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11 <div class="doc_title">Source Level Debugging with LLVM</div>
13 <table class="layout" style="width:100%">
17 <li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
19 <li><a href="#phil">Philosophy behind LLVM debugging information</a></li>
20 <li><a href="#consumers">Debug information consumers</a></li>
21 <li><a href="#debugopt">Debugging optimized code</a></li>
23 <li><a href="#format">Debugging information format</a>
25 <li><a href="#debug_info_descriptors">Debug information descriptors</a>
27 <li><a href="#format_compile_units">Compile unit descriptors</a></li>
28 <li><a href="#format_files">File descriptors</a></li>
29 <li><a href="#format_global_variables">Global variable descriptors</a></li>
30 <li><a href="#format_subprograms">Subprogram descriptors</a></li>
31 <li><a href="#format_blocks">Block descriptors</a></li>
32 <li><a href="#format_basic_type">Basic type descriptors</a></li>
33 <li><a href="#format_derived_type">Derived type descriptors</a></li>
34 <li><a href="#format_composite_type">Composite type descriptors</a></li>
35 <li><a href="#format_subrange">Subrange descriptors</a></li>
36 <li><a href="#format_enumeration">Enumerator descriptors</a></li>
37 <li><a href="#format_variables">Local variables</a></li>
39 <li><a href="#format_common_intrinsics">Debugger intrinsic functions</a>
41 <li><a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a></li>
42 <li><a href="#format_common_value">llvm.dbg.value</a></li>
45 <li><a href="#format_common_lifetime">Object lifetimes and scoping</a></li>
46 <li><a href="#ccxx_frontend">C/C++ front-end specific debug information</a>
48 <li><a href="#ccxx_compile_units">C/C++ source file information</a></li>
49 <li><a href="#ccxx_global_variable">C/C++ global variable information</a></li>
50 <li><a href="#ccxx_subprogram">C/C++ function information</a></li>
51 <li><a href="#ccxx_basic_types">C/C++ basic types</a></li>
52 <li><a href="#ccxx_derived_types">C/C++ derived types</a></li>
53 <li><a href="#ccxx_composite_types">C/C++ struct/union types</a></li>
54 <li><a href="#ccxx_enumeration_types">C/C++ enumeration types</a></li>
59 <img src="img/venusflytrap.jpg" alt="A leafy and green bug eater" width="247"
64 <div class="doc_author">
65 <p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a>
66 and <a href="mailto:jlaskey@mac.com">Jim Laskey</a></p>
70 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
71 <div class="doc_section"><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></div>
72 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
74 <div class="doc_text">
76 <p>This document is the central repository for all information pertaining to
77 debug information in LLVM. It describes the <a href="#format">actual format
78 that the LLVM debug information</a> takes, which is useful for those
79 interested in creating front-ends or dealing directly with the information.
80 Further, this document provides specific examples of what debug information
85 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
86 <div class="doc_subsection">
87 <a name="phil">Philosophy behind LLVM debugging information</a>
90 <div class="doc_text">
92 <p>The idea of the LLVM debugging information is to capture how the important
93 pieces of the source-language's Abstract Syntax Tree map onto LLVM code.
94 Several design aspects have shaped the solution that appears here. The
95 important ones are:</p>
98 <li>Debugging information should have very little impact on the rest of the
99 compiler. No transformations, analyses, or code generators should need to
100 be modified because of debugging information.</li>
102 <li>LLVM optimizations should interact in <a href="#debugopt">well-defined and
103 easily described ways</a> with the debugging information.</li>
105 <li>Because LLVM is designed to support arbitrary programming languages,
106 LLVM-to-LLVM tools should not need to know anything about the semantics of
107 the source-level-language.</li>
109 <li>Source-level languages are often <b>widely</b> different from one another.
110 LLVM should not put any restrictions of the flavor of the source-language,
111 and the debugging information should work with any language.</li>
113 <li>With code generator support, it should be possible to use an LLVM compiler
114 to compile a program to native machine code and standard debugging
115 formats. This allows compatibility with traditional machine-code level
116 debuggers, like GDB or DBX.</li>
119 <p>The approach used by the LLVM implementation is to use a small set
120 of <a href="#format_common_intrinsics">intrinsic functions</a> to define a
121 mapping between LLVM program objects and the source-level objects. The
122 description of the source-level program is maintained in LLVM metadata
123 in an <a href="#ccxx_frontend">implementation-defined format</a>
124 (the C/C++ front-end currently uses working draft 7 of
125 the <a href="http://www.eagercon.com/dwarf/dwarf3std.htm">DWARF 3
128 <p>When a program is being debugged, a debugger interacts with the user and
129 turns the stored debug information into source-language specific information.
