 <p>The '<tt>fptoui</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, which must be a
4899 scalar or vector <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> value, and a type
4900 to cast it to <tt>ty2</tt>, which must be an <a href="#t_integer">integer</a>
4901 type. If <tt>ty</tt> is a vector floating point type, <tt>ty2</tt> must be a
4902 vector integer type with the same number of elements as <tt>ty</tt></p>
4905 <p>The '<tt>fptoui</tt>' instruction converts its
4906 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> operand into the nearest (rounding
4907 towards zero) unsigned integer value. If the value cannot fit
4908 in <tt>ty2</tt>, the results are undefined.</p>
4912 %X = fptoui double 123.0 to i32 <i>; yields i32:123</i>
4913 %Y = fptoui float 1.0E+300 to i1 <i>; yields undefined:1</i>
4914 %Z = fptoui float 1.04E+17 to i8 <i>; yields undefined:1</i>
4919 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4921 <a name="i_fptosi">'<tt>fptosi .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4928 <result> = fptosi <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4932 <p>The '<tt>fptosi</tt>' instruction converts
4933 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> <tt>value</tt> to
4934 type <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
4937 <p>The '<tt>fptosi</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, which must be a
4938 scalar or vector <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> value, and a type
4939 to cast it to <tt>ty2</tt>, which must be an <a href="#t_integer">integer</a>
4940 type. If <tt>ty</tt> is a vector floating point type, <tt>ty2</tt> must be a
4941 vector integer type with the same number of elements as <tt>ty</tt></p>
4944 <p>The '<tt>fptosi</tt>' instruction converts its
4945 <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> operand into the nearest (rounding
4946 towards zero) signed integer value. If the value cannot fit in <tt>ty2</tt>,
4947 the results are undefined.</p>
4951 %X = fptosi double -123.0 to i32 <i>; yields i32:-123</i>
4952 %Y = fptosi float 1.0E-247 to i1 <i>; yields undefined:1</i>
4953 %Z = fptosi float 1.04E+17 to i8 <i>; yields undefined:1</i>
4958 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4960 <a name="i_uitofp">'<tt>uitofp .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
4967 <result> = uitofp <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
4971 <p>The '<tt>uitofp</tt>' instruction regards <tt>value</tt> as an unsigned
4972 integer and converts that value to the <tt>ty2</tt> type.</p>
4975 <p>The '<tt>uitofp</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, which must be a
4976 scalar or vector <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> value, and a type to cast
4977 it to <tt>ty2</tt>, which must be an <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a>
4978 type. If <tt>ty</tt> is a vector integer type, <tt>ty2</tt> must be a vector
4979 floating point type with the same number of elements as <tt>ty</tt></p>
4982 <p>The '<tt>uitofp</tt>' instruction interprets its operand as an unsigned
4983 integer quantity and converts it to the corresponding floating point
4984 value. If the value cannot fit in the floating point value, the results are
4989 %X = uitofp i32 257 to float <i>; yields float:257.0</i>
4990 %Y = uitofp i8 -1 to double <i>; yields double:255.0</i>
4995 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
4997 <a name="i_sitofp">'<tt>sitofp .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
5004 <result> = sitofp <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
5008 <p>The '<tt>sitofp</tt>' instruction regards <tt>value</tt> as a signed integer
5009 and converts that value to the <tt>ty2</tt> type.</p>
5012 <p>The '<tt>sitofp</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, which must be a
5013 scalar or vector <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> value, and a type to cast
5014 it to <tt>ty2</tt>, which must be an <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a>
5015 type. If <tt>ty</tt> is a vector integer type, <tt>ty2</tt> must be a vector
5016 floating point type with the same number of elements as <tt>ty</tt></p>
5019 <p>The '<tt>sitofp</tt>' instruction interprets its operand as a signed integer
5020 quantity and converts it to the corresponding floating point value. If the
5021 value cannot fit in the floating point value, the results are undefined.</p>
5025 %X = sitofp i32 257 to float <i>; yields float:257.0</i>
5026 %Y = sitofp i8 -1 to double <i>; yields double:-1.0</i>
5031 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5033 <a name="i_ptrtoint">'<tt>ptrtoint .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
5040 <result> = ptrtoint <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
5044 <p>The '<tt>ptrtoint</tt>' instruction converts the pointer <tt>value</tt> to
5045 the integer type <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
5048 <p>The '<tt>ptrtoint</tt>' instruction takes a <tt>value</tt> to cast, which
5049 must be a <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> value, and a type to cast it to
5050 <tt>ty2</tt>, which must be an <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> type.</p>
5053 <p>The '<tt>ptrtoint</tt>' instruction converts <tt>value</tt> to integer type
5054 <tt>ty2</tt> by interpreting the pointer value as an integer and either
5055 truncating or zero extending that value to the size of the integer type. If
5056 <tt>value</tt> is smaller than <tt>ty2</tt> then a zero extension is done. If
5057 <tt>value</tt> is larger than <tt>ty2</tt> then a truncation is done. If they
5058 are the same size, then nothing is done (<i>no-op cast</i>) other than a type
5063 %X = ptrtoint i32* %X to i8 <i>; yields truncation on 32-bit architecture</i>
5064 %Y = ptrtoint i32* %x to i64 <i>; yields zero extension on 32-bit architecture</i>
5069 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5071 <a name="i_inttoptr">'<tt>inttoptr .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
5078 <result> = inttoptr <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
5082 <p>The '<tt>inttoptr</tt>' instruction converts an integer <tt>value</tt> to a
5083 pointer type, <tt>ty2</tt>.</p>
5086 <p>The '<tt>inttoptr</tt>' instruction takes an <a href="#t_integer">integer</a>
5087 value to cast, and a type to cast it to, which must be a
5088 <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> type.</p>
5091 <p>The '<tt>inttoptr</tt>' instruction converts <tt>value</tt> to type
5092 <tt>ty2</tt> by applying either a zero extension or a truncation depending on
5093 the size of the integer <tt>value</tt>. If <tt>value</tt> is larger than the
5094 size of a pointer then a truncation is done. If <tt>value</tt> is smaller
5095 than the size of a pointer then a zero extension is done. If they are the
5096 same size, nothing is done (<i>no-op cast</i>).</p>
5100 %X = inttoptr i32 255 to i32* <i>; yields zero extension on 64-bit architecture</i>
5101 %Y = inttoptr i32 255 to i32* <i>; yields no-op on 32-bit architecture</i>
5102 %Z = inttoptr i64 0 to i32* <i>; yields truncation on 32-bit architecture</i>
5107 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5109 <a name="i_bitcast">'<tt>bitcast .. to</tt>' Instruction</a>
5116 <result> = bitcast <ty> <value> to <ty2> <i>; yields ty2</i>
5120 <p>The '<tt>bitcast</tt>' instruction converts <tt>value</tt> to type
5121 <tt>ty2</tt> without changing any bits.</p>
5124 <p>The '<tt>bitcast</tt>' instruction takes a value to cast, which must be a
5125 non-aggregate first class value, and a type to cast it to, which must also be
5126 a non-aggregate <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type. The bit sizes
5127 of <tt>value</tt> and the destination type, <tt>ty2</tt>, must be
5128 identical. If the source type is a pointer, the destination type must also be
5129 a pointer. This instruction supports bitwise conversion of vectors to
5130 integers and to vectors of other types (as long as they have the same
5134 <p>The '<tt>bitcast</tt>' instruction converts <tt>value</tt> to type
5135 <tt>ty2</tt>. It is always a <i>no-op cast</i> because no bits change with
5136 this conversion. The conversion is done as if the <tt>value</tt> had been
5137 stored to memory and read back as type <tt>ty2</tt>. Pointer types may only
5138 be converted to other pointer types with this instruction. To convert
5139 pointers to other types, use the <a href="#i_inttoptr">inttoptr</a> or
5140 <a href="#i_ptrtoint">ptrtoint</a> instructions first.</p>
5144 %X = bitcast i8 255 to i8 <i>; yields i8 :-1</i>
5145 %Y = bitcast i32* %x to sint* <i>; yields sint*:%x</i>
5146 %Z = bitcast <2 x int> %V to i64; <i>; yields i64: %V</i>
5153 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
5155 <a name="otherops">Other Operations</a>
5160 <p>The instructions in this category are the "miscellaneous" instructions, which
5161 defy better classification.</p>
5163 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5165 <a name="i_icmp">'<tt>icmp</tt>' Instruction</a>
5172 <result> = icmp <cond> <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {i1} or {<N x i1>}:result</i>
5176 <p>The '<tt>icmp</tt>' instruction returns a boolean value or a vector of
5177 boolean values based on comparison of its two integer, integer vector, or
5178 pointer operands.</p>
5181 <p>The '<tt>icmp</tt>' instruction takes three operands. The first operand is
5182 the condition code indicating the kind of comparison to perform. It is not a
5183 value, just a keyword. The possible condition code are:</p>
5186 <li><tt>eq</tt>: equal</li>
5187 <li><tt>ne</tt>: not equal </li>
5188 <li><tt>ugt</tt>: unsigned greater than</li>
5189 <li><tt>uge</tt>: unsigned greater or equal</li>
5190 <li><tt>ult</tt>: unsigned less than</li>
5191 <li><tt>ule</tt>: unsigned less or equal</li>
5192 <li><tt>sgt</tt>: signed greater than</li>
5193 <li><tt>sge</tt>: signed greater or equal</li>
5194 <li><tt>slt</tt>: signed less than</li>
5195 <li><tt>sle</tt>: signed less or equal</li>
5198 <p>The remaining two arguments must be <a href="#t_integer">integer</a> or
5199 <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> or integer <a href="#t_vector">vector</a>
5200 typed. They must also be identical types.</p>
5203 <p>The '<tt>icmp</tt>' compares <tt>op1</tt> and <tt>op2</tt> according to the
5204 condition code given as <tt>cond</tt>. The comparison performed always yields
5205 either an <a href="#t_integer"><tt>i1</tt></a> or vector of <tt>i1</tt>
5206 result, as follows:</p>
5209 <li><tt>eq</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if the operands are equal,
5210 <tt>false</tt> otherwise. No sign interpretation is necessary or
5213 <li><tt>ne</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if the operands are unequal,
5214 <tt>false</tt> otherwise. No sign interpretation is necessary or
5217 <li><tt>ugt</tt>: interprets the operands as unsigned values and yields
5218 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is greater than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5220 <li><tt>uge</tt>: interprets the operands as unsigned values and yields
5221 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is greater than or equal
5222 to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5224 <li><tt>ult</tt>: interprets the operands as unsigned values and yields
5225 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is less than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5227 <li><tt>ule</tt>: interprets the operands as unsigned values and yields
5228 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is less than or equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5230 <li><tt>sgt</tt>: interprets the operands as signed values and yields
5231 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is greater than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5233 <li><tt>sge</tt>: interprets the operands as signed values and yields
5234 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is greater than or equal
5235 to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5237 <li><tt>slt</tt>: interprets the operands as signed values and yields
5238 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is less than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5240 <li><tt>sle</tt>: interprets the operands as signed values and yields
5241 <tt>true</tt> if <tt>op1</tt> is less than or equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5244 <p>If the operands are <a href="#t_pointer">pointer</a> typed, the pointer
5245 values are compared as if they were integers.</p>
5247 <p>If the operands are integer vectors, then they are compared element by
5248 element. The result is an <tt>i1</tt> vector with the same number of elements
5249 as the values being compared. Otherwise, the result is an <tt>i1</tt>.</p>
5253 <result> = icmp eq i32 4, 5 <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5254 <result> = icmp ne float* %X, %X <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5255 <result> = icmp ult i16 4, 5 <i>; yields: result=true</i>
