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4 LLVM Link Time Optimization: Design and Implementation
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13 LLVM features powerful intermodular optimizations which can be used at link
14 time. Link Time Optimization (LTO) is another name for intermodular
15 optimization when performed during the link stage. This document describes the
16 interface and design between the LTO optimizer and the linker.
21 The LLVM Link Time Optimizer provides complete transparency, while doing
22 intermodular optimization, in the compiler tool chain. Its main goal is to let
23 the developer take advantage of intermodular optimizations without making any
24 significant changes to the developer's makefiles or build system. This is
25 achieved through tight integration with the linker. In this model, the linker
26 treates LLVM bitcode files like native object files and allows mixing and
27 matching among them. The linker uses `libLTO`_, a shared object, to handle LLVM
28 bitcode files. This tight integration between the linker and LLVM optimizer
29 helps to do optimizations that are not possible in other models. The linker
30 input allows the optimizer to avoid relying on conservative escape analysis.
32 Example of link time optimization
33 ---------------------------------
35 The following example illustrates the advantages of LTO's integrated approach
36 and clean interface. This example requires a system linker which supports LTO
37 through the interface described in this document. Here, clang transparently
38 invokes system linker.
40 * Input source file ``a.c`` is compiled into LLVM bitcode form.
41 * Input source file ``main.c`` is compiled into native object code.
46 extern int foo1(void);
47 extern void foo2(void);
48 extern void foo4(void);
53 static signed int i = 0;
89 % clang -emit-llvm -c a.c -o a.o # <-- a.o is LLVM bitcode file
90 % clang -c main.c -o main.o # <-- main.o is native object file
91 % clang a.o main.o -o main # <-- standard link command without modifications
93 * In this example, the linker recognizes that ``foo2()`` is an externally
94 visible symbol defined in LLVM bitcode file. The linker completes its usual
95 symbol resolution pass and finds that ``foo2()`` is not used
96 anywhere. This information is used by the LLVM optimizer and it
97 removes ``foo2()``.</li>
99 * As soon as ``foo2()`` is removed, the optimizer recognizes that condition ``i
100 < 0`` is always false, which means ``foo3()`` is never used. Hence, the
101 optimizer also removes ``foo3()``.
103 * And this in turn, enables linker to remove ``foo4()``.
105 This example illustrates the advantage of tight integration with the
106 linker. Here, the optimizer can not remove ``foo3()`` without the linker's
109 Alternative Approaches
110 ----------------------
112 **Compiler driver invokes link time optimizer separately.**
113 In this model the link time optimizer is not able to take advantage of
114 information collected during the linker's normal symbol resolution phase.
115 In the above example, the optimizer can not remove ``foo2()`` without the
116 linker's input because it is externally visible. This in turn prohibits the
117 optimizer from removing ``foo3()``.
119 **Use separate tool to collect symbol information from all object files.**
120 In this model, a new, separate, tool or library replicates the linker's
121 capability to collect information for link time optimization. Not only is
122 this code duplication difficult to justify, but it also has several other
123 disadvantages. For example, the linking semantics and the features provided
124 by the linker on various platform are not unique. This means, this new tool
125 needs to support all such features and platforms in one super tool or a
126 separate tool per platform is required. This increases maintenance cost for
127 link time optimizer significantly, which is not necessary. This approach
128 also requires staying synchronized with linker developements on various
129 platforms, which is not the main focus of the link time optimizer. Finally,
130 this approach increases end user's build time due to the duplication of work
131 done by this separate tool and the linker itself.
133 Multi-phase communication between ``libLTO`` and linker
134 =======================================================
136 The linker collects information about symbol defininitions and uses in various
137 link objects which is more accurate than any information collected by other
138 tools during typical build cycles. The linker collects this information by
139 looking at the definitions and uses of symbols in native .o files and using
140 symbol visibility information. The linker also uses user-supplied information,
141 such as a list of exported symbols. LLVM optimizer collects control flow
142 information, data flow information and knows much more about program structure
143 from the optimizer's point of view. Our goal is to take advantage of tight
144 integration between the linker and the optimizer by sharing this information
145 during various linking phases.
147 Phase 1 : Read LLVM Bitcode Files
148 ---------------------------------
150 The linker first reads all object files in natural order and collects symbol
151 information. This includes native object files as well as LLVM bitcode files.