130 As such, a debugger must be aware of the source-language, and is thus tied to
131 a specific language or family of languages.</p>
135 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
136 <div class="doc_subsection">
137 <a name="consumers">Debug information consumers</a>
140 <div class="doc_text">
142 <p>The role of debug information is to provide meta information normally
143 stripped away during the compilation process. This meta information provides
144 an LLVM user a relationship between generated code and the original program
147 <p>Currently, debug information is consumed by DwarfDebug to produce dwarf
148 information used by the gdb debugger. Other targets could use the same
149 information to produce stabs or other debug forms.</p>
151 <p>It would also be reasonable to use debug information to feed profiling tools
152 for analysis of generated code, or, tools for reconstructing the original
153 source from generated code.</p>
155 <p>TODO - expound a bit more.</p>
159 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
160 <div class="doc_subsection">
161 <a name="debugopt">Debugging optimized code</a>
164 <div class="doc_text">
166 <p>An extremely high priority of LLVM debugging information is to make it
167 interact well with optimizations and analysis. In particular, the LLVM debug
168 information provides the following guarantees:</p>
171 <li>LLVM debug information <b>always provides information to accurately read
172 the source-level state of the program</b>, regardless of which LLVM
173 optimizations have been run, and without any modification to the
174 optimizations themselves. However, some optimizations may impact the
175 ability to modify the current state of the program with a debugger, such
176 as setting program variables, or calling functions that have been
179 <li>LLVM optimizations gracefully interact with debugging information. If
180 they are not aware of debug information, they are automatically disabled
181 as necessary in the cases that would invalidate the debug info. This
182 retains the LLVM features, making it easy to write new
183 transformations.</li>
185 <li>As desired, LLVM optimizations can be upgraded to be aware of the LLVM
186 debugging information, allowing them to update the debugging information
187 as they perform aggressive optimizations. This means that, with effort,
188 the LLVM optimizers could optimize debug code just as well as non-debug
191 <li>LLVM debug information does not prevent many important optimizations from
192 happening (for example inlining, basic block reordering/merging/cleanup,
193 tail duplication, etc), further reducing the amount of the compiler that
194 eventually is "aware" of debugging information.</li>
196 <li>LLVM debug information is automatically optimized along with the rest of
197 the program, using existing facilities. For example, duplicate
198 information is automatically merged by the linker, and unused information
199 is automatically removed.</li>
202 <p>Basically, the debug information allows you to compile a program with
203 "<tt>-O0 -g</tt>" and get full debug information, allowing you to arbitrarily
204 modify the program as it executes from a debugger. Compiling a program with
205 "<tt>-O3 -g</tt>" gives you full debug information that is always available
206 and accurate for reading (e.g., you get accurate stack traces despite tail
207 call elimination and inlining), but you might lose the ability to modify the
208 program and call functions where were optimized out of the program, or
209 inlined away completely.</p>
211 <p><a href="TestingGuide.html#quicktestsuite">LLVM test suite</a> provides a
212 framework to test optimizer's handling of debugging information. It can be
215 <div class="doc_code">
217 % cd llvm/projects/test-suite/MultiSource/Benchmarks # or some other level
222 <p>This will test impact of debugging information on optimization passes. If
223 debugging information influences optimization passes then it will be reported
224 as a failure. See <a href="TestingGuide.html">TestingGuide</a> for more
225 information on LLVM test infrastructure and how to run various tests.</p>
229 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
230 <div class="doc_section">
231 <a name="format">Debugging information format</a>
233 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
235 <div class="doc_text">
237 <p>LLVM debugging information has been carefully designed to make it possible
238 for the optimizer to optimize the program and debugging information without
239 necessarily having to know anything about debugging information. In
240 particular, the use of metadata avoids duplicated debugging information from
241 the beginning, and the global dead code elimination pass automatically
242 deletes debugging information for a function if it decides to delete the
245 <p>To do this, most of the debugging information (descriptors for types,
246 variables, functions, source files, etc) is inserted by the language
247 front-end in the form of LLVM metadata. </p>
249 <p>Debug information is designed to be agnostic about the target debugger and
250 debugging information representation (e.g. DWARF/Stabs/etc). It uses a
251 generic pass to decode the information that represents variables, types,
252 functions, namespaces, etc: this allows for arbitrary source-language
253 semantics and type-systems to be used, as long as there is a module
254 written for the target debugger to interpret the information. </p>
256 <p>To provide basic functionality, the LLVM debugger does have to make some
257 assumptions about the source-level language being debugged, though it keeps
258 these to a minimum. The only common features that the LLVM debugger assumes
259 exist are <a href="#format_files">source files</a>,
260 and <a href="#format_global_variables">program objects</a>. These abstract
261 objects are used by a debugger to form stack traces, show information about
262 local variables, etc.</p>
264 <p>This section of the documentation first describes the representation aspects
265 common to any source-language. The <a href="#ccxx_frontend">next section</a>
266 describes the data layout conventions used by the C and C++ front-ends.</p>
270 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
271 <div class="doc_subsection">
272 <a name="debug_info_descriptors">Debug information descriptors</a>
275 <div class="doc_text">
277 <p>In consideration of the complexity and volume of debug information, LLVM
278 provides a specification for well formed debug descriptors. </p>
280 <p>Consumers of LLVM debug information expect the descriptors for program
281 objects to start in a canonical format, but the descriptors can include
282 additional information appended at the end that is source-language
283 specific. All LLVM debugging information is versioned, allowing backwards
284 compatibility in the case that the core structures need to change in some
285 way. Also, all debugging information objects start with a tag to indicate
286 what type of object it is. The source-language is allowed to define its own
287 objects, by using unreserved tag numbers. We recommend using with tags in
288 the range 0x1000 through 0x2000 (there is a defined enum DW_TAG_user_base =
291 <p>The fields of debug descriptors used internally by LLVM
292 are restricted to only the simple data types <tt>i32</tt>, <tt>i1</tt>,
293 <tt>float</tt>, <tt>double</tt>, <tt>mdstring</tt> and <tt>mdnode</tt>. </p>
295 <div class="doc_code">
304 <p><a name="LLVMDebugVersion">The first field of a descriptor is always an
305 <tt>i32</tt> containing a tag value identifying the content of the
306 descriptor. The remaining fields are specific to the descriptor. The values
307 of tags are loosely bound to the tag values of DWARF information entries.
308 However, that does not restrict the use of the information supplied to DWARF
309 targets. To facilitate versioning of debug information, the tag is augmented
310 with the current debug version (LLVMDebugVersion = 8 << 16 or 0x80000 or
313 <p>The details of the various descriptors follow.</p>
317 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
318 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
319 <a name="format_compile_units">Compile unit descriptors</a>
322 <div class="doc_text">
324 <div class="doc_code">
327 i32, ;; Tag = 17 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
328 ;; (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
329 i32, ;; Unused field.