5256 <result> = icmp sgt i16 4, 5 <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5257 <result> = icmp ule i16 -4, 5 <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5258 <result> = icmp sge i16 4, 5 <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5261 <p>Note that the code generator does not yet support vector types with
5262 the <tt>icmp</tt> instruction.</p>
5266 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5268 <a name="i_fcmp">'<tt>fcmp</tt>' Instruction</a>
5275 <result> = fcmp <cond> <ty> <op1>, <op2> <i>; yields {i1} or {<N x i1>}:result</i>
5279 <p>The '<tt>fcmp</tt>' instruction returns a boolean value or vector of boolean
5280 values based on comparison of its operands.</p>
5282 <p>If the operands are floating point scalars, then the result type is a boolean
5283 (<a href="#t_integer"><tt>i1</tt></a>).</p>
5285 <p>If the operands are floating point vectors, then the result type is a vector
5286 of boolean with the same number of elements as the operands being
5290 <p>The '<tt>fcmp</tt>' instruction takes three operands. The first operand is
5291 the condition code indicating the kind of comparison to perform. It is not a
5292 value, just a keyword. The possible condition code are:</p>
5295 <li><tt>false</tt>: no comparison, always returns false</li>
5296 <li><tt>oeq</tt>: ordered and equal</li>
5297 <li><tt>ogt</tt>: ordered and greater than </li>
5298 <li><tt>oge</tt>: ordered and greater than or equal</li>
5299 <li><tt>olt</tt>: ordered and less than </li>
5300 <li><tt>ole</tt>: ordered and less than or equal</li>
5301 <li><tt>one</tt>: ordered and not equal</li>
5302 <li><tt>ord</tt>: ordered (no nans)</li>
5303 <li><tt>ueq</tt>: unordered or equal</li>
5304 <li><tt>ugt</tt>: unordered or greater than </li>
5305 <li><tt>uge</tt>: unordered or greater than or equal</li>
5306 <li><tt>ult</tt>: unordered or less than </li>
5307 <li><tt>ule</tt>: unordered or less than or equal</li>
5308 <li><tt>une</tt>: unordered or not equal</li>
5309 <li><tt>uno</tt>: unordered (either nans)</li>
5310 <li><tt>true</tt>: no comparison, always returns true</li>
5313 <p><i>Ordered</i> means that neither operand is a QNAN while
5314 <i>unordered</i> means that either operand may be a QNAN.</p>
5316 <p>Each of <tt>val1</tt> and <tt>val2</tt> arguments must be either
5317 a <a href="#t_floating">floating point</a> type or
5318 a <a href="#t_vector">vector</a> of floating point type. They must have
5319 identical types.</p>
5322 <p>The '<tt>fcmp</tt>' instruction compares <tt>op1</tt> and <tt>op2</tt>
5323 according to the condition code given as <tt>cond</tt>. If the operands are
5324 vectors, then the vectors are compared element by element. Each comparison
5325 performed always yields an <a href="#t_integer">i1</a> result, as
5329 <li><tt>false</tt>: always yields <tt>false</tt>, regardless of operands.</li>
5331 <li><tt>oeq</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN and
5332 <tt>op1</tt> is equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5334 <li><tt>ogt</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN and
5335 <tt>op1</tt> is greater than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5337 <li><tt>oge</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN and
5338 <tt>op1</tt> is greater than or equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5340 <li><tt>olt</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN and
5341 <tt>op1</tt> is less than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5343 <li><tt>ole</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN and
5344 <tt>op1</tt> is less than or equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5346 <li><tt>one</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN and
5347 <tt>op1</tt> is not equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5349 <li><tt>ord</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if both operands are not a QNAN.</li>
5351 <li><tt>ueq</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN or
5352 <tt>op1</tt> is equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5354 <li><tt>ugt</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN or
5355 <tt>op1</tt> is greater than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5357 <li><tt>uge</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN or
5358 <tt>op1</tt> is greater than or equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5360 <li><tt>ult</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN or
5361 <tt>op1</tt> is less than <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5363 <li><tt>ule</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN or
5364 <tt>op1</tt> is less than or equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5366 <li><tt>une</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN or
5367 <tt>op1</tt> is not equal to <tt>op2</tt>.</li>
5369 <li><tt>uno</tt>: yields <tt>true</tt> if either operand is a QNAN.</li>
5371 <li><tt>true</tt>: always yields <tt>true</tt>, regardless of operands.</li>
5376 <result> = fcmp oeq float 4.0, 5.0 <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5377 <result> = fcmp one float 4.0, 5.0 <i>; yields: result=true</i>
5378 <result> = fcmp olt float 4.0, 5.0 <i>; yields: result=true</i>
5379 <result> = fcmp ueq double 1.0, 2.0 <i>; yields: result=false</i>
5382 <p>Note that the code generator does not yet support vector types with
5383 the <tt>fcmp</tt> instruction.</p>
5387 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5389 <a name="i_phi">'<tt>phi</tt>' Instruction</a>
5396 <result> = phi <ty> [ <val0>, <label0>], ...
5400 <p>The '<tt>phi</tt>' instruction is used to implement the φ node in the
5401 SSA graph representing the function.</p>
5404 <p>The type of the incoming values is specified with the first type field. After
5405 this, the '<tt>phi</tt>' instruction takes a list of pairs as arguments, with
5406 one pair for each predecessor basic block of the current block. Only values
5407 of <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type may be used as the value
5408 arguments to the PHI node. Only labels may be used as the label
5411 <p>There must be no non-phi instructions between the start of a basic block and
5412 the PHI instructions: i.e. PHI instructions must be first in a basic
5415 <p>For the purposes of the SSA form, the use of each incoming value is deemed to
5416 occur on the edge from the corresponding predecessor block to the current
5417 block (but after any definition of an '<tt>invoke</tt>' instruction's return
5418 value on the same edge).</p>
5421 <p>At runtime, the '<tt>phi</tt>' instruction logically takes on the value
5422 specified by the pair corresponding to the predecessor basic block that
5423 executed just prior to the current block.</p>
5427 Loop: ; Infinite loop that counts from 0 on up...
5428 %indvar = phi i32 [ 0, %LoopHeader ], [ %nextindvar, %Loop ]
5429 %nextindvar = add i32 %indvar, 1
5435 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5437 <a name="i_select">'<tt>select</tt>' Instruction</a>
5444 <result> = select <i>selty</i> <cond>, <ty> <val1>, <ty> <val2> <i>; yields ty</i>
5446 <i>selty</i> is either i1 or {<N x i1>}
5450 <p>The '<tt>select</tt>' instruction is used to choose one value based on a
5451 condition, without branching.</p>
5455 <p>The '<tt>select</tt>' instruction requires an 'i1' value or a vector of 'i1'
5456 values indicating the condition, and two values of the
5457 same <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type. If the val1/val2 are
5458 vectors and the condition is a scalar, then entire vectors are selected, not
5459 individual elements.</p>
5462 <p>If the condition is an i1 and it evaluates to 1, the instruction returns the
5463 first value argument; otherwise, it returns the second value argument.</p>
5465 <p>If the condition is a vector of i1, then the value arguments must be vectors
5466 of the same size, and the selection is done element by element.</p>
5470 %X = select i1 true, i8 17, i8 42 <i>; yields i8:17</i>
5473 <p>Note that the code generator does not yet support conditions
5474 with vector type.</p>
5478 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5480 <a name="i_call">'<tt>call</tt>' Instruction</a>
5487 <result> = [tail] call [<a href="#callingconv">cconv</a>] [<a href="#paramattrs">ret attrs</a>] <ty> [<fnty>*] <fnptrval>(<function args>) [<a href="#fnattrs">fn attrs</a>]
5491 <p>The '<tt>call</tt>' instruction represents a simple function call.</p>
5494 <p>This instruction requires several arguments:</p>
5497 <li>The optional "tail" marker indicates that the callee function does not
5498 access any allocas or varargs in the caller. Note that calls may be
5499 marked "tail" even if they do not occur before
5500 a <a href="#i_ret"><tt>ret</tt></a> instruction. If the "tail" marker is
5501 present, the function call is eligible for tail call optimization,
5502 but <a href="CodeGenerator.html#tailcallopt">might not in fact be
5503 optimized into a jump</a>. The code generator may optimize calls marked
5504 "tail" with either 1) automatic <a href="CodeGenerator.html#sibcallopt">
5505 sibling call optimization</a> when the caller and callee have
5506 matching signatures, or 2) forced tail call optimization when the
5507 following extra requirements are met:
5509 <li>Caller and callee both have the calling
5510 convention <tt>fastcc</tt>.</li>
5511 <li>The call is in tail position (ret immediately follows call and ret
5512 uses value of call or is void).</li>
5513 <li>Option <tt>-tailcallopt</tt> is enabled,
5514 or <code>llvm::GuaranteedTailCallOpt</code> is <code>true</code>.</li>
5515 <li><a href="CodeGenerator.html#tailcallopt">Platform specific
5516 constraints are met.</a></li>
5520 <li>The optional "cconv" marker indicates which <a href="#callingconv">calling
5521 convention</a> the call should use. If none is specified, the call
5522 defaults to using C calling conventions. The calling convention of the
5523 call must match the calling convention of the target function, or else the
5524 behavior is undefined.</li>
5526 <li>The optional <a href="#paramattrs">Parameter Attributes</a> list for
5527 return values. Only '<tt>zeroext</tt>', '<tt>signext</tt>', and
5528 '<tt>inreg</tt>' attributes are valid here.</li>
5530 <li>'<tt>ty</tt>': the type of the call instruction itself which is also the
5531 type of the return value. Functions that return no value are marked
5532 <tt><a href="#t_void">void</a></tt>.</li>
5534 <li>'<tt>fnty</tt>': shall be the signature of the pointer to function value
5535 being invoked. The argument types must match the types implied by this
5536 signature. This type can be omitted if the function is not varargs and if
5537 the function type does not return a pointer to a function.</li>
5539 <li>'<tt>fnptrval</tt>': An LLVM value containing a pointer to a function to
5540 be invoked. In most cases, this is a direct function invocation, but
5541 indirect <tt>call</tt>s are just as possible, calling an arbitrary pointer
5542 to function value.</li>
5544 <li>'<tt>function args</tt>': argument list whose types match the function
5545 signature argument types and parameter attributes. All arguments must be
5546 of <a href="#t_firstclass">first class</a> type. If the function
5547 signature indicates the function accepts a variable number of arguments,
5548 the extra arguments can be specified.</li>
5550 <li>The optional <a href="#fnattrs">function attributes</a> list. Only
5551 '<tt>noreturn</tt>', '<tt>nounwind</tt>', '<tt>readonly</tt>' and
5552 '<tt>readnone</tt>' attributes are valid here.</li>
5556 <p>The '<tt>call</tt>' instruction is used to cause control flow to transfer to
5557 a specified function, with its incoming arguments bound to the specified
5558 values. Upon a '<tt><a href="#i_ret">ret</a></tt>' instruction in the called
5559 function, control flow continues with the instruction after the function
5560 call, and the return value of the function is bound to the result
5565 %retval = call i32 @test(i32 %argc)
5566 call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* %msg, i32 12, i8 42) <i>; yields i32</i>
5567 %X = tail call i32 @foo() <i>; yields i32</i>
5568 %Y = tail call <a href="#callingconv">fastcc</a> i32 @foo() <i>; yields i32</i>
5569 call void %foo(i8 97 signext)
5571 %struct.A = type { i32, i8 }
5572 %r = call %struct.A @foo() <i>; yields { 32, i8 }</i>
5573 %gr = extractvalue %struct.A %r, 0 <i>; yields i32</i>
5574 %gr1 = extractvalue %struct.A %r, 1 <i>; yields i8</i>
5575 %Z = call void @foo() noreturn <i>; indicates that %foo never returns normally</i>
5576 %ZZ = call zeroext i32 @bar() <i>; Return value is %zero extended</i>
5579 <p>llvm treats calls to some functions with names and arguments that match the
5580 standard C99 library as being the C99 library functions, and may perform
5581 optimizations or generate code for them under that assumption. This is
5582 something we'd like to change in the future to provide better support for
5583 freestanding environments and non-C-based languages.</p>
