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6 <title>Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: Control Flow</title>
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14 <div class="doc_title">Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: Control Flow</div>
17 <li><a href="index.html">Up to Tutorial Index</a></li>
20 <li><a href="#intro">Chapter 5 Introduction</a></li>
21 <li><a href="#ifthen">If/Then/Else</a>
23 <li><a href="#iflexer">Lexer Extensions</a></li>
24 <li><a href="#ifast">AST Extensions</a></li>
25 <li><a href="#ifparser">Parser Extensions</a></li>
26 <li><a href="#ifir">LLVM IR</a></li>
27 <li><a href="#ifcodegen">Code Generation</a></li>
30 <li><a href="#for">'for' Loop Expression</a>
32 <li><a href="#forlexer">Lexer Extensions</a></li>
33 <li><a href="#forast">AST Extensions</a></li>
34 <li><a href="#forparser">Parser Extensions</a></li>
35 <li><a href="#forir">LLVM IR</a></li>
36 <li><a href="#forcodegen">Code Generation</a></li>
39 <li><a href="#code">Full Code Listing</a></li>
42 <li><a href="LangImpl6.html">Chapter 6</a>: Extending the Language:
43 User-defined Operators</li>
46 <div class="doc_author">
47 <p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p>
50 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
51 <div class="doc_section"><a name="intro">Chapter 5 Introduction</a></div>
52 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
54 <div class="doc_text">
56 <p>Welcome to Chapter 5 of the "<a href="index.html">Implementing a language
57 with LLVM</a>" tutorial. Parts 1-4 described the implementation of the simple
58 Kaleidoscope language and included support for generating LLVM IR, following by
59 optimizations and a JIT compiler. Unfortunately, as presented, Kaleidoscope is
60 mostly useless: it has no control flow other than call and return. This means
61 that you can't have conditional branches in the code, significantly limiting its
62 power. In this episode of "build that compiler", we'll extend Kaleidoscope to
63 have an if/then/else expression plus a simple 'for' loop.</p>
67 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
68 <div class="doc_section"><a name="ifthen">If/Then/Else</a></div>
69 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
71 <div class="doc_text">
74 Extending Kaleidoscope to support if/then/else is quite straight-forward. It
75 basically requires adding lexer support for this "new" concept to the lexer,
76 parser, AST, and LLVM code emitter. This example is nice, because it shows how
77 easy it is to "grow" a language over time, incrementally extending it as new
78 ideas are discovered.</p>
80 <p>Before we get going on "how" we do this extension, lets talk about what we
81 want. The basic idea is that we want to be able to write this sort of thing:
84 <div class="doc_code">
94 <p>In Kaleidoscope, every construct is an expression: there are no statements.
95 As such, the if/then/else expression needs to return a value like any other.
96 Since we're using a mostly functional form, we'll have it evaluate its
97 conditional, then return the 'then' or 'else' value based on how the condition
98 was resolved. This is very similar to the C "?:" expression.</p>
100 <p>The semantics of the if/then/else expression is that it first evaluates the
101 condition to a boolean equality value: 0.0 is considered to be false and
102 everything else is considered to be true.
103 If the condition is true, the first subexpression is evaluated and returned, if
104 the condition is false, the second subexpression is evaluated and returned.
105 Since Kaleidoscope allows side-effects, this behavior is important to nail down.
108 <p>Now that we know what we want, lets break this down into its constituent
113 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
114 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="iflexer">Lexer Extensions for
115 If/Then/Else</a></div>
116 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
119 <div class="doc_text">
121 <p>The lexer extensions are straight-forward. First we add new enum values
122 for the relevant tokens:</p>
124 <div class="doc_code">
127 tok_if = -6, tok_then = -7, tok_else = -8,
131 <p>Once we have that, we recognize the new keywords in the lexer, pretty simple
134 <div class="doc_code">
137 if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
138 if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
139 <b>if (IdentifierStr == "if") return tok_if;
140 if (IdentifierStr == "then") return tok_then;
141 if (IdentifierStr == "else") return tok_else;</b>
142 return tok_identifier;
148 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
149 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="ifast">AST Extensions for
150 If/Then/Else</a></div>
151 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
153 <div class="doc_text">
155 <p>To represent the new expression we add a new AST node for it:</p>
157 <div class="doc_code">
159 /// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.
160 class IfExprAST : public ExprAST {
161 ExprAST *Cond, *Then, *Else;
163 IfExprAST(ExprAST *cond, ExprAST *then, ExprAST *_else)
164 : Cond(cond), Then(then), Else(_else) {}
165 virtual Value *Codegen();
170 <p>The AST node just has pointers to the various subexpressions.</p>
174 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
175 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="ifparser">Parser Extensions for
176 If/Then/Else</a></div>
177 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
179 <div class="doc_text">
181 <p>Now that we have the relevant tokens coming from the lexer and we have the
182 AST node to build, our parsing logic is relatively straight-forward. First we
183 define a new parsing function:</p>
185 <div class="doc_code">
187 /// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression
188 static ExprAST *ParseIfExpr() {
189 getNextToken(); // eat the if.