330 i32, ;; DWARF language identifier (ex. DW_LANG_C89)
331 metadata, ;; Source file name
332 metadata, ;; Source file directory (includes trailing slash)
333 metadata ;; Producer (ex. "4.0.1 LLVM (LLVM research group)")
334 i1, ;; True if this is a main compile unit.
335 i1, ;; True if this is optimized.
337 i32 ;; Runtime version
342 <p>These descriptors contain a source language ID for the file (we use the DWARF
343 3.0 ID numbers, such as <tt>DW_LANG_C89</tt>, <tt>DW_LANG_C_plus_plus</tt>,
344 <tt>DW_LANG_Cobol74</tt>, etc), three strings describing the filename,
345 working directory of the compiler, and an identifier string for the compiler
346 that produced it.</p>
348 <p>Compile unit descriptors provide the root context for objects declared in a
349 specific compilation unit. File descriptors are defined using this context.</p>
353 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
354 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
355 <a name="format_files">File descriptors</a>
358 <div class="doc_text">
360 <div class="doc_code">
363 i32, ;; Tag = 41 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
364 ;; (DW_TAG_file_type)
365 metadata, ;; Source file name
366 metadata, ;; Source file directory (includes trailing slash)
367 metadata ;; Reference to compile unit where defined
372 <p>These descriptors contain information for a file. Global variables and top
373 level functions would be defined using this context.k File descriptors also
374 provide context for source line correspondence. </p>
376 <p>Each input file is encoded as a separate file descriptor in LLVM debugging
377 information output. Each file descriptor would be defined using a
382 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
383 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
384 <a name="format_global_variables">Global variable descriptors</a>
387 <div class="doc_text">
389 <div class="doc_code">
392 i32, ;; Tag = 52 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
394 i32, ;; Unused field.
395 metadata, ;; Reference to context descriptor
397 metadata, ;; Display name (fully qualified C++ name)
398 metadata, ;; MIPS linkage name (for C++)
399 metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
400 i32, ;; Line number where defined
401 metadata, ;; Reference to type descriptor
402 i1, ;; True if the global is local to compile unit (static)
403 i1, ;; True if the global is defined in the compile unit (not extern)
404 { }* ;; Reference to the global variable
409 <p>These descriptors provide debug information about globals variables. The
410 provide details such as name, type and where the variable is defined.</p>
414 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
415 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
416 <a name="format_subprograms">Subprogram descriptors</a>
419 <div class="doc_text">
421 <div class="doc_code">
424 i32, ;; Tag = 46 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
425 ;; (DW_TAG_subprogram)
426 i32, ;; Unused field.
427 metadata, ;; Reference to context descriptor
429 metadata, ;; Display name (fully qualified C++ name)
430 metadata, ;; MIPS linkage name (for C++)
431 metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
432 i32, ;; Line number where defined
433 metadata, ;; Reference to type descriptor
434 i1, ;; True if the global is local to compile unit (static)
435 i1 ;; True if the global is defined in the compile unit (not extern)
440 <p>These descriptors provide debug information about functions, methods and
441 subprograms. They provide details such as name, return types and the source
442 location where the subprogram is defined.</p>
446 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
447 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
448 <a name="format_blocks">Block descriptors</a>
451 <div class="doc_text">
453 <div class="doc_code">
456 i32, ;; Tag = 13 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a> (DW_TAG_lexical_block)
457 metadata ;; Reference to context descriptor
462 <p>These descriptors provide debug information about nested blocks within a
463 subprogram. The array of member descriptors is used to define local
464 variables and deeper nested blocks.</p>
468 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
469 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
470 <a name="format_basic_type">Basic type descriptors</a>
473 <div class="doc_text">
475 <div class="doc_code">
478 i32, ;; Tag = 36 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
479 ;; (DW_TAG_base_type)
480 metadata, ;; Reference to context (typically a compile unit)
481 metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
482 metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined (may be NULL)
483 i32, ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
485 i64, ;; Alignment in bits
486 i64, ;; Offset in bits
488 i32 ;; DWARF type encoding
493 <p>These descriptors define primitive types used in the code. Example int, bool
494 and float. The context provides the scope of the type, which is usually the
495 top level. Since basic types are not usually user defined the compile unit
496 and line number can be left as NULL and 0. The size, alignment and offset
497 are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to
498 round the offset when embedded in a
499 <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a> (example to keep float
500 doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is the bit offset if embedded in
501 a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>.</p>
503 <p>The type encoding provides the details of the type. The values are typically
504 one of the following:</p>
506 <div class="doc_code">
512 DW_ATE_signed_char = 6
514 DW_ATE_unsigned_char = 8
520 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
521 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
522 <a name="format_derived_type">Derived type descriptors</a>
525 <div class="doc_text">
527 <div class="doc_code">
530 i32, ;; Tag (see below)
531 metadata, ;; Reference to context
532 metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
533 metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined (may be NULL)
534 i32, ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
536 i32, ;; Alignment in bits
537 i32, ;; Offset in bits
538 metadata ;; Reference to type derived from
543 <p>These descriptors are used to define types derived from other types. The
544 value of the tag varies depending on the meaning. The following are possible
547 <div class="doc_code">
549 DW_TAG_formal_parameter = 5
551 DW_TAG_pointer_type = 15
552 DW_TAG_reference_type = 16
554 DW_TAG_const_type = 38
555 DW_TAG_volatile_type = 53
556 DW_TAG_restrict_type = 55
560 <p><tt>DW_TAG_member</tt> is used to define a member of
561 a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>
562 or <a href="#format_subprograms">subprogram</a>. The type of the member is
563 the <a href="#format_derived_type">derived
564 type</a>. <tt>DW_TAG_formal_parameter</tt> is used to define a member which