5587 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5589 <a name="i_va_arg">'<tt>va_arg</tt>' Instruction</a>
5596 <resultval> = va_arg <va_list*> <arglist>, <argty>
5600 <p>The '<tt>va_arg</tt>' instruction is used to access arguments passed through
5601 the "variable argument" area of a function call. It is used to implement the
5602 <tt>va_arg</tt> macro in C.</p>
5605 <p>This instruction takes a <tt>va_list*</tt> value and the type of the
5606 argument. It returns a value of the specified argument type and increments
5607 the <tt>va_list</tt> to point to the next argument. The actual type
5608 of <tt>va_list</tt> is target specific.</p>
5611 <p>The '<tt>va_arg</tt>' instruction loads an argument of the specified type
5612 from the specified <tt>va_list</tt> and causes the <tt>va_list</tt> to point
5613 to the next argument. For more information, see the variable argument
5614 handling <a href="#int_varargs">Intrinsic Functions</a>.</p>
5616 <p>It is legal for this instruction to be called in a function which does not
5617 take a variable number of arguments, for example, the <tt>vfprintf</tt>
5620 <p><tt>va_arg</tt> is an LLVM instruction instead of
5621 an <a href="#intrinsics">intrinsic function</a> because it takes a type as an
5625 <p>See the <a href="#int_varargs">variable argument processing</a> section.</p>
5627 <p>Note that the code generator does not yet fully support va_arg on many
5628 targets. Also, it does not currently support va_arg with aggregate types on
5637 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
5638 <h2><a name="intrinsics">Intrinsic Functions</a></h2>
5639 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
5643 <p>LLVM supports the notion of an "intrinsic function". These functions have
5644 well known names and semantics and are required to follow certain
5645 restrictions. Overall, these intrinsics represent an extension mechanism for
5646 the LLVM language that does not require changing all of the transformations
5647 in LLVM when adding to the language (or the bitcode reader/writer, the
5648 parser, etc...).</p>
5650 <p>Intrinsic function names must all start with an "<tt>llvm.</tt>" prefix. This
5651 prefix is reserved in LLVM for intrinsic names; thus, function names may not
5652 begin with this prefix. Intrinsic functions must always be external
5653 functions: you cannot define the body of intrinsic functions. Intrinsic
5654 functions may only be used in call or invoke instructions: it is illegal to
5655 take the address of an intrinsic function. Additionally, because intrinsic
5656 functions are part of the LLVM language, it is required if any are added that
5657 they be documented here.</p>
5659 <p>Some intrinsic functions can be overloaded, i.e., the intrinsic represents a
5660 family of functions that perform the same operation but on different data
5661 types. Because LLVM can represent over 8 million different integer types,
5662 overloading is used commonly to allow an intrinsic function to operate on any
5663 integer type. One or more of the argument types or the result type can be
5664 overloaded to accept any integer type. Argument types may also be defined as
5665 exactly matching a previous argument's type or the result type. This allows
5666 an intrinsic function which accepts multiple arguments, but needs all of them
5667 to be of the same type, to only be overloaded with respect to a single
5668 argument or the result.</p>
5670 <p>Overloaded intrinsics will have the names of its overloaded argument types
5671 encoded into its function name, each preceded by a period. Only those types
5672 which are overloaded result in a name suffix. Arguments whose type is matched
5673 against another type do not. For example, the <tt>llvm.ctpop</tt> function
5674 can take an integer of any width and returns an integer of exactly the same
5675 integer width. This leads to a family of functions such as
5676 <tt>i8 @llvm.ctpop.i8(i8 %val)</tt> and <tt>i29 @llvm.ctpop.i29(i29
5677 %val)</tt>. Only one type, the return type, is overloaded, and only one type
5678 suffix is required. Because the argument's type is matched against the return
5679 type, it does not require its own name suffix.</p>
5681 <p>To learn how to add an intrinsic function, please see the
5682 <a href="ExtendingLLVM.html">Extending LLVM Guide</a>.</p>
5684 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
5686 <a name="int_varargs">Variable Argument Handling Intrinsics</a>
5691 <p>Variable argument support is defined in LLVM with
5692 the <a href="#i_va_arg"><tt>va_arg</tt></a> instruction and these three
5693 intrinsic functions. These functions are related to the similarly named
5694 macros defined in the <tt><stdarg.h></tt> header file.</p>
5696 <p>All of these functions operate on arguments that use a target-specific value
5697 type "<tt>va_list</tt>". The LLVM assembly language reference manual does
5698 not define what this type is, so all transformations should be prepared to
5699 handle these functions regardless of the type used.</p>
5701 <p>This example shows how the <a href="#i_va_arg"><tt>va_arg</tt></a>
5702 instruction and the variable argument handling intrinsic functions are
5705 <pre class="doc_code">
5706 define i32 @test(i32 %X, ...) {
5707 ; Initialize variable argument processing
5709 %ap2 = bitcast i8** %ap to i8*
5710 call void @llvm.va_start(i8* %ap2)
5712 ; Read a single integer argument
5713 %tmp = va_arg i8** %ap, i32
5715 ; Demonstrate usage of llvm.va_copy and llvm.va_end
5717 %aq2 = bitcast i8** %aq to i8*
5718 call void @llvm.va_copy(i8* %aq2, i8* %ap2)
5719 call void @llvm.va_end(i8* %aq2)
5721 ; Stop processing of arguments.
5722 call void @llvm.va_end(i8* %ap2)
5726 declare void @llvm.va_start(i8*)
5727 declare void @llvm.va_copy(i8*, i8*)
5728 declare void @llvm.va_end(i8*)
5731 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5733 <a name="int_va_start">'<tt>llvm.va_start</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5741 declare void %llvm.va_start(i8* <arglist>)
5745 <p>The '<tt>llvm.va_start</tt>' intrinsic initializes <tt>*<arglist></tt>
5746 for subsequent use by <tt><a href="#i_va_arg">va_arg</a></tt>.</p>
5749 <p>The argument is a pointer to a <tt>va_list</tt> element to initialize.</p>
5752 <p>The '<tt>llvm.va_start</tt>' intrinsic works just like the <tt>va_start</tt>
5753 macro available in C. In a target-dependent way, it initializes
5754 the <tt>va_list</tt> element to which the argument points, so that the next
5755 call to <tt>va_arg</tt> will produce the first variable argument passed to
5756 the function. Unlike the C <tt>va_start</tt> macro, this intrinsic does not
5757 need to know the last argument of the function as the compiler can figure
5762 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5764 <a name="int_va_end">'<tt>llvm.va_end</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5771 declare void @llvm.va_end(i8* <arglist>)
5775 <p>The '<tt>llvm.va_end</tt>' intrinsic destroys <tt>*<arglist></tt>,
5776 which has been initialized previously
5777 with <tt><a href="#int_va_start">llvm.va_start</a></tt>
5778 or <tt><a href="#i_va_copy">llvm.va_copy</a></tt>.</p>
5781 <p>The argument is a pointer to a <tt>va_list</tt> to destroy.</p>
5784 <p>The '<tt>llvm.va_end</tt>' intrinsic works just like the <tt>va_end</tt>
5785 macro available in C. In a target-dependent way, it destroys
5786 the <tt>va_list</tt> element to which the argument points. Calls
5787 to <a href="#int_va_start"><tt>llvm.va_start</tt></a>
5788 and <a href="#int_va_copy"> <tt>llvm.va_copy</tt></a> must be matched exactly
5789 with calls to <tt>llvm.va_end</tt>.</p>
5793 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5795 <a name="int_va_copy">'<tt>llvm.va_copy</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5802 declare void @llvm.va_copy(i8* <destarglist>, i8* <srcarglist>)
5806 <p>The '<tt>llvm.va_copy</tt>' intrinsic copies the current argument position
5807 from the source argument list to the destination argument list.</p>
5810 <p>The first argument is a pointer to a <tt>va_list</tt> element to initialize.
5811 The second argument is a pointer to a <tt>va_list</tt> element to copy
5815 <p>The '<tt>llvm.va_copy</tt>' intrinsic works just like the <tt>va_copy</tt>
5816 macro available in C. In a target-dependent way, it copies the
5817 source <tt>va_list</tt> element into the destination <tt>va_list</tt>
5818 element. This intrinsic is necessary because
5819 the <tt><a href="#int_va_start"> llvm.va_start</a></tt> intrinsic may be
5820 arbitrarily complex and require, for example, memory allocation.</p>
5826 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
5828 <a name="int_gc">Accurate Garbage Collection Intrinsics</a>
5833 <p>LLVM support for <a href="GarbageCollection.html">Accurate Garbage
5834 Collection</a> (GC) requires the implementation and generation of these
5835 intrinsics. These intrinsics allow identification of <a href="#int_gcroot">GC
5836 roots on the stack</a>, as well as garbage collector implementations that
5837 require <a href="#int_gcread">read</a> and <a href="#int_gcwrite">write</a>
5838 barriers. Front-ends for type-safe garbage collected languages should generate
5839 these intrinsics to make use of the LLVM garbage collectors. For more details,
5840 see <a href="GarbageCollection.html">Accurate Garbage Collection with
5843 <p>The garbage collection intrinsics only operate on objects in the generic
5844 address space (address space zero).</p>
5846 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5848 <a name="int_gcroot">'<tt>llvm.gcroot</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5855 declare void @llvm.gcroot(i8** %ptrloc, i8* %metadata)
5859 <p>The '<tt>llvm.gcroot</tt>' intrinsic declares the existence of a GC root to
5860 the code generator, and allows some metadata to be associated with it.</p>
5863 <p>The first argument specifies the address of a stack object that contains the
5864 root pointer. The second pointer (which must be either a constant or a
5865 global value address) contains the meta-data to be associated with the
5869 <p>At runtime, a call to this intrinsic stores a null pointer into the "ptrloc"
5870 location. At compile-time, the code generator generates information to allow
5871 the runtime to find the pointer at GC safe points. The '<tt>llvm.gcroot</tt>'
5872 intrinsic may only be used in a function which <a href="#gc">specifies a GC
5877 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5879 <a name="int_gcread">'<tt>llvm.gcread</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5886 declare i8* @llvm.gcread(i8* %ObjPtr, i8** %Ptr)
5890 <p>The '<tt>llvm.gcread</tt>' intrinsic identifies reads of references from heap
5891 locations, allowing garbage collector implementations that require read
5895 <p>The second argument is the address to read from, which should be an address
5896 allocated from the garbage collector. The first object is a pointer to the
5897 start of the referenced object, if needed by the language runtime (otherwise
5901 <p>The '<tt>llvm.gcread</tt>' intrinsic has the same semantics as a load
5902 instruction, but may be replaced with substantially more complex code by the
5903 garbage collector runtime, as needed. The '<tt>llvm.gcread</tt>' intrinsic
5904 may only be used in a function which <a href="#gc">specifies a GC
5909 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5911 <a name="int_gcwrite">'<tt>llvm.gcwrite</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5918 declare void @llvm.gcwrite(i8* %P1, i8* %Obj, i8** %P2)
5922 <p>The '<tt>llvm.gcwrite</tt>' intrinsic identifies writes of references to heap
5923 locations, allowing garbage collector implementations that require write
5924 barriers (such as generational or reference counting collectors).</p>
5927 <p>The first argument is the reference to store, the second is the start of the
5928 object to store it to, and the third is the address of the field of Obj to
5929 store to. If the runtime does not require a pointer to the object, Obj may
5933 <p>The '<tt>llvm.gcwrite</tt>' intrinsic has the same semantics as a store
5934 instruction, but may be replaced with substantially more complex code by the
5935 garbage collector runtime, as needed. The '<tt>llvm.gcwrite</tt>' intrinsic
5936 may only be used in a function which <a href="#gc">specifies a GC
5943 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
5945 <a name="int_codegen">Code Generator Intrinsics</a>
5950 <p>These intrinsics are provided by LLVM to expose special features that may
5951 only be implemented with code generator support.</p>
5953 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5955 <a name="int_returnaddress">'<tt>llvm.returnaddress</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5962 declare i8 *@llvm.returnaddress(i32 <level>)
5966 <p>The '<tt>llvm.returnaddress</tt>' intrinsic attempts to compute a
5967 target-specific value indicating the return address of the current function
5968 or one of its callers.</p>
5971 <p>The argument to this intrinsic indicates which function to return the address
5972 for. Zero indicates the calling function, one indicates its caller, etc.