152 To minimize the cost to the linker in the case that all .o files are native
153 object files, the linker only calls ``lto_module_create()`` when a supplied
154 object file is found to not be a native object file. If ``lto_module_create()``
155 returns that the file is an LLVM bitcode file, the linker then iterates over the
156 module using ``lto_module_get_symbol_name()`` and
157 ``lto_module_get_symbol_attribute()`` to get all symbols defined and referenced.
158 This information is added to the linker's global symbol table.
161 The lto* functions are all implemented in a shared object libLTO. This allows
162 the LLVM LTO code to be updated independently of the linker tool. On platforms
163 that support it, the shared object is lazily loaded.
165 Phase 2 : Symbol Resolution
166 ---------------------------
168 In this stage, the linker resolves symbols using global symbol table. It may
169 report undefined symbol errors, read archive members, replace weak symbols, etc.
170 The linker is able to do this seamlessly even though it does not know the exact
171 content of input LLVM bitcode files. If dead code stripping is enabled then the
172 linker collects the list of live symbols.
174 Phase 3 : Optimize Bitcode Files
175 --------------------------------
177 After symbol resolution, the linker tells the LTO shared object which symbols
178 are needed by native object files. In the example above, the linker reports
179 that only ``foo1()`` is used by native object files using
180 ``lto_codegen_add_must_preserve_symbol()``. Next the linker invokes the LLVM
181 optimizer and code generators using ``lto_codegen_compile()`` which returns a
182 native object file creating by merging the LLVM bitcode files and applying
183 various optimization passes.
185 Phase 4 : Symbol Resolution after optimization
186 ----------------------------------------------
188 In this phase, the linker reads optimized a native object file and updates the
189 internal global symbol table to reflect any changes. The linker also collects
190 information about any changes in use of external symbols by LLVM bitcode
191 files. In the example above, the linker notes that ``foo4()`` is not used any
192 more. If dead code stripping is enabled then the linker refreshes the live
193 symbol information appropriately and performs dead code stripping.
195 After this phase, the linker continues linking as if it never saw LLVM bitcode
203 ``libLTO`` is a shared object that is part of the LLVM tools, and is intended
204 for use by a linker. ``libLTO`` provides an abstract C interface to use the LLVM
205 interprocedural optimizer without exposing details of LLVM's internals. The
206 intention is to keep the interface as stable as possible even when the LLVM
207 optimizer continues to evolve. It should even be possible for a completely
208 different compilation technology to provide a different libLTO that works with
209 their object files and the standard linker tool.
214 A non-native object file is handled via an ``lto_module_t``. The following
215 functions allow the linker to check if a file (on disk or in a memory buffer) is
216 a file which libLTO can process:
220 lto_module_is_object_file(const char*)
221 lto_module_is_object_file_for_target(const char*, const char*)
222 lto_module_is_object_file_in_memory(const void*, size_t)
223 lto_module_is_object_file_in_memory_for_target(const void*, size_t, const char*)
225 If the object file can be processed by ``libLTO``, the linker creates a
226 ``lto_module_t`` by using one of:
230 lto_module_create(const char*)
231 lto_module_create_from_memory(const void*, size_t)
233 and when done, the handle is released via
237 lto_module_dispose(lto_module_t)
240 The linker can introspect the non-native object file by getting the number of
241 symbols and getting the name and attributes of each symbol via:
245 lto_module_get_num_symbols(lto_module_t)
246 lto_module_get_symbol_name(lto_module_t, unsigned int)
247 lto_module_get_symbol_attribute(lto_module_t, unsigned int)
249 The attributes of a symbol include the alignment, visibility, and kind.
254 Once the linker has loaded each non-native object files into an
255 ``lto_module_t``, it can request ``libLTO`` to process them all and generate a
256 native object file. This is done in a couple of steps. First, a code generator
263 Then, each non-native object file is added to the code generator with:
267 lto_codegen_add_module(lto_code_gen_t, lto_module_t)
269 The linker then has the option of setting some codegen options. Whether or not
270 to generate DWARF debug info is set with:
274 lto_codegen_set_debug_model(lto_code_gen_t)
276 Which kind of position independence is set with:
280 lto_codegen_set_pic_model(lto_code_gen_t)
282 And each symbol that is referenced by a native object file or otherwise must not
283 be optimized away is set with:
287 lto_codegen_add_must_preserve_symbol(lto_code_gen_t, const char*)
289 After all these settings are done, the linker requests that a native object file
290 be created from the modules with the settings using:
294 lto_codegen_compile(lto_code_gen_t, size*)
296 which returns a pointer to a buffer containing the generated native object file.
297 The linker then parses that and links it with the rest of the native object