565 is a formal argument of a subprogram.</p>
567 <p><tt>DW_TAG_typedef</tt> is used to provide a name for the derived type.</p>
569 <p><tt>DW_TAG_pointer_type</tt>,<tt>DW_TAG_reference_type</tt>,
570 <tt>DW_TAG_const_type</tt>, <tt>DW_TAG_volatile_type</tt>
571 and <tt>DW_TAG_restrict_type</tt> are used to qualify
572 the <a href="#format_derived_type">derived type</a>. </p>
574 <p><a href="#format_derived_type">Derived type</a> location can be determined
575 from the compile unit and line number. The size, alignment and offset are
576 expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to round
577 the offset when embedded in a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite
578 type</a> (example to keep float doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is
579 the bit offset if embedded in a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite
582 <p>Note that the <tt>void *</tt> type is expressed as a
583 <tt>llvm.dbg.derivedtype.type</tt> with tag of <tt>DW_TAG_pointer_type</tt>
584 and <tt>NULL</tt> derived type.</p>
588 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
589 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
590 <a name="format_composite_type">Composite type descriptors</a>
593 <div class="doc_text">
595 <div class="doc_code">
598 i32, ;; Tag (see below)
599 metadata, ;; Reference to context
600 metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
601 metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined (may be NULL)
602 i32, ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
604 i64, ;; Alignment in bits
605 i64, ;; Offset in bits
607 metadata, ;; Reference to type derived from
608 metadata, ;; Reference to array of member descriptors
609 i32 ;; Runtime languages
614 <p>These descriptors are used to define types that are composed of 0 or more
615 elements. The value of the tag varies depending on the meaning. The following
616 are possible tag values:</p>
618 <div class="doc_code">
620 DW_TAG_array_type = 1
621 DW_TAG_enumeration_type = 4
622 DW_TAG_structure_type = 19
623 DW_TAG_union_type = 23
624 DW_TAG_vector_type = 259
625 DW_TAG_subroutine_type = 21
626 DW_TAG_inheritance = 28
630 <p>The vector flag indicates that an array type is a native packed vector.</p>
632 <p>The members of array types (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_array_type</tt>) or vector types
633 (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_vector_type</tt>) are <a href="#format_subrange">subrange
634 descriptors</a>, each representing the range of subscripts at that level of
637 <p>The members of enumeration types (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_enumeration_type</tt>) are
638 <a href="#format_enumeration">enumerator descriptors</a>, each representing
639 the definition of enumeration value for the set.</p>
641 <p>The members of structure (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_structure_type</tt>) or union (tag
642 = <tt>DW_TAG_union_type</tt>) types are any one of
643 the <a href="#format_basic_type">basic</a>,
644 <a href="#format_derived_type">derived</a>
645 or <a href="#format_composite_type">composite</a> type descriptors, each
646 representing a field member of the structure or union.</p>
648 <p>For C++ classes (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_structure_type</tt>), member descriptors
649 provide information about base classes, static members and member
650 functions. If a member is a <a href="#format_derived_type">derived type
651 descriptor</a> and has a tag of <tt>DW_TAG_inheritance</tt>, then the type
652 represents a base class. If the member of is
653 a <a href="#format_global_variables">global variable descriptor</a> then it
654 represents a static member. And, if the member is
655 a <a href="#format_subprograms">subprogram descriptor</a> then it represents
656 a member function. For static members and member
657 functions, <tt>getName()</tt> returns the members link or the C++ mangled
658 name. <tt>getDisplayName()</tt> the simplied version of the name.</p>
660 <p>The first member of subroutine (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_subroutine_type</tt>) type
661 elements is the return type for the subroutine. The remaining elements are
662 the formal arguments to the subroutine.</p>
664 <p><a href="#format_composite_type">Composite type</a> location can be
665 determined from the compile unit and line number. The size, alignment and
666 offset are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used
667 to round the offset when embedded in
668 a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a> (as an example, to keep
669 float doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is the bit offset if embedded
670 in a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>.</p>
674 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
675 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
676 <a name="format_subrange">Subrange descriptors</a>
679 <div class="doc_text">
681 <div class="doc_code">
683 %<a href="#format_subrange">llvm.dbg.subrange.type</a> = type {
684 i32, ;; Tag = 33 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a> (DW_TAG_subrange_type)
691 <p>These descriptors are used to define ranges of array subscripts for an array
692 <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>. The low value defines
693 the lower bounds typically zero for C/C++. The high value is the upper
694 bounds. Values are 64 bit. High - low + 1 is the size of the array. If low
695 == high the array will be unbounded.</p>
699 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
700 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
701 <a name="format_enumeration">Enumerator descriptors</a>
704 <div class="doc_text">
706 <div class="doc_code">
709 i32, ;; Tag = 40 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
710 ;; (DW_TAG_enumerator)
717 <p>These descriptors are used to define members of an
718 enumeration <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>, it
719 associates the name to the value.</p>
723 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
724 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
725 <a name="format_variables">Local variables</a>
728 <div class="doc_text">
730 <div class="doc_code">
733 i32, ;; Tag (see below)
736 metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
737 i32, ;; Line number where defined
738 metadata ;; Type descriptor
743 <p>These descriptors are used to define variables local to a sub program. The
744 value of the tag depends on the usage of the variable:</p>
746 <div class="doc_code">
748 DW_TAG_auto_variable = 256
749 DW_TAG_arg_variable = 257
750 DW_TAG_return_variable = 258
754 <p>An auto variable is any variable declared in the body of the function. An
755 argument variable is any variable that appears as a formal argument to the
756 function. A return variable is used to track the result of a function and
757 has no source correspondent.</p>
759 <p>The context is either the subprogram or block where the variable is defined.