5973 The argument is <b>required</b> to be a constant integer value.</p>
5976 <p>The '<tt>llvm.returnaddress</tt>' intrinsic either returns a pointer
5977 indicating the return address of the specified call frame, or zero if it
5978 cannot be identified. The value returned by this intrinsic is likely to be
5979 incorrect or 0 for arguments other than zero, so it should only be used for
5980 debugging purposes.</p>
5982 <p>Note that calling this intrinsic does not prevent function inlining or other
5983 aggressive transformations, so the value returned may not be that of the
5984 obvious source-language caller.</p>
5988 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
5990 <a name="int_frameaddress">'<tt>llvm.frameaddress</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
5997 declare i8* @llvm.frameaddress(i32 <level>)
6001 <p>The '<tt>llvm.frameaddress</tt>' intrinsic attempts to return the
6002 target-specific frame pointer value for the specified stack frame.</p>
6005 <p>The argument to this intrinsic indicates which function to return the frame
6006 pointer for. Zero indicates the calling function, one indicates its caller,
6007 etc. The argument is <b>required</b> to be a constant integer value.</p>
6010 <p>The '<tt>llvm.frameaddress</tt>' intrinsic either returns a pointer
6011 indicating the frame address of the specified call frame, or zero if it
6012 cannot be identified. The value returned by this intrinsic is likely to be
6013 incorrect or 0 for arguments other than zero, so it should only be used for
6014 debugging purposes.</p>
6016 <p>Note that calling this intrinsic does not prevent function inlining or other
6017 aggressive transformations, so the value returned may not be that of the
6018 obvious source-language caller.</p>
6022 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6024 <a name="int_stacksave">'<tt>llvm.stacksave</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6031 declare i8* @llvm.stacksave()
6035 <p>The '<tt>llvm.stacksave</tt>' intrinsic is used to remember the current state
6036 of the function stack, for use
6037 with <a href="#int_stackrestore"> <tt>llvm.stackrestore</tt></a>. This is
6038 useful for implementing language features like scoped automatic variable
6039 sized arrays in C99.</p>
6042 <p>This intrinsic returns a opaque pointer value that can be passed
6043 to <a href="#int_stackrestore"><tt>llvm.stackrestore</tt></a>. When
6044 an <tt>llvm.stackrestore</tt> intrinsic is executed with a value saved
6045 from <tt>llvm.stacksave</tt>, it effectively restores the state of the stack
6046 to the state it was in when the <tt>llvm.stacksave</tt> intrinsic executed.
6047 In practice, this pops any <a href="#i_alloca">alloca</a> blocks from the
6048 stack that were allocated after the <tt>llvm.stacksave</tt> was executed.</p>
6052 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6054 <a name="int_stackrestore">'<tt>llvm.stackrestore</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6061 declare void @llvm.stackrestore(i8* %ptr)
6065 <p>The '<tt>llvm.stackrestore</tt>' intrinsic is used to restore the state of
6066 the function stack to the state it was in when the
6067 corresponding <a href="#int_stacksave"><tt>llvm.stacksave</tt></a> intrinsic
6068 executed. This is useful for implementing language features like scoped
6069 automatic variable sized arrays in C99.</p>
6072 <p>See the description
6073 for <a href="#int_stacksave"><tt>llvm.stacksave</tt></a>.</p>
6077 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6079 <a name="int_prefetch">'<tt>llvm.prefetch</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6086 declare void @llvm.prefetch(i8* <address>, i32 <rw>, i32 <locality>, i32 <cache type>)
6090 <p>The '<tt>llvm.prefetch</tt>' intrinsic is a hint to the code generator to
6091 insert a prefetch instruction if supported; otherwise, it is a noop.
6092 Prefetches have no effect on the behavior of the program but can change its
6093 performance characteristics.</p>
6096 <p><tt>address</tt> is the address to be prefetched, <tt>rw</tt> is the
6097 specifier determining if the fetch should be for a read (0) or write (1),
6098 and <tt>locality</tt> is a temporal locality specifier ranging from (0) - no
6099 locality, to (3) - extremely local keep in cache. The <tt>cache type</tt>
6100 specifies whether the prefetch is performed on the data (1) or instruction (0)
6101 cache. The <tt>rw</tt>, <tt>locality</tt> and <tt>cache type</tt> arguments
6102 must be constant integers.</p>
6105 <p>This intrinsic does not modify the behavior of the program. In particular,
6106 prefetches cannot trap and do not produce a value. On targets that support
6107 this intrinsic, the prefetch can provide hints to the processor cache for
6108 better performance.</p>
6112 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6114 <a name="int_pcmarker">'<tt>llvm.pcmarker</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6121 declare void @llvm.pcmarker(i32 <id>)
6125 <p>The '<tt>llvm.pcmarker</tt>' intrinsic is a method to export a Program
6126 Counter (PC) in a region of code to simulators and other tools. The method
6127 is target specific, but it is expected that the marker will use exported
6128 symbols to transmit the PC of the marker. The marker makes no guarantees
6129 that it will remain with any specific instruction after optimizations. It is
6130 possible that the presence of a marker will inhibit optimizations. The
6131 intended use is to be inserted after optimizations to allow correlations of
6132 simulation runs.</p>
6135 <p><tt>id</tt> is a numerical id identifying the marker.</p>
6138 <p>This intrinsic does not modify the behavior of the program. Backends that do
6139 not support this intrinsic may ignore it.</p>
6143 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6145 <a name="int_readcyclecounter">'<tt>llvm.readcyclecounter</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6152 declare i64 @llvm.readcyclecounter()
6156 <p>The '<tt>llvm.readcyclecounter</tt>' intrinsic provides access to the cycle
6157 counter register (or similar low latency, high accuracy clocks) on those
6158 targets that support it. On X86, it should map to RDTSC. On Alpha, it
6159 should map to RPCC. As the backing counters overflow quickly (on the order
6160 of 9 seconds on alpha), this should only be used for small timings.</p>
6163 <p>When directly supported, reading the cycle counter should not modify any
6164 memory. Implementations are allowed to either return a application specific
6165 value or a system wide value. On backends without support, this is lowered
6166 to a constant 0.</p>
6172 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
6174 <a name="int_libc">Standard C Library Intrinsics</a>
6179 <p>LLVM provides intrinsics for a few important standard C library functions.
6180 These intrinsics allow source-language front-ends to pass information about
6181 the alignment of the pointer arguments to the code generator, providing
6182 opportunity for more efficient code generation.</p>
6184 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6186 <a name="int_memcpy">'<tt>llvm.memcpy</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6192 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.memcpy</tt> on any
6193 integer bit width and for different address spaces. Not all targets support
6194 all bit widths however.</p>
6197 declare void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i32(i8* <dest>, i8* <src>,
6198 i32 <len>, i32 <align>, i1 <isvolatile>)
6199 declare void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* <dest>, i8* <src>,
6200 i64 <len>, i32 <align>, i1 <isvolatile>)
6204 <p>The '<tt>llvm.memcpy.*</tt>' intrinsics copy a block of memory from the
6205 source location to the destination location.</p>
6207 <p>Note that, unlike the standard libc function, the <tt>llvm.memcpy.*</tt>
6208 intrinsics do not return a value, takes extra alignment/isvolatile arguments
6209 and the pointers can be in specified address spaces.</p>
6213 <p>The first argument is a pointer to the destination, the second is a pointer
6214 to the source. The third argument is an integer argument specifying the
6215 number of bytes to copy, the fourth argument is the alignment of the
6216 source and destination locations, and the fifth is a boolean indicating a
6217 volatile access.</p>
6219 <p>If the call to this intrinsic has an alignment value that is not 0 or 1,
6220 then the caller guarantees that both the source and destination pointers are
6221 aligned to that boundary.</p>
6223 <p>If the <tt>isvolatile</tt> parameter is <tt>true</tt>, the
6224 <tt>llvm.memcpy</tt> call is a <a href="#volatile">volatile operation</a>.
6225 The detailed access behavior is not very cleanly specified and it is unwise
6226 to depend on it.</p>
6230 <p>The '<tt>llvm.memcpy.*</tt>' intrinsics copy a block of memory from the
6231 source location to the destination location, which are not allowed to
6232 overlap. It copies "len" bytes of memory over. If the argument is known to
6233 be aligned to some boundary, this can be specified as the fourth argument,
6234 otherwise it should be set to 0 or 1.</p>
6238 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6240 <a name="int_memmove">'<tt>llvm.memmove</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6246 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use llvm.memmove on any integer bit
6247 width and for different address space. Not all targets support all bit
6251 declare void @llvm.memmove.p0i8.p0i8.i32(i8* <dest>, i8* <src>,
6252 i32 <len>, i32 <align>, i1 <isvolatile>)
6253 declare void @llvm.memmove.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* <dest>, i8* <src>,
6254 i64 <len>, i32 <align>, i1 <isvolatile>)
6258 <p>The '<tt>llvm.memmove.*</tt>' intrinsics move a block of memory from the
6259 source location to the destination location. It is similar to the
6260 '<tt>llvm.memcpy</tt>' intrinsic but allows the two memory locations to
6263 <p>Note that, unlike the standard libc function, the <tt>llvm.memmove.*</tt>
6264 intrinsics do not return a value, takes extra alignment/isvolatile arguments
6265 and the pointers can be in specified address spaces.</p>
6269 <p>The first argument is a pointer to the destination, the second is a pointer
6270 to the source. The third argument is an integer argument specifying the
6271 number of bytes to copy, the fourth argument is the alignment of the
6272 source and destination locations, and the fifth is a boolean indicating a
6273 volatile access.</p>
6275 <p>If the call to this intrinsic has an alignment value that is not 0 or 1,
6276 then the caller guarantees that the source and destination pointers are
6277 aligned to that boundary.</p>
6279 <p>If the <tt>isvolatile</tt> parameter is <tt>true</tt>, the
6280 <tt>llvm.memmove</tt> call is a <a href="#volatile">volatile operation</a>.
6281 The detailed access behavior is not very cleanly specified and it is unwise
6282 to depend on it.</p>
6286 <p>The '<tt>llvm.memmove.*</tt>' intrinsics copy a block of memory from the
6287 source location to the destination location, which may overlap. It copies
6288 "len" bytes of memory over. If the argument is known to be aligned to some
6289 boundary, this can be specified as the fourth argument, otherwise it should
6290 be set to 0 or 1.</p>
6294 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6296 <a name="int_memset">'<tt>llvm.memset.*</tt>' Intrinsics</a>
6302 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use llvm.memset on any integer bit
6303 width and for different address spaces. However, not all targets support all
6307 declare void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i32(i8* <dest>, i8 <val>,
6308 i32 <len>, i32 <align>, i1 <isvolatile>)
6309 declare void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i64(i8* <dest>, i8 <val>,
6310 i64 <len>, i32 <align>, i1 <isvolatile>)
6314 <p>The '<tt>llvm.memset.*</tt>' intrinsics fill a block of memory with a
6315 particular byte value.</p>
6317 <p>Note that, unlike the standard libc function, the <tt>llvm.memset</tt>
6318 intrinsic does not return a value and takes extra alignment/volatile
6319 arguments. Also, the destination can be in an arbitrary address space.</p>
6322 <p>The first argument is a pointer to the destination to fill, the second is the
6323 byte value with which to fill it, the third argument is an integer argument
6324 specifying the number of bytes to fill, and the fourth argument is the known
6325 alignment of the destination location.</p>
6327 <p>If the call to this intrinsic has an alignment value that is not 0 or 1,
6328 then the caller guarantees that the destination pointer is aligned to that
6331 <p>If the <tt>isvolatile</tt> parameter is <tt>true</tt>, the
6332 <tt>llvm.memset</tt> call is a <a href="#volatile">volatile operation</a>.
6333 The detailed access behavior is not very cleanly specified and it is unwise
6334 to depend on it.</p>
6337 <p>The '<tt>llvm.memset.*</tt>' intrinsics fill "len" bytes of memory starting
6338 at the destination location. If the argument is known to be aligned to some
6339 boundary, this can be specified as the fourth argument, otherwise it should
6340 be set to 0 or 1.</p>
6344 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6346 <a name="int_sqrt">'<tt>llvm.sqrt.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6352 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.sqrt</tt> on any
6353 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6357 declare float @llvm.sqrt.f32(float %Val)
6358 declare double @llvm.sqrt.f64(double %Val)
6359 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.sqrt.f80(x86_fp80 %Val)
6360 declare fp128 @llvm.sqrt.f128(fp128 %Val)
6361 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.sqrt.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val)
6365 <p>The '<tt>llvm.sqrt</tt>' intrinsics return the sqrt of the specified operand,
6366 returning the same value as the libm '<tt>sqrt</tt>' functions would.
6367 Unlike <tt>sqrt</tt> in libm, however, <tt>llvm.sqrt</tt> has undefined
6368 behavior for negative numbers other than -0.0 (which allows for better
6369 optimization, because there is no need to worry about errno being
6370 set). <tt>llvm.sqrt(-0.0)</tt> is defined to return -0.0 like IEEE sqrt.</p>
6373 <p>The argument and return value are floating point numbers of the same
6377 <p>This function returns the sqrt of the specified operand if it is a
6378 nonnegative floating point number.</p>
6382 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6384 <a name="int_powi">'<tt>llvm.powi.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6390 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.powi</tt> on any
6391 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6395 declare float @llvm.powi.f32(float %Val, i32 %power)
6396 declare double @llvm.powi.f64(double %Val, i32 %power)
6397 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.powi.f80(x86_fp80 %Val, i32 %power)
6398 declare fp128 @llvm.powi.f128(fp128 %Val, i32 %power)
6399 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.powi.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val, i32 %power)
6403 <p>The '<tt>llvm.powi.*</tt>' intrinsics return the first operand raised to the
6404 specified (positive or negative) power. The order of evaluation of
6405 multiplications is not defined. When a vector of floating point type is
6406 used, the second argument remains a scalar integer value.</p>
6409 <p>The second argument is an integer power, and the first is a value to raise to
6413 <p>This function returns the first value raised to the second power with an
6414 unspecified sequence of rounding operations.</p>
6418 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6420 <a name="int_sin">'<tt>llvm.sin.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6426 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.sin</tt> on any
6427 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6431 declare float @llvm.sin.f32(float %Val)
6432 declare double @llvm.sin.f64(double %Val)
6433 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.sin.f80(x86_fp80 %Val)
6434 declare fp128 @llvm.sin.f128(fp128 %Val)
6435 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.sin.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val)
6439 <p>The '<tt>llvm.sin.*</tt>' intrinsics return the sine of the operand.</p>
6442 <p>The argument and return value are floating point numbers of the same
6446 <p>This function returns the sine of the specified operand, returning the same
6447 values as the libm <tt>sin</tt> functions would, and handles error conditions
6448 in the same way.</p>
6452 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6454 <a name="int_cos">'<tt>llvm.cos.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6460 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.cos</tt> on any
6461 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6465 declare float @llvm.cos.f32(float %Val)
6466 declare double @llvm.cos.f64(double %Val)
6467 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.cos.f80(x86_fp80 %Val)
6468 declare fp128 @llvm.cos.f128(fp128 %Val)
6469 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.cos.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val)
6473 <p>The '<tt>llvm.cos.*</tt>' intrinsics return the cosine of the operand.</p>
6476 <p>The argument and return value are floating point numbers of the same
6480 <p>This function returns the cosine of the specified operand, returning the same
6481 values as the libm <tt>cos</tt> functions would, and handles error conditions
6482 in the same way.</p>
6486 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6488 <a name="int_pow">'<tt>llvm.pow.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6494 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.pow</tt> on any
6495 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6499 declare float @llvm.pow.f32(float %Val, float %Power)
6500 declare double @llvm.pow.f64(double %Val, double %Power)
6501 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.pow.f80(x86_fp80 %Val, x86_fp80 %Power)
6502 declare fp128 @llvm.pow.f128(fp128 %Val, fp128 %Power)
6503 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.pow.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val, ppc_fp128 Power)
6507 <p>The '<tt>llvm.pow.*</tt>' intrinsics return the first operand raised to the
6508 specified (positive or negative) power.</p>
6511 <p>The second argument is a floating point power, and the first is a value to
6512 raise to that power.</p>
6515 <p>This function returns the first value raised to the second power, returning
6516 the same values as the libm <tt>pow</tt> functions would, and handles error
6517 conditions in the same way.</p>
6523 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6525 <a name="int_exp">'<tt>llvm.exp.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6531 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.exp</tt> on any
6532 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6536 declare float @llvm.exp.f32(float %Val)
6537 declare double @llvm.exp.f64(double %Val)
6538 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.exp.f80(x86_fp80 %Val)
6539 declare fp128 @llvm.exp.f128(fp128 %Val)
6540 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.exp.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val)
6544 <p>The '<tt>llvm.exp.*</tt>' intrinsics perform the exp function.</p>
6547 <p>The argument and return value are floating point numbers of the same
6551 <p>This function returns the same values as the libm <tt>exp</tt> functions
6552 would, and handles error conditions in the same way.</p>
6556 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6558 <a name="int_log">'<tt>llvm.log.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6564 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.log</tt> on any
6565 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6569 declare float @llvm.log.f32(float %Val)
6570 declare double @llvm.log.f64(double %Val)
6571 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.log.f80(x86_fp80 %Val)
6572 declare fp128 @llvm.log.f128(fp128 %Val)
6573 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.log.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %Val)
6577 <p>The '<tt>llvm.log.*</tt>' intrinsics perform the log function.</p>
6580 <p>The argument and return value are floating point numbers of the same
6584 <p>This function returns the same values as the libm <tt>log</tt> functions
6585 would, and handles error conditions in the same way.</p>
6588 <a name="int_fma">'<tt>llvm.fma.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6594 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.fma</tt> on any
6595 floating point or vector of floating point type. Not all targets support all
6599 declare float @llvm.fma.f32(float %a, float %b, float %c)
6600 declare double @llvm.fma.f64(double %a, double %b, double %c)
6601 declare x86_fp80 @llvm.fma.f80(x86_fp80 %a, x86_fp80 %b, x86_fp80 %c)
6602 declare fp128 @llvm.fma.f128(fp128 %a, fp128 %b, fp128 %c)
6603 declare ppc_fp128 @llvm.fma.ppcf128(ppc_fp128 %a, ppc_fp128 %b, ppc_fp128 %c)
6607 <p>The '<tt>llvm.fma.*</tt>' intrinsics perform the fused multiply-add
6611 <p>The argument and return value are floating point numbers of the same
6615 <p>This function returns the same values as the libm <tt>fma</tt> functions
6620 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
6622 <a name="int_manip">Bit Manipulation Intrinsics</a>
6627 <p>LLVM provides intrinsics for a few important bit manipulation operations.
6628 These allow efficient code generation for some algorithms.</p>
6630 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6632 <a name="int_bswap">'<tt>llvm.bswap.*</tt>' Intrinsics</a>
6638 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic function. You can use bswap on any integer
6639 type that is an even number of bytes (i.e. BitWidth % 16 == 0).</p>
6642 declare i16 @llvm.bswap.i16(i16 <id>)
6643 declare i32 @llvm.bswap.i32(i32 <id>)
6644 declare i64 @llvm.bswap.i64(i64 <id>)
6648 <p>The '<tt>llvm.bswap</tt>' family of intrinsics is used to byte swap integer
6649 values with an even number of bytes (positive multiple of 16 bits). These
6650 are useful for performing operations on data that is not in the target's
6651 native byte order.</p>
6654 <p>The <tt>llvm.bswap.i16</tt> intrinsic returns an i16 value that has the high
6655 and low byte of the input i16 swapped. Similarly,
6656 the <tt>llvm.bswap.i32</tt> intrinsic returns an i32 value that has the four
6657 bytes of the input i32 swapped, so that if the input bytes are numbered 0, 1,
6658 2, 3 then the returned i32 will have its bytes in 3, 2, 1, 0 order.
6659 The <tt>llvm.bswap.i48</tt>, <tt>llvm.bswap.i64</tt> and other intrinsics
6660 extend this concept to additional even-byte lengths (6 bytes, 8 bytes and
6661 more, respectively).</p>
6665 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6667 <a name="int_ctpop">'<tt>llvm.ctpop.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6673 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use llvm.ctpop on any integer bit
6674 width, or on any vector with integer elements. Not all targets support all
6675 bit widths or vector types, however.</p>
6678 declare i8 @llvm.ctpop.i8(i8 <src>)
6679 declare i16 @llvm.ctpop.i16(i16 <src>)
6680 declare i32 @llvm.ctpop.i32(i32 <src>)
6681 declare i64 @llvm.ctpop.i64(i64 <src>)
6682 declare i256 @llvm.ctpop.i256(i256 <src>)
6683 declare <2 x i32> @llvm.ctpop.v2i32(<2 x i32> <src>)
6687 <p>The '<tt>llvm.ctpop</tt>' family of intrinsics counts the number of bits set
6691 <p>The only argument is the value to be counted. The argument may be of any
6692 integer type, or a vector with integer elements.
6693 The return type must match the argument type.</p>
6696 <p>The '<tt>llvm.ctpop</tt>' intrinsic counts the 1's in a variable, or within each
6697 element of a vector.</p>
6701 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6703 <a name="int_ctlz">'<tt>llvm.ctlz.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6709 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.ctlz</tt> on any
6710 integer bit width, or any vector whose elements are integers. Not all
6711 targets support all bit widths or vector types, however.</p>
6714 declare i8 @llvm.ctlz.i8 (i8 <src>)
6715 declare i16 @llvm.ctlz.i16(i16 <src>)
6716 declare i32 @llvm.ctlz.i32(i32 <src>)
6717 declare i64 @llvm.ctlz.i64(i64 <src>)
6718 declare i256 @llvm.ctlz.i256(i256 <src>)
6719 declare <2 x i32> @llvm.ctlz.v2i32(<2 x i32> <src;gt)
6723 <p>The '<tt>llvm.ctlz</tt>' family of intrinsic functions counts the number of
6724 leading zeros in a variable.</p>
6727 <p>The only argument is the value to be counted. The argument may be of any
6728 integer type, or any vector type with integer element type.
6729 The return type must match the argument type.</p>
6732 <p>The '<tt>llvm.ctlz</tt>' intrinsic counts the leading (most significant)
6733 zeros in a variable, or within each element of the vector if the operation
6734 is of vector type. If the src == 0 then the result is the size in bits of
6735 the type of src. For example, <tt>llvm.ctlz(i32 2) = 30</tt>.</p>
6739 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6741 <a name="int_cttz">'<tt>llvm.cttz.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
6747 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.cttz</tt> on any
6748 integer bit width, or any vector of integer elements. Not all targets
6749 support all bit widths or vector types, however.</p>
6752 declare i8 @llvm.cttz.i8 (i8 <src>)
6753 declare i16 @llvm.cttz.i16(i16 <src>)
6754 declare i32 @llvm.cttz.i32(i32 <src>)
6755 declare i64 @llvm.cttz.i64(i64 <src>)
6756 declare i256 @llvm.cttz.i256(i256 <src>)
6757 declase <2 x i32> @llvm.cttz.v2i32(<2 x i32> <src>)
6761 <p>The '<tt>llvm.cttz</tt>' family of intrinsic functions counts the number of
6765 <p>The only argument is the value to be counted. The argument may be of any
6766 integer type, or a vectory with integer element type.. The return type
6767 must match the argument type.</p>
6770 <p>The '<tt>llvm.cttz</tt>' intrinsic counts the trailing (least significant)
6771 zeros in a variable, or within each element of a vector.