760 Name the source variable name. Compile unit and line indicate where the
761 variable was defined. Type descriptor defines the declared type of the
766 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
767 <div class="doc_subsection">
768 <a name="format_common_intrinsics">Debugger intrinsic functions</a>
771 <div class="doc_text">
773 <p>LLVM uses several intrinsic functions (name prefixed with "llvm.dbg") to
774 provide debug information at various points in generated code.</p>
778 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
779 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
780 <a name="format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a>
783 <div class="doc_text">
785 void %<a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a>( { } *, metadata )
788 <p>This intrinsic provides information about a local element (ex. variable.) The
789 first argument is the alloca for the variable, cast to a <tt>{ }*</tt>. The
791 the <tt>%<a href="#format_variables">llvm.dbg.variable</a></tt> containing
792 the description of the variable. </p>
796 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
797 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
798 <a name="format_common_value">llvm.dbg.value</a>
801 <div class="doc_text">
803 void %<a href="#format_common_value">llvm.dbg.value</a>( metadata, i64, metadata )
806 <p>This intrinsic provides information when a user source variable is set to a
807 new value. The first argument is the new value (wrapped as metadata). The
808 second argument is the offset in the user source variable where the new value
809 is written. The third argument is
810 the <tt>%<a href="#format_variables">llvm.dbg.variable</a></tt> containing
811 the description of the user source variable. </p>
815 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
816 <div class="doc_subsection">
817 <a name="format_common_lifetime">Object lifetimes and scoping</a>
820 <div class="doc_text">
821 <p>In many languages, the local variables in functions can have their lifetimes
822 or scopes limited to a subset of a function. In the C family of languages,
823 for example, variables are only live (readable and writable) within the
824 source block that they are defined in. In functional languages, values are
825 only readable after they have been defined. Though this is a very obvious
826 concept, it is non-trivial to model in LLVM, because it has no notion of
827 scoping in this sense, and does not want to be tied to a language's scoping
830 <p>In order to handle this, the LLVM debug format uses the metadata attached to
831 llvm instructions to encode line number and scoping information. Consider
832 the following C fragment, for example:</p>
834 <div class="doc_code">
848 <p>Compiled to LLVM, this function would be represented like this:</p>
850 <div class="doc_code">
852 define void @foo() nounwind ssp {
854 %X = alloca i32, align 4 ; <i32*> [#uses=4]
855 %Y = alloca i32, align 4 ; <i32*> [#uses=4]
856 %Z = alloca i32, align 4 ; <i32*> [#uses=3]
857 %0 = bitcast i32* %X to { }* ; <{ }*> [#uses=1]
858 call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %0, metadata !0), !dbg !7
859 store i32 21, i32* %X, !dbg !8
860 %1 = bitcast i32* %Y to { }* ; <{ }*> [#uses=1]
861 call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %1, metadata !9), !dbg !10
862 store i32 22, i32* %Y, !dbg !11
863 %2 = bitcast i32* %Z to { }* ; <{ }*> [#uses=1]
864 call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %2, metadata !12), !dbg !14
865 store i32 23, i32* %Z, !dbg !15
866 %tmp = load i32* %X, !dbg !16 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
867 %tmp1 = load i32* %Y, !dbg !16 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
868 %add = add nsw i32 %tmp, %tmp1, !dbg !16 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
869 store i32 %add, i32* %Z, !dbg !16
870 %tmp2 = load i32* %Y, !dbg !17 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
871 store i32 %tmp2, i32* %X, !dbg !17
875 declare void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }*, metadata) nounwind readnone
877 !0 = metadata !{i32 459008, metadata !1, metadata !"X",
878 metadata !3, i32 2, metadata !6}; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ]
879 !1 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !2}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
880 !2 = metadata !{i32 458798, i32 0, metadata !3, metadata !"foo", metadata !"foo",
881 metadata !"foo", metadata !3, i32 1, metadata !4,
882 i1 false, i1 true}; [DW_TAG_subprogram ]
883 !3 = metadata !{i32 458769, i32 0, i32 12, metadata !"foo.c",
884 metadata !"/private/tmp", metadata !"clang 1.1", i1 true,
885 i1 false, metadata !"", i32 0}; [DW_TAG_compile_unit ]
886 !4 = metadata !{i32 458773, metadata !3, metadata !"", null, i32 0, i64 0, i64 0,
887 i64 0, i32 0, null, metadata !5, i32 0}; [DW_TAG_subroutine_type ]
888 !5 = metadata !{null}
889 !6 = metadata !{i32 458788, metadata !3, metadata !"int", metadata !3, i32 0,
890 i64 32, i64 32, i64 0, i32 0, i32 5}; [DW_TAG_base_type ]
891 !7 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 7, metadata !1, null}
892 !8 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 3, metadata !1, null}
893 !9 = metadata !{i32 459008, metadata !1, metadata !"Y", metadata !3, i32 3,
894 metadata !6}; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ]
895 !10 = metadata !{i32 3, i32 7, metadata !1, null}
896 !11 = metadata !{i32 3, i32 3, metadata !1, null}
897 !12 = metadata !{i32 459008, metadata !13, metadata !"Z", metadata !3, i32 5,
898 metadata !6}; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ]
899 !13 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !1}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
900 !14 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 9, metadata !13, null}
901 !15 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 5, metadata !13, null}
902 !16 = metadata !{i32 6, i32 5, metadata !13, null}
903 !17 = metadata !{i32 8, i32 3, metadata !1, null}
904 !18 = metadata !{i32 9, i32 1, metadata !2, null}
908 <p>This example illustrates a few important details about LLVM debugging
909 information. In particular, it shows how the <tt>llvm.dbg.declare</tt>
910 intrinsic and location information, which are attached to an instruction,
911 are applied together to allow a debugger to analyze the relationship between
912 statements, variable definitions, and the code used to implement the
915 <div class="doc_code">
917 call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %0, metadata !0), !dbg !7
921 <p>The first intrinsic
922 <tt>%<a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a></tt>
923 encodes debugging information for the variable <tt>X</tt>. The metadata
924 <tt>!dbg !7</tt> attached to the intrinsic provides scope information for the
925 variable <tt>X</tt>.</p>
927 <div class="doc_code">
929 !7 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 7, metadata !1, null}
930 !1 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !2}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
931 !2 = metadata !{i32 458798, i32 0, metadata !3, metadata !"foo",
932 metadata !"foo", metadata !"foo", metadata !3, i32 1,
933 metadata !4, i1 false, i1 true}; [DW_TAG_subprogram ]
937 <p>Here <tt>!7</tt> is metadata providing location information. It has four
938 fields: line number, column number, scope, and original scope. The original
939 scope represents inline location if this instruction is inlined inside a
940 caller, and is null otherwise. In this example, scope is encoded by
941 <tt>!1</tt>. <tt>!1</tt> represents a lexical block inside the scope
942 <tt>!2</tt>, where <tt>!2</tt> is a
943 <a href="#format_subprograms">subprogram descriptor</a>. This way the
944 location information attached to the intrinsics indicates that the
945 variable <tt>X</tt> is declared at line number 2 at a function level scope in
946 function <tt>foo</tt>.</p>
948 <p>Now lets take another example.</p>
950 <div class="doc_code">
952 call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %2, metadata !12), !dbg !14
956 <p>The second intrinsic
957 <tt>%<a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a></tt>
958 encodes debugging information for variable <tt>Z</tt>. The metadata
959 <tt>!dbg !14</tt> attached to the intrinsic provides scope information for
960 the variable <tt>Z</tt>.</p>
962 <div class="doc_code">
964 !13 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !1}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
965 !14 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 9, metadata !13, null}
969 <p>Here <tt>!14</tt> indicates that <tt>Z</tt> is declared at line number 5 and
970 column number 9 inside of lexical scope <tt>!13</tt>. The lexical scope
971 itself resides inside of lexical scope <tt>!1</tt> described above.</p>
973 <p>The scope information attached with each instruction provides a
974 straightforward way to find instructions covered by a scope.</p>
978 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
979 <div class="doc_section">
980 <a name="ccxx_frontend">C/C++ front-end specific debug information</a>
982 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
984 <div class="doc_text">
986 <p>The C and C++ front-ends represent information about the program in a format
987 that is effectively identical
988 to <a href="http://www.eagercon.com/dwarf/dwarf3std.htm">DWARF 3.0</a> in
989 terms of information content. This allows code generators to trivially
990 support native debuggers by generating standard dwarf information, and
991 contains enough information for non-dwarf targets to translate it as
994 <p>This section describes the forms used to represent C and C++ programs. Other
995 languages could pattern themselves after this (which itself is tuned to
996 representing programs in the same way that DWARF 3 does), or they could
997 choose to provide completely different forms if they don't fit into the DWARF
998 model. As support for debugging information gets added to the various LLVM
999 source-language front-ends, the information used should be documented
1002 <p>The following sections provide examples of various C/C++ constructs and the
1003 debug information that would best describe those constructs.</p>
1007 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1008 <div class="doc_subsection">
1009 <a name="ccxx_compile_units">C/C++ source file information</a>
1012 <div class="doc_text">
1014 <p>Given the source files <tt>MySource.cpp</tt> and <tt>MyHeader.h</tt> located
1015 in the directory <tt>/Users/mine/sources</tt>, the following code:</p>
1017 <div class="doc_code">
1019 #include "MyHeader.h"
1021 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1027 <p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
1029 <div class="doc_code">
1033 ;; Define the compile unit for the main source file "/Users/mine/sources/MySource.cpp".
1038 i32 4, ;; Language Id
1039 metadata !"MySource.cpp",
1040 metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
1041 metadata !"4.2.1 (Based on Apple Inc. build 5649) (LLVM build 00)",
1042 i1 true, ;; Main Compile Unit
1043 i1 false, ;; Optimized compile unit
1044 metadata !"", ;; Compiler flags
1045 i32 0} ;; Runtime version
1048 ;; Define the file for the file "/Users/mine/sources/MySource.cpp".
1052 metadata !"MySource.cpp",
1053 metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
1054 metadata !3 ;; Compile unit
1058 ;; Define the file for the file "/Users/mine/sources/Myheader.h"
1062 metadata !"Myheader.h"
1063 metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
1064 metadata !3 ;; Compile unit
1071 <p>llvm::Instruction provides easy access to metadata attached with an
1072 instruction. One can extract line number information encoded in LLVM IR
1073 using <tt>Instruction::getMetadata()</tt> and
1074 <tt>DILocation::getLineNumber()</tt>.
1076 if (MDNode *N = I->getMetadata("dbg")) { // Here I is an LLVM instruction
1077 DILocation Loc(N); // DILocation is in DebugInfo.h
1078 unsigned Line = Loc.getLineNumber();
1079 StringRef File = Loc.getFilename();
1080 StringRef Dir = Loc.getDirectory();
1085 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1086 <div class="doc_subsection">
1087 <a name="ccxx_global_variable">C/C++ global variable information</a>
1090 <div class="doc_text">
1092 <p>Given an integer global variable declared as follows:</p>
1094 <div class="doc_code">
1100 <p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
1102 <div class="doc_code">
1105 ;; Define the global itself.