6772 If the src == 0 then the result is the size in bits of
6773 the type of src. For example, <tt>llvm.cttz(2) = 1</tt>.</p>
6779 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
6781 <a name="int_overflow">Arithmetic with Overflow Intrinsics</a>
6786 <p>LLVM provides intrinsics for some arithmetic with overflow operations.</p>
6788 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6790 <a name="int_sadd_overflow">
6791 '<tt>llvm.sadd.with.overflow.*</tt>' Intrinsics
6798 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.sadd.with.overflow</tt>
6799 on any integer bit width.</p>
6802 declare {i16, i1} @llvm.sadd.with.overflow.i16(i16 %a, i16 %b)
6803 declare {i32, i1} @llvm.sadd.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6804 declare {i64, i1} @llvm.sadd.with.overflow.i64(i64 %a, i64 %b)
6808 <p>The '<tt>llvm.sadd.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6809 a signed addition of the two arguments, and indicate whether an overflow
6810 occurred during the signed summation.</p>
6813 <p>The arguments (%a and %b) and the first element of the result structure may
6814 be of integer types of any bit width, but they must have the same bit
6815 width. The second element of the result structure must be of
6816 type <tt>i1</tt>. <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>%b</tt> are the two values that will
6817 undergo signed addition.</p>
6820 <p>The '<tt>llvm.sadd.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6821 a signed addition of the two variables. They return a structure — the
6822 first element of which is the signed summation, and the second element of
6823 which is a bit specifying if the signed summation resulted in an
6828 %res = call {i32, i1} @llvm.sadd.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6829 %sum = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 0
6830 %obit = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 1
6831 br i1 %obit, label %overflow, label %normal
6836 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6838 <a name="int_uadd_overflow">
6839 '<tt>llvm.uadd.with.overflow.*</tt>' Intrinsics
6846 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.uadd.with.overflow</tt>
6847 on any integer bit width.</p>
6850 declare {i16, i1} @llvm.uadd.with.overflow.i16(i16 %a, i16 %b)
6851 declare {i32, i1} @llvm.uadd.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6852 declare {i64, i1} @llvm.uadd.with.overflow.i64(i64 %a, i64 %b)
6856 <p>The '<tt>llvm.uadd.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6857 an unsigned addition of the two arguments, and indicate whether a carry
6858 occurred during the unsigned summation.</p>
6861 <p>The arguments (%a and %b) and the first element of the result structure may
6862 be of integer types of any bit width, but they must have the same bit
6863 width. The second element of the result structure must be of
6864 type <tt>i1</tt>. <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>%b</tt> are the two values that will
6865 undergo unsigned addition.</p>
6868 <p>The '<tt>llvm.uadd.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6869 an unsigned addition of the two arguments. They return a structure —
6870 the first element of which is the sum, and the second element of which is a
6871 bit specifying if the unsigned summation resulted in a carry.</p>
6875 %res = call {i32, i1} @llvm.uadd.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6876 %sum = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 0
6877 %obit = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 1
6878 br i1 %obit, label %carry, label %normal
6883 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6885 <a name="int_ssub_overflow">
6886 '<tt>llvm.ssub.with.overflow.*</tt>' Intrinsics
6893 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.ssub.with.overflow</tt>
6894 on any integer bit width.</p>
6897 declare {i16, i1} @llvm.ssub.with.overflow.i16(i16 %a, i16 %b)
6898 declare {i32, i1} @llvm.ssub.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6899 declare {i64, i1} @llvm.ssub.with.overflow.i64(i64 %a, i64 %b)
6903 <p>The '<tt>llvm.ssub.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6904 a signed subtraction of the two arguments, and indicate whether an overflow
6905 occurred during the signed subtraction.</p>
6908 <p>The arguments (%a and %b) and the first element of the result structure may
6909 be of integer types of any bit width, but they must have the same bit
6910 width. The second element of the result structure must be of
6911 type <tt>i1</tt>. <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>%b</tt> are the two values that will
6912 undergo signed subtraction.</p>
6915 <p>The '<tt>llvm.ssub.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6916 a signed subtraction of the two arguments. They return a structure —
6917 the first element of which is the subtraction, and the second element of
6918 which is a bit specifying if the signed subtraction resulted in an
6923 %res = call {i32, i1} @llvm.ssub.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6924 %sum = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 0
6925 %obit = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 1
6926 br i1 %obit, label %overflow, label %normal
6931 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6933 <a name="int_usub_overflow">
6934 '<tt>llvm.usub.with.overflow.*</tt>' Intrinsics
6941 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.usub.with.overflow</tt>
6942 on any integer bit width.</p>
6945 declare {i16, i1} @llvm.usub.with.overflow.i16(i16 %a, i16 %b)
6946 declare {i32, i1} @llvm.usub.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6947 declare {i64, i1} @llvm.usub.with.overflow.i64(i64 %a, i64 %b)
6951 <p>The '<tt>llvm.usub.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6952 an unsigned subtraction of the two arguments, and indicate whether an
6953 overflow occurred during the unsigned subtraction.</p>
6956 <p>The arguments (%a and %b) and the first element of the result structure may
6957 be of integer types of any bit width, but they must have the same bit
6958 width. The second element of the result structure must be of
6959 type <tt>i1</tt>. <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>%b</tt> are the two values that will
6960 undergo unsigned subtraction.</p>
6963 <p>The '<tt>llvm.usub.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
6964 an unsigned subtraction of the two arguments. They return a structure —
6965 the first element of which is the subtraction, and the second element of
6966 which is a bit specifying if the unsigned subtraction resulted in an
6971 %res = call {i32, i1} @llvm.usub.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6972 %sum = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 0
6973 %obit = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 1
6974 br i1 %obit, label %overflow, label %normal
6979 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
6981 <a name="int_smul_overflow">
6982 '<tt>llvm.smul.with.overflow.*</tt>' Intrinsics
6989 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.smul.with.overflow</tt>
6990 on any integer bit width.</p>
6993 declare {i16, i1} @llvm.smul.with.overflow.i16(i16 %a, i16 %b)
6994 declare {i32, i1} @llvm.smul.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
6995 declare {i64, i1} @llvm.smul.with.overflow.i64(i64 %a, i64 %b)
7000 <p>The '<tt>llvm.smul.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
7001 a signed multiplication of the two arguments, and indicate whether an
7002 overflow occurred during the signed multiplication.</p>
7005 <p>The arguments (%a and %b) and the first element of the result structure may
7006 be of integer types of any bit width, but they must have the same bit
7007 width. The second element of the result structure must be of
7008 type <tt>i1</tt>. <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>%b</tt> are the two values that will
7009 undergo signed multiplication.</p>
7012 <p>The '<tt>llvm.smul.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
7013 a signed multiplication of the two arguments. They return a structure —
7014 the first element of which is the multiplication, and the second element of
7015 which is a bit specifying if the signed multiplication resulted in an
7020 %res = call {i32, i1} @llvm.smul.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
7021 %sum = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 0
7022 %obit = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 1
7023 br i1 %obit, label %overflow, label %normal
7028 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7030 <a name="int_umul_overflow">
7031 '<tt>llvm.umul.with.overflow.*</tt>' Intrinsics
7038 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.umul.with.overflow</tt>
7039 on any integer bit width.</p>
7042 declare {i16, i1} @llvm.umul.with.overflow.i16(i16 %a, i16 %b)
7043 declare {i32, i1} @llvm.umul.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
7044 declare {i64, i1} @llvm.umul.with.overflow.i64(i64 %a, i64 %b)
7048 <p>The '<tt>llvm.umul.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
7049 a unsigned multiplication of the two arguments, and indicate whether an
7050 overflow occurred during the unsigned multiplication.</p>
7053 <p>The arguments (%a and %b) and the first element of the result structure may
7054 be of integer types of any bit width, but they must have the same bit
7055 width. The second element of the result structure must be of
7056 type <tt>i1</tt>. <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>%b</tt> are the two values that will
7057 undergo unsigned multiplication.</p>
7060 <p>The '<tt>llvm.umul.with.overflow</tt>' family of intrinsic functions perform
7061 an unsigned multiplication of the two arguments. They return a structure
7062 — the first element of which is the multiplication, and the second
7063 element of which is a bit specifying if the unsigned multiplication resulted
7068 %res = call {i32, i1} @llvm.umul.with.overflow.i32(i32 %a, i32 %b)
7069 %sum = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 0
7070 %obit = extractvalue {i32, i1} %res, 1
7071 br i1 %obit, label %overflow, label %normal
7078 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7080 <a name="int_fp16">Half Precision Floating Point Intrinsics</a>
7085 <p>Half precision floating point is a storage-only format. This means that it is
7086 a dense encoding (in memory) but does not support computation in the
7089 <p>This means that code must first load the half-precision floating point
7090 value as an i16, then convert it to float with <a
7091 href="#int_convert_from_fp16"><tt>llvm.convert.from.fp16</tt></a>.
7092 Computation can then be performed on the float value (including extending to
7093 double etc). To store the value back to memory, it is first converted to
7094 float if needed, then converted to i16 with
7095 <a href="#int_convert_to_fp16"><tt>llvm.convert.to.fp16</tt></a>, then
7096 storing as an i16 value.</p>
7098 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7100 <a name="int_convert_to_fp16">
7101 '<tt>llvm.convert.to.fp16</tt>' Intrinsic
7109 declare i16 @llvm.convert.to.fp16(f32 %a)
7113 <p>The '<tt>llvm.convert.to.fp16</tt>' intrinsic function performs
7114 a conversion from single precision floating point format to half precision
7115 floating point format.</p>
7118 <p>The intrinsic function contains single argument - the value to be
7122 <p>The '<tt>llvm.convert.to.fp16</tt>' intrinsic function performs
7123 a conversion from single precision floating point format to half precision
7124 floating point format. The return value is an <tt>i16</tt> which
7125 contains the converted number.</p>
7129 %res = call i16 @llvm.convert.to.fp16(f32 %a)
7130 store i16 %res, i16* @x, align 2
7135 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7137 <a name="int_convert_from_fp16">
7138 '<tt>llvm.convert.from.fp16</tt>' Intrinsic
7146 declare f32 @llvm.convert.from.fp16(i16 %a)
7150 <p>The '<tt>llvm.convert.from.fp16</tt>' intrinsic function performs
7151 a conversion from half precision floating point format to single precision
7152 floating point format.</p>
7155 <p>The intrinsic function contains single argument - the value to be
7159 <p>The '<tt>llvm.convert.from.fp16</tt>' intrinsic function performs a
7160 conversion from half single precision floating point format to single
7161 precision floating point format. The input half-float value is represented by
7162 an <tt>i16</tt> value.</p>
7166 %a = load i16* @x, align 2
7167 %res = call f32 @llvm.convert.from.fp16(i16 %a)
7174 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7176 <a name="int_debugger">Debugger Intrinsics</a>
7181 <p>The LLVM debugger intrinsics (which all start with <tt>llvm.dbg.</tt>
7182 prefix), are described in
7183 the <a href="SourceLevelDebugging.html#format_common_intrinsics">LLVM Source
7184 Level Debugging</a> document.</p>
7188 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7190 <a name="int_eh">Exception Handling Intrinsics</a>
7195 <p>The LLVM exception handling intrinsics (which all start with
7196 <tt>llvm.eh.</tt> prefix), are described in
7197 the <a href="ExceptionHandling.html#format_common_intrinsics">LLVM Exception
7198 Handling</a> document.</p>
7202 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7204 <a name="int_trampoline">Trampoline Intrinsic</a>
7209 <p>This intrinsic makes it possible to excise one parameter, marked with
7210 the <a href="#nest"><tt>nest</tt></a> attribute, from a function.
7211 The result is a callable
7212 function pointer lacking the nest parameter - the caller does not need to
7213 provide a value for it. Instead, the value to use is stored in advance in a
7214 "trampoline", a block of memory usually allocated on the stack, which also
7215 contains code to splice the nest value into the argument list. This is used
7216 to implement the GCC nested function address extension.</p>
7218 <p>For example, if the function is
7219 <tt>i32 f(i8* nest %c, i32 %x, i32 %y)</tt> then the resulting function
7220 pointer has signature <tt>i32 (i32, i32)*</tt>. It can be created as
7223 <pre class="doc_code">
7224 %tramp = alloca [10 x i8], align 4 ; size and alignment only correct for X86
7225 %tramp1 = getelementptr [10 x i8]* %tramp, i32 0, i32 0
7226 %p = call i8* @llvm.init.trampoline(i8* %tramp1, i8* bitcast (i32 (i8* nest , i32, i32)* @f to i8*), i8* %nval)
7227 %fp = bitcast i8* %p to i32 (i32, i32)*
7230 <p>The call <tt>%val = call i32 %fp(i32 %x, i32 %y)</tt> is then equivalent
7231 to <tt>%val = call i32 %f(i8* %nval, i32 %x, i32 %y)</tt>.</p>
7233 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7236 '<tt>llvm.init.trampoline</tt>' Intrinsic
7244 declare i8* @llvm.init.trampoline(i8* <tramp>, i8* <func>, i8* <nval>)
7248 <p>This fills the memory pointed to by <tt>tramp</tt> with code and returns a
7249 function pointer suitable for executing it.</p>
7252 <p>The <tt>llvm.init.trampoline</tt> intrinsic takes three arguments, all
7253 pointers. The <tt>tramp</tt> argument must point to a sufficiently large and
7254 sufficiently aligned block of memory; this memory is written to by the
7255 intrinsic. Note that the size and the alignment are target-specific - LLVM
7256 currently provides no portable way of determining them, so a front-end that
7257 generates this intrinsic needs to have some target-specific knowledge.