1107 %MyGlobal = global int 100
1110 ;; List of debug info of globals
1112 !llvm.dbg.gv = !{!0}
1115 ;; Define the global variable descriptor. Note the reference to the global
1116 ;; variable anchor and the global variable itself.
1121 metadata !1, ;; Context
1122 metadata !"MyGlobal", ;; Name
1123 metadata !"MyGlobal", ;; Display Name
1124 metadata !"MyGlobal", ;; Linkage Name
1125 metadata !3, ;; Compile Unit
1126 i32 1, ;; Line Number
1127 metadata !4, ;; Type
1128 i1 false, ;; Is a local variable
1129 i1 true, ;; Is this a definition
1130 i32* @MyGlobal ;; The global variable
1134 ;; Define the basic type of 32 bit signed integer. Note that since int is an
1135 ;; intrinsic type the source file is NULL and line 0.
1139 metadata !1, ;; Context
1140 metadata !"int", ;; Name
1141 metadata !1, ;; File
1142 i32 0, ;; Line number
1143 i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
1144 i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
1145 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1155 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1156 <div class="doc_subsection">
1157 <a name="ccxx_subprogram">C/C++ function information</a>
1160 <div class="doc_text">
1162 <p>Given a function declared as follows:</p>
1164 <div class="doc_code">
1166 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1172 <p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
1174 <div class="doc_code">
1177 ;; Define the anchor for subprograms. Note that the second field of the
1178 ;; anchor is 46, which is the same as the tag for subprograms
1179 ;; (46 = DW_TAG_subprogram.)
1184 metadata !1, ;; Context
1185 metadata !"main", ;; Name
1186 metadata !"main", ;; Display name
1187 metadata !"main", ;; Linkage name
1188 metadata !1, ;; File
1189 i32 1, ;; Line number
1190 metadata !4, ;; Type
1191 i1 false, ;; Is local
1192 i1 true ;; Is definition
1195 ;; Define the subprogram itself.
1197 define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** %argv) {
1205 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1206 <div class="doc_subsection">
1207 <a name="ccxx_basic_types">C/C++ basic types</a>
1210 <div class="doc_text">
1212 <p>The following are the basic type descriptors for C/C++ core types:</p>
1216 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1217 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1218 <a name="ccxx_basic_type_bool">bool</a>
1221 <div class="doc_text">
1223 <div class="doc_code">
1227 metadata !1, ;; Context
1228 metadata !"bool", ;; Name
1229 metadata !1, ;; File
1230 i32 0, ;; Line number
1231 i64 8, ;; Size in Bits
1232 i64 8, ;; Align in Bits
1233 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1242 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1243 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1244 <a name="ccxx_basic_char">char</a>
1247 <div class="doc_text">
1249 <div class="doc_code">
1253 metadata !1, ;; Context
1254 metadata !"char", ;; Name
1255 metadata !1, ;; File
1256 i32 0, ;; Line number
1257 i64 8, ;; Size in Bits
1258 i64 8, ;; Align in Bits
1259 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1268 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1269 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1270 <a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_char">unsigned char</a>
1273 <div class="doc_text">
1275 <div class="doc_code">
1279 metadata !1, ;; Context
1280 metadata !"unsigned char",
1281 metadata !1, ;; File
1282 i32 0, ;; Line number
1283 i64 8, ;; Size in Bits
1284 i64 8, ;; Align in Bits
1285 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1294 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1295 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1296 <a name="ccxx_basic_short">short</a>
1299 <div class="doc_text">
1301 <div class="doc_code">
1305 metadata !1, ;; Context
1306 metadata !"short int",
1307 metadata !1, ;; File
1308 i32 0, ;; Line number
1309 i64 16, ;; Size in Bits
1310 i64 16, ;; Align in Bits
1311 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1320 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1321 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1322 <a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_short">unsigned short</a>
1325 <div class="doc_text">
1327 <div class="doc_code">
1331 metadata !1, ;; Context
1332 metadata !"short unsigned int",
1333 metadata !1, ;; File
1334 i32 0, ;; Line number
1335 i64 16, ;; Size in Bits
1336 i64 16, ;; Align in Bits
1337 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1346 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1347 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1348 <a name="ccxx_basic_int">int</a>
1351 <div class="doc_text">
1353 <div class="doc_code">
1357 metadata !1, ;; Context
1358 metadata !"int", ;; Name
1359 metadata !1, ;; File
1360 i32 0, ;; Line number
1361 i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
1362 i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
1363 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1371 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1372 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1373 <a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_int">unsigned int</a>
1376 <div class="doc_text">
1378 <div class="doc_code">
1382 metadata !1, ;; Context
1383 metadata !"unsigned int",
1384 metadata !1, ;; File
1385 i32 0, ;; Line number
1386 i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
1387 i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
1388 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1397 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1398 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1399 <a name="ccxx_basic_long_long">long long</a>
1402 <div class="doc_text">
1404 <div class="doc_code">
1408 metadata !1, ;; Context
1409 metadata !"long long int",
1410 metadata !1, ;; File
1411 i32 0, ;; Line number
1412 i64 64, ;; Size in Bits
1413 i64 64, ;; Align in Bits
1414 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1423 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1424 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1425 <a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_long_long">unsigned long long</a>
1428 <div class="doc_text">
1430 <div class="doc_code">
1434 metadata !1, ;; Context
1435 metadata !"long long unsigned int",
1436 metadata !1, ;; File
1437 i32 0, ;; Line number
1438 i64 64, ;; Size in Bits
1439 i64 64, ;; Align in Bits
1440 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1449 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1450 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1451 <a name="ccxx_basic_float">float</a>
1454 <div class="doc_text">
1456 <div class="doc_code">
1460 metadata !1, ;; Context
1462 metadata !1, ;; File
1463 i32 0, ;; Line number
1464 i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
1465 i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
1466 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1475 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1476 <div class="doc_subsubsection">
1477 <a name="ccxx_basic_double">double</a>
1480 <div class="doc_text">
1482 <div class="doc_code">
1486 metadata !1, ;; Context
1487 metadata !"double",;; Name
1488 metadata !1, ;; File
1489 i32 0, ;; Line number
1490 i64 64, ;; Size in Bits
1491 i64 64, ;; Align in Bits
1492 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1501 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1502 <div class="doc_subsection">
1503 <a name="ccxx_derived_types">C/C++ derived types</a>
1506 <div class="doc_text">
1508 <p>Given the following as an example of C/C++ derived type:</p>
1510 <div class="doc_code">
1512 typedef const int *IntPtr;
1516 <p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
1518 <div class="doc_code">
1521 ;; Define the typedef "IntPtr".