7258 The <tt>func</tt> argument must hold a function bitcast to
7259 an <tt>i8*</tt>.</p>
7262 <p>The block of memory pointed to by <tt>tramp</tt> is filled with target
7263 dependent code, turning it into a function. A pointer to this function is
7264 returned, but needs to be bitcast to an <a href="#int_trampoline">appropriate
7265 function pointer type</a> before being called. The new function's signature
7266 is the same as that of <tt>func</tt> with any arguments marked with
7267 the <tt>nest</tt> attribute removed. At most one such <tt>nest</tt> argument
7268 is allowed, and it must be of pointer type. Calling the new function is
7269 equivalent to calling <tt>func</tt> with the same argument list, but
7270 with <tt>nval</tt> used for the missing <tt>nest</tt> argument. If, after
7271 calling <tt>llvm.init.trampoline</tt>, the memory pointed to
7272 by <tt>tramp</tt> is modified, then the effect of any later call to the
7273 returned function pointer is undefined.</p>
7279 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7281 <a name="int_atomics">Atomic Operations and Synchronization Intrinsics</a>
7286 <p>These intrinsic functions expand the "universal IR" of LLVM to represent
7287 hardware constructs for atomic operations and memory synchronization. This
7288 provides an interface to the hardware, not an interface to the programmer. It
7289 is aimed at a low enough level to allow any programming models or APIs
7290 (Application Programming Interfaces) which need atomic behaviors to map
7291 cleanly onto it. It is also modeled primarily on hardware behavior. Just as
7292 hardware provides a "universal IR" for source languages, it also provides a
7293 starting point for developing a "universal" atomic operation and
7294 synchronization IR.</p>
7296 <p>These do <em>not</em> form an API such as high-level threading libraries,
7297 software transaction memory systems, atomic primitives, and intrinsic
7298 functions as found in BSD, GNU libc, atomic_ops, APR, and other system and
7299 application libraries. The hardware interface provided by LLVM should allow
7300 a clean implementation of all of these APIs and parallel programming models.
7301 No one model or paradigm should be selected above others unless the hardware
7302 itself ubiquitously does so.</p>
7304 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7306 <a name="int_memory_barrier">'<tt>llvm.memory.barrier</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7312 declare void @llvm.memory.barrier(i1 <ll>, i1 <ls>, i1 <sl>, i1 <ss>, i1 <device>)
7316 <p>The <tt>llvm.memory.barrier</tt> intrinsic guarantees ordering between
7317 specific pairs of memory access types.</p>
7320 <p>The <tt>llvm.memory.barrier</tt> intrinsic requires five boolean arguments.
7321 The first four arguments enables a specific barrier as listed below. The
7322 fifth argument specifies that the barrier applies to io or device or uncached
7326 <li><tt>ll</tt>: load-load barrier</li>
7327 <li><tt>ls</tt>: load-store barrier</li>
7328 <li><tt>sl</tt>: store-load barrier</li>
7329 <li><tt>ss</tt>: store-store barrier</li>
7330 <li><tt>device</tt>: barrier applies to device and uncached memory also.</li>
7334 <p>This intrinsic causes the system to enforce some ordering constraints upon
7335 the loads and stores of the program. This barrier does not
7336 indicate <em>when</em> any events will occur, it only enforces
7337 an <em>order</em> in which they occur. For any of the specified pairs of load
7338 and store operations (f.ex. load-load, or store-load), all of the first
7339 operations preceding the barrier will complete before any of the second
7340 operations succeeding the barrier begin. Specifically the semantics for each
7341 pairing is as follows:</p>
7344 <li><tt>ll</tt>: All loads before the barrier must complete before any load
7345 after the barrier begins.</li>
7346 <li><tt>ls</tt>: All loads before the barrier must complete before any
7347 store after the barrier begins.</li>
7348 <li><tt>ss</tt>: All stores before the barrier must complete before any
7349 store after the barrier begins.</li>
7350 <li><tt>sl</tt>: All stores before the barrier must complete before any
7351 load after the barrier begins.</li>
7354 <p>These semantics are applied with a logical "and" behavior when more than one
7355 is enabled in a single memory barrier intrinsic.</p>
7357 <p>Backends may implement stronger barriers than those requested when they do
7358 not support as fine grained a barrier as requested. Some architectures do
7359 not need all types of barriers and on such architectures, these become
7364 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7365 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7368 %result1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = 4</i>
7369 call void @llvm.memory.barrier(i1 false, i1 true, i1 false, i1 false, i1 true)
7370 <i>; guarantee the above finishes</i>
7371 store i32 8, %ptr <i>; before this begins</i>
7376 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7378 <a name="int_atomic_cmp_swap">'<tt>llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7384 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.atomic.cmp.swap</tt> on
7385 any integer bit width and for different address spaces. Not all targets
7386 support all bit widths however.</p>
7389 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <cmp>, i8 <val>)
7390 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <cmp>, i16 <val>)
7391 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <cmp>, i32 <val>)
7392 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <cmp>, i64 <val>)
7396 <p>This loads a value in memory and compares it to a given value. If they are
7397 equal, it stores a new value into the memory.</p>
7400 <p>The <tt>llvm.atomic.cmp.swap</tt> intrinsic takes three arguments. The result
7401 as well as both <tt>cmp</tt> and <tt>val</tt> must be integer values with the
7402 same bit width. The <tt>ptr</tt> argument must be a pointer to a value of
7403 this integer type. While any bit width integer may be used, targets may only
7404 lower representations they support in hardware.</p>
7407 <p>This entire intrinsic must be executed atomically. It first loads the value
7408 in memory pointed to by <tt>ptr</tt> and compares it with the
7409 value <tt>cmp</tt>. If they are equal, <tt>val</tt> is stored into the
7410 memory. The loaded value is yielded in all cases. This provides the
7411 equivalent of an atomic compare-and-swap operation within the SSA
7416 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7417 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7420 %val1 = add i32 4, 4
7421 %result1 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 4, %val1)
7422 <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = 4</i>
7423 %stored1 = icmp eq i32 %result1, 4 <i>; yields {i1}:stored1 = true</i>
7424 %memval1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval1 = 8</i>
7426 %val2 = add i32 1, 1
7427 %result2 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.cmp.swap.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 5, %val2)
7428 <i>; yields {i32}:result2 = 8</i>
7429 %stored2 = icmp eq i32 %result2, 5 <i>; yields {i1}:stored2 = false</i>
7431 %memval2 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval2 = 8</i>
7436 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7438 <a name="int_atomic_swap">'<tt>llvm.atomic.swap.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7444 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.atomic.swap</tt> on any
7445 integer bit width. Not all targets support all bit widths however.</p>
7448 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.swap.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <val>)
7449 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.swap.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <val>)
7450 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.swap.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <val>)
7451 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.swap.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <val>)
7455 <p>This intrinsic loads the value stored in memory at <tt>ptr</tt> and yields
7456 the value from memory. It then stores the value in <tt>val</tt> in the memory
7457 at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7460 <p>The <tt>llvm.atomic.swap</tt> intrinsic takes two arguments. Both
7461 the <tt>val</tt> argument and the result must be integers of the same bit
7462 width. The first argument, <tt>ptr</tt>, must be a pointer to a value of this
7463 integer type. The targets may only lower integer representations they
7467 <p>This intrinsic loads the value pointed to by <tt>ptr</tt>, yields it, and
7468 stores <tt>val</tt> back into <tt>ptr</tt> atomically. This provides the
7469 equivalent of an atomic swap operation within the SSA framework.</p>
7473 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7474 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7477 %val1 = add i32 4, 4
7478 %result1 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.swap.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 %val1)
7479 <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = 4</i>
7480 %stored1 = icmp eq i32 %result1, 4 <i>; yields {i1}:stored1 = true</i>
7481 %memval1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval1 = 8</i>
7483 %val2 = add i32 1, 1
7484 %result2 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.swap.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 %val2)
7485 <i>; yields {i32}:result2 = 8</i>
7487 %stored2 = icmp eq i32 %result2, 8 <i>; yields {i1}:stored2 = true</i>
7488 %memval2 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval2 = 2</i>
7493 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7495 <a name="int_atomic_load_add">'<tt>llvm.atomic.load.add.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7501 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.atomic.load.add</tt> on
7502 any integer bit width. Not all targets support all bit widths however.</p>
7505 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7506 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7507 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7508 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7512 <p>This intrinsic adds <tt>delta</tt> to the value stored in memory
7513 at <tt>ptr</tt>. It yields the original value at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7516 <p>The intrinsic takes two arguments, the first a pointer to an integer value
7517 and the second an integer value. The result is also an integer value. These
7518 integer types can have any bit width, but they must all have the same bit
7519 width. The targets may only lower integer representations they support.</p>
7522 <p>This intrinsic does a series of operations atomically. It first loads the
7523 value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>. It then adds <tt>delta</tt>, stores the result
7524 to <tt>ptr</tt>. It yields the original value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7528 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7529 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7531 %result1 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 4)
7532 <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = 4</i>
7533 %result2 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 2)
7534 <i>; yields {i32}:result2 = 8</i>
7535 %result3 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.add.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 5)
7536 <i>; yields {i32}:result3 = 10</i>
7537 %memval1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval1 = 15</i>
7542 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7544 <a name="int_atomic_load_sub">'<tt>llvm.atomic.load.sub.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7550 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use <tt>llvm.atomic.load.sub</tt> on
7551 any integer bit width and for different address spaces. Not all targets
7552 support all bit widths however.</p>
7555 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i8.p0i32(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7556 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i16.p0i32(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7557 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7558 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i64.p0i32(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7562 <p>This intrinsic subtracts <tt>delta</tt> to the value stored in memory at
7563 <tt>ptr</tt>. It yields the original value at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7566 <p>The intrinsic takes two arguments, the first a pointer to an integer value
7567 and the second an integer value. The result is also an integer value. These
7568 integer types can have any bit width, but they must all have the same bit
7569 width. The targets may only lower integer representations they support.</p>
7572 <p>This intrinsic does a series of operations atomically. It first loads the
7573 value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>. It then subtracts <tt>delta</tt>, stores the
7574 result to <tt>ptr</tt>. It yields the original value stored
7575 at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7579 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7580 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7582 %result1 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 4)
7583 <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = 8</i>
7584 %result2 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 2)
7585 <i>; yields {i32}:result2 = 4</i>
7586 %result3 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.sub.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 5)
7587 <i>; yields {i32}:result3 = 2</i>
7588 %memval1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval1 = -3</i>
7593 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7595 <a name="int_atomic_load_and">
7596 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.and.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7599 <a name="int_atomic_load_nand">
7600 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.nand.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7603 <a name="int_atomic_load_or">
7604 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.or.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7607 <a name="int_atomic_load_xor">
7608 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.xor.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7615 <p>These are overloaded intrinsics. You can
7616 use <tt>llvm.atomic.load_and</tt>, <tt>llvm.atomic.load_nand</tt>,
7617 <tt>llvm.atomic.load_or</tt>, and <tt>llvm.atomic.load_xor</tt> on any integer
7618 bit width and for different address spaces. Not all targets support all bit
7622 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.and.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7623 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.and.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7624 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.and.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7625 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.and.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7629 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.or.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7630 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.or.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7631 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.or.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7632 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.or.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7636 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.nand.i8.p0i32(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7637 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.nand.i16.p0i32(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7638 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.nand.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7639 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.nand.i64.p0i32(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7643 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.xor.i8.p0i32(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7644 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.xor.i16.p0i32(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7645 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.xor.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7646 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.xor.i64.p0i32(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7650 <p>These intrinsics bitwise the operation (and, nand, or, xor) <tt>delta</tt> to
7651 the value stored in memory at <tt>ptr</tt>. It yields the original value
7652 at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7655 <p>These intrinsics take two arguments, the first a pointer to an integer value
7656 and the second an integer value. The result is also an integer value. These
7657 integer types can have any bit width, but they must all have the same bit
7658 width. The targets may only lower integer representations they support.</p>
7661 <p>These intrinsics does a series of operations atomically. They first load the
7662 value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>. They then do the bitwise
7663 operation <tt>delta</tt>, store the result to <tt>ptr</tt>. They yield the
7664 original value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7668 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7669 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7670 store i32 0x0F0F, %ptr
7671 %result0 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.nand.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 0xFF)
7672 <i>; yields {i32}:result0 = 0x0F0F</i>
7673 %result1 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.and.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 0xFF)
7674 <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = 0xFFFFFFF0</i>
7675 %result2 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.or.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 0F)
7676 <i>; yields {i32}:result2 = 0xF0</i>
7677 %result3 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.xor.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 0F)
7678 <i>; yields {i32}:result3 = FF</i>
7679 %memval1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval1 = F0</i>
7684 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7686 <a name="int_atomic_load_max">
7687 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.max.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7690 <a name="int_atomic_load_min">
7691 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.min.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7694 <a name="int_atomic_load_umax">
7695 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.umax.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7698 <a name="int_atomic_load_umin">
7699 '<tt>llvm.atomic.load.umin.*</tt>' Intrinsic
7706 <p>These are overloaded intrinsics. You can use <tt>llvm.atomic.load_max</tt>,
7707 <tt>llvm.atomic.load_min</tt>, <tt>llvm.atomic.load_umax</tt>, and
7708 <tt>llvm.atomic.load_umin</tt> on any integer bit width and for different
7709 address spaces. Not all targets support all bit widths however.</p>
7712 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.max.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7713 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.max.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7714 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.max.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7715 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.max.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7719 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.min.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7720 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.min.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7721 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.min.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7722 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.min.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7726 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.umax.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7727 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.umax.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7728 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.umax.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7729 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.umax.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7733 declare i8 @llvm.atomic.load.umin.i8.p0i8(i8* <ptr>, i8 <delta>)
7734 declare i16 @llvm.atomic.load.umin.i16.p0i16(i16* <ptr>, i16 <delta>)
7735 declare i32 @llvm.atomic.load.umin.i32.p0i32(i32* <ptr>, i32 <delta>)
7736 declare i64 @llvm.atomic.load.umin.i64.p0i64(i64* <ptr>, i64 <delta>)
7740 <p>These intrinsics takes the signed or unsigned minimum or maximum of
7741 <tt>delta</tt> and the value stored in memory at <tt>ptr</tt>. It yields the
7742 original value at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7745 <p>These intrinsics take two arguments, the first a pointer to an integer value
7746 and the second an integer value. The result is also an integer value. These
7747 integer types can have any bit width, but they must all have the same bit
7748 width. The targets may only lower integer representations they support.</p>
7751 <p>These intrinsics does a series of operations atomically. They first load the
7752 value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>. They then do the signed or unsigned min or
7753 max <tt>delta</tt> and the value, store the result to <tt>ptr</tt>. They
7754 yield the original value stored at <tt>ptr</tt>.</p>
7758 %mallocP = tail call i8* @malloc(i32 ptrtoint (i32* getelementptr (i32* null, i32 1) to i32))
7759 %ptr = bitcast i8* %mallocP to i32*
7761 %result0 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.min.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 -2)
7762 <i>; yields {i32}:result0 = 7</i>
7763 %result1 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.max.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 8)
7764 <i>; yields {i32}:result1 = -2</i>
7765 %result2 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.umin.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 10)
7766 <i>; yields {i32}:result2 = 8</i>
7767 %result3 = call i32 @llvm.atomic.load.umax.i32.p0i32(i32* %ptr, i32 30)
7768 <i>; yields {i32}:result3 = 8</i>
7769 %memval1 = load i32* %ptr <i>; yields {i32}:memval1 = 30</i>
7776 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7778 <a name="int_memorymarkers">Memory Use Markers</a>
7783 <p>This class of intrinsics exists to information about the lifetime of memory
7784 objects and ranges where variables are immutable.</p>
7786 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7788 <a name="int_lifetime_start">'<tt>llvm.lifetime.start</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7795 declare void @llvm.lifetime.start(i64 <size>, i8* nocapture <ptr>)
7799 <p>The '<tt>llvm.lifetime.start</tt>' intrinsic specifies the start of a memory
7800 object's lifetime.</p>
7803 <p>The first argument is a constant integer representing the size of the
7804 object, or -1 if it is variable sized. The second argument is a pointer to
7808 <p>This intrinsic indicates that before this point in the code, the value of the
7809 memory pointed to by <tt>ptr</tt> is dead. This means that it is known to
7810 never be used and has an undefined value. A load from the pointer that
7811 precedes this intrinsic can be replaced with
7812 <tt>'<a href="#undefvalues">undef</a>'</tt>.</p>
7816 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7818 <a name="int_lifetime_end">'<tt>llvm.lifetime.end</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7825 declare void @llvm.lifetime.end(i64 <size>, i8* nocapture <ptr>)
7829 <p>The '<tt>llvm.lifetime.end</tt>' intrinsic specifies the end of a memory
7830 object's lifetime.</p>
7833 <p>The first argument is a constant integer representing the size of the
7834 object, or -1 if it is variable sized. The second argument is a pointer to
7838 <p>This intrinsic indicates that after this point in the code, the value of the
7839 memory pointed to by <tt>ptr</tt> is dead. This means that it is known to
7840 never be used and has an undefined value. Any stores into the memory object
7841 following this intrinsic may be removed as dead.
7845 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7847 <a name="int_invariant_start">'<tt>llvm.invariant.start</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7854 declare {}* @llvm.invariant.start(i64 <size>, i8* nocapture <ptr>)
7858 <p>The '<tt>llvm.invariant.start</tt>' intrinsic specifies that the contents of
7859 a memory object will not change.</p>
7862 <p>The first argument is a constant integer representing the size of the
7863 object, or -1 if it is variable sized. The second argument is a pointer to
7867 <p>This intrinsic indicates that until an <tt>llvm.invariant.end</tt> that uses
7868 the return value, the referenced memory location is constant and
7873 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7875 <a name="int_invariant_end">'<tt>llvm.invariant.end</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7882 declare void @llvm.invariant.end({}* <start>, i64 <size>, i8* nocapture <ptr>)
7886 <p>The '<tt>llvm.invariant.end</tt>' intrinsic specifies that the contents of
7887 a memory object are mutable.</p>
7890 <p>The first argument is the matching <tt>llvm.invariant.start</tt> intrinsic.
7891 The second argument is a constant integer representing the size of the
7892 object, or -1 if it is variable sized and the third argument is a pointer
7896 <p>This intrinsic indicates that the memory is mutable again.</p>
7902 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
7904 <a name="int_general">General Intrinsics</a>
7909 <p>This class of intrinsics is designed to be generic and has no specific
7912 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7914 <a name="int_var_annotation">'<tt>llvm.var.annotation</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7921 declare void @llvm.var.annotation(i8* <val>, i8* <str>, i8* <str>, i32 <int>)
7925 <p>The '<tt>llvm.var.annotation</tt>' intrinsic.</p>
7928 <p>The first argument is a pointer to a value, the second is a pointer to a
7929 global string, the third is a pointer to a global string which is the source
7930 file name, and the last argument is the line number.</p>
7933 <p>This intrinsic allows annotation of local variables with arbitrary strings.
7934 This can be useful for special purpose optimizations that want to look for
7935 these annotations. These have no other defined use, they are ignored by code
7936 generation and optimization.</p>
7940 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7942 <a name="int_annotation">'<tt>llvm.annotation.*</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7948 <p>This is an overloaded intrinsic. You can use '<tt>llvm.annotation</tt>' on
7949 any integer bit width.</p>
7952 declare i8 @llvm.annotation.i8(i8 <val>, i8* <str>, i8* <str>, i32 <int>)
7953 declare i16 @llvm.annotation.i16(i16 <val>, i8* <str>, i8* <str>, i32 <int>)
7954 declare i32 @llvm.annotation.i32(i32 <val>, i8* <str>, i8* <str>, i32 <int>)
7955 declare i64 @llvm.annotation.i64(i64 <val>, i8* <str>, i8* <str>, i32 <int>)
7956 declare i256 @llvm.annotation.i256(i256 <val>, i8* <str>, i8* <str>, i32 <int>)
7960 <p>The '<tt>llvm.annotation</tt>' intrinsic.</p>
7963 <p>The first argument is an integer value (result of some expression), the
7964 second is a pointer to a global string, the third is a pointer to a global
7965 string which is the source file name, and the last argument is the line
7966 number. It returns the value of the first argument.</p>
7969 <p>This intrinsic allows annotations to be put on arbitrary expressions with
7970 arbitrary strings. This can be useful for special purpose optimizations that
7971 want to look for these annotations. These have no other defined use, they
7972 are ignored by code generation and optimization.</p>
7976 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
7978 <a name="int_trap">'<tt>llvm.trap</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
7985 declare void @llvm.trap()
7989 <p>The '<tt>llvm.trap</tt>' intrinsic.</p>
7995 <p>This intrinsics is lowered to the target dependent trap instruction. If the
7996 target does not have a trap instruction, this intrinsic will be lowered to
7997 the call of the <tt>abort()</tt> function.</p>
8001 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
8003 <a name="int_stackprotector">'<tt>llvm.stackprotector</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
8010 declare void @llvm.stackprotector(i8* <guard>, i8** <slot>)
8014 <p>The <tt>llvm.stackprotector</tt> intrinsic takes the <tt>guard</tt> and
8015 stores it onto the stack at <tt>slot</tt>. The stack slot is adjusted to
8016 ensure that it is placed on the stack before local variables.</p>
8019 <p>The <tt>llvm.stackprotector</tt> intrinsic requires two pointer
8020 arguments. The first argument is the value loaded from the stack
8021 guard <tt>@__stack_chk_guard</tt>. The second variable is an <tt>alloca</tt>
8022 that has enough space to hold the value of the guard.</p>
8025 <p>This intrinsic causes the prologue/epilogue inserter to force the position of
8026 the <tt>AllocaInst</tt> stack slot to be before local variables on the
8027 stack. This is to ensure that if a local variable on the stack is
8028 overwritten, it will destroy the value of the guard. When the function exits,
8029 the guard on the stack is checked against the original guard. If they are
8030 different, then the program aborts by calling the <tt>__stack_chk_fail()</tt>
8035 <!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
8037 <a name="int_objectsize">'<tt>llvm.objectsize</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
8044 declare i32 @llvm.objectsize.i32(i8* <object>, i1 <type>)
8045 declare i64 @llvm.objectsize.i64(i8* <object>, i1 <type>)
8049 <p>The <tt>llvm.objectsize</tt> intrinsic is designed to provide information to
8050 the optimizers to determine at compile time whether a) an operation (like
8051 memcpy) will overflow a buffer that corresponds to an object, or b) that a
8052 runtime check for overflow isn't necessary. An object in this context means
8053 an allocation of a specific class, structure, array, or other object.</p>
8056 <p>The <tt>llvm.objectsize</tt> intrinsic takes two arguments. The first
8057 argument is a pointer to or into the <tt>object</tt>. The second argument
8058 is a boolean 0 or 1. This argument determines whether you want the
8059 maximum (0) or minimum (1) bytes remaining. This needs to be a literal 0 or
8060 1, variables are not allowed.</p>
8063 <p>The <tt>llvm.objectsize</tt> intrinsic is lowered to either a constant
8064 representing the size of the object concerned, or <tt>i32/i64 -1 or 0</tt>,
8065 depending on the <tt>type</tt> argument, if the size cannot be determined at
8074 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
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