1525 metadata !1, ;; Context
1526 metadata !"IntPtr", ;; Name
1527 metadata !3, ;; File
1528 i32 0, ;; Line number
1529 i64 0, ;; Size in bits
1530 i64 0, ;; Align in bits
1531 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1533 metadata !4 ;; Derived From type
1537 ;; Define the pointer type.
1541 metadata !1, ;; Context
1542 metadata !"", ;; Name
1543 metadata !1, ;; File
1544 i32 0, ;; Line number
1545 i64 64, ;; Size in bits
1546 i64 64, ;; Align in bits
1547 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1549 metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
1552 ;; Define the const type.
1556 metadata !1, ;; Context
1557 metadata !"", ;; Name
1558 metadata !1, ;; File
1559 i32 0, ;; Line number
1560 i64 32, ;; Size in bits
1561 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1562 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1564 metadata !6 ;; Derived From type
1567 ;; Define the int type.
1571 metadata !1, ;; Context
1572 metadata !"int", ;; Name
1573 metadata !1, ;; File
1574 i32 0, ;; Line number
1575 i64 32, ;; Size in bits
1576 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1577 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1586 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1587 <div class="doc_subsection">
1588 <a name="ccxx_composite_types">C/C++ struct/union types</a>
1591 <div class="doc_text">
1593 <p>Given the following as an example of C/C++ struct type:</p>
1595 <div class="doc_code">
1605 <p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
1607 <div class="doc_code">
1610 ;; Define basic type for unsigned int.
1614 metadata !1, ;; Context
1615 metadata !"unsigned int",
1616 metadata !1, ;; File
1617 i32 0, ;; Line number
1618 i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
1619 i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
1620 i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
1625 ;; Define composite type for struct Color.
1629 metadata !1, ;; Context
1630 metadata !"Color", ;; Name
1631 metadata !1, ;; Compile unit
1632 i32 1, ;; Line number
1633 i64 96, ;; Size in bits
1634 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1635 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1637 null, ;; Derived From
1638 metadata !3, ;; Elements
1639 i32 0 ;; Runtime Language
1643 ;; Define the Red field.
1647 metadata !1, ;; Context
1648 metadata !"Red", ;; Name
1649 metadata !1, ;; File
1650 i32 2, ;; Line number
1651 i64 32, ;; Size in bits
1652 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1653 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1655 metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
1659 ;; Define the Green field.
1663 metadata !1, ;; Context
1664 metadata !"Green", ;; Name
1665 metadata !1, ;; File
1666 i32 3, ;; Line number
1667 i64 32, ;; Size in bits
1668 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1669 i64 32, ;; Offset in bits
1671 metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
1675 ;; Define the Blue field.
1679 metadata !1, ;; Context
1680 metadata !"Blue", ;; Name
1681 metadata !1, ;; File
1682 i32 4, ;; Line number
1683 i64 32, ;; Size in bits
1684 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1685 i64 64, ;; Offset in bits
1687 metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
1691 ;; Define the array of fields used by the composite type Color.
1693 !3 = metadata !{metadata !4, metadata !6, metadata !7}
1699 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
1700 <div class="doc_subsection">
1701 <a name="ccxx_enumeration_types">C/C++ enumeration types</a>
1704 <div class="doc_text">
1706 <p>Given the following as an example of C/C++ enumeration type:</p>
1708 <div class="doc_code">
1718 <p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
1720 <div class="doc_code">
1723 ;; Define composite type for enum Trees
1727 metadata !1, ;; Context
1728 metadata !"Trees", ;; Name
1729 metadata !1, ;; File
1730 i32 1, ;; Line number
1731 i64 32, ;; Size in bits
1732 i64 32, ;; Align in bits
1733 i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
1735 null, ;; Derived From type
1736 metadata !3, ;; Elements
1737 i32 0 ;; Runtime language
1741 ;; Define the array of enumerators used by composite type Trees.
1743 !3 = metadata !{metadata !4, metadata !5, metadata !6}
1746 ;; Define Spruce enumerator.
1748 !4 = metadata !{i32 524328, metadata !"Spruce", i64 100}
1751 ;; Define Oak enumerator.
1753 !5 = metadata !{i32 524328, metadata !"Oak", i64 200}
1756 ;; Define Maple enumerator.
1758 !6 = metadata !{i32 524328, metadata !"Maple", i64 300}
1765 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
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