192 ExprAST *Cond = ParseExpression();
195 if (CurTok != tok_then)
196 return Error("expected then");
197 getNextToken(); // eat the then
199 ExprAST *Then = ParseExpression();
200 if (Then == 0) return 0;
202 if (CurTok != tok_else)
203 return Error("expected else");
207 ExprAST *Else = ParseExpression();
210 return new IfExprAST(Cond, Then, Else);
215 <p>Next we hook it up as a primary expression:</p>
217 <div class="doc_code">
219 static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
221 default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
222 case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
223 case tok_number: return ParseNumberExpr();
224 case '(': return ParseParenExpr();
225 <b>case tok_if: return ParseIfExpr();</b>
233 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
234 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="ifir">LLVM IR for If/Then/Else</a></div>
235 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
237 <div class="doc_text">
239 <p>Now that we have it parsing and building the AST, the final piece is adding
240 LLVM code generation support. This is the most interesting part of the
241 if/then/else example, because this is where it starts to introduce new concepts.
242 All of the code above has been thoroughly described in previous chapters.
245 <p>To motivate the code we want to produce, lets take a look at a simple
246 example. Consider:</p>
248 <div class="doc_code">
252 def baz(x) if x then foo() else bar();
256 <p>If you disable optimizations, the code you'll (soon) get from Kaleidoscope
259 <div class="doc_code">
261 declare double @foo()
263 declare double @bar()
265 define double @baz(double %x) {
267 %ifcond = fcmp one double %x, 0.000000e+00
268 br i1 %ifcond, label %then, label %else
270 then: ; preds = %entry
271 %calltmp = call double @foo()
274 else: ; preds = %entry
275 %calltmp1 = call double @bar()
278 ifcont: ; preds = %else, %then
279 %iftmp = phi double [ %calltmp, %then ], [ %calltmp1, %else ]
285 <p>To visualize the control flow graph, you can use a nifty feature of the LLVM
286 '<a href="http://llvm.org/cmds/opt.html">opt</a>' tool. If you put this LLVM IR
287 into "t.ll" and run "<tt>llvm-as < t.ll | opt -analyze -view-cfg</tt>", <a
288 href="../ProgrammersManual.html#ViewGraph">a window will pop up</a> and you'll
291 <center><img src="LangImpl5-cfg.png" alt="Example CFG" width="423"
292 height="315"></center>
294 <p>Another way to get this is to call "<tt>F->viewCFG()</tt>" or
295 "<tt>F->viewCFGOnly()</tt>" (where F is a "<tt>Function*</tt>") either by
296 inserting actual calls into the code and recompiling or by calling these in the
297 debugger. LLVM has many nice features for visualizing various graphs.</p>
299 <p>Coming back to the generated code, it is fairly simple: the entry block
300 evaluates the conditional expression ("x" in our case here) and compares the
301 result to 0.0 with the "<tt><a href="../LangRef.html#i_fcmp">fcmp</a> one</tt>"
302 instruction ('one' is "Ordered and Not Equal"). Based on the result of this
303 expression, the code jumps to either the "then" or "else" blocks, which contain
304 the expressions for the true/false cases.</p>
306 <p>Once the then/else blocks is finished executing, they both branch back to the
307 'ifcont' block to execute the code that happens after the if/then/else. In this
308 case the only thing left to do is to return to the caller of the function. The
309 question then becomes: how does the code know which expression to return?</p>
311 <p>The answer to this question involves an important SSA operation: the
312 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">Phi
313 operation</a>. If you're not familiar with SSA, <a
314 href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">the wikipedia
315 article</a> is a good introduction and there are various other introductions to
316 it available on your favorite search engine. The short version is that
317 "execution" of the Phi operation requires "remembering" which block control came
318 from. The Phi operation takes on the value corresponding to the input control
319 block. In this case, if control comes in from the "then" block, it gets the
320 value of "calltmp". If control comes from the "else" block, it gets the value
323 <p>At this point, you are probably starting to think "oh no! this means my
324 simple and elegant front-end will have to start generating SSA form in order to
325 use LLVM!". Fortunately, this is not the case, and we strongly advise
326 <em>not</em> implementing an SSA construction algorithm in your front-end
327 unless there is an amazingly good reason to do so. In practice, there are two
328 sorts of values that float around in code written in your average imperative
329 programming language that might need Phi nodes:</p>
332 <li>Code that involves user variables: <tt>x = 1; x = x + 1; </tt></li>
333 <li>Values that are implicit in the structure of your AST, such as the phi node
337 <p>In <a href="LangImpl7.html">Chapter 7</a> of this tutorial ("mutable
338 variables"), we'll talk about #1
339 in depth. For now, just believe me that you don't need SSA construction to
340 handle them. For #2, you have the choice of using the techniques that we will
341 describe for #1, or you can insert Phi nodes directly if convenient. In this
342 case, it is really really easy to generate the Phi node, so we choose to do it
345 <p>Okay, enough of the motivation and overview, lets generate code!</p>
349 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
350 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="ifcodegen">Code Generation for
351 If/Then/Else</a></div>
352 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
354 <div class="doc_text">
356 <p>In order to generate code for this, we implement the <tt>Codegen</tt> method
357 for <tt>IfExprAST</tt>:</p>
359 <div class="doc_code">
361 Value *IfExprAST::Codegen() {
362 Value *CondV = Cond->Codegen();
363 if (CondV == 0) return 0;
365 // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
366 CondV = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(CondV,
367 ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(0.0)),
372 <p>This code is straight-forward and similar to what we saw before. We emit the
373 expression for the condition, then compare that value to zero to get a truth
374 value as a 1-bit (bool) value.</p>
376 <div class="doc_code">
378 Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
380 // Create blocks for the then and else cases. Insert the 'then' block at the
381 // end of the function.
382 BasicBlock *ThenBB = new BasicBlock("then", TheFunction);
383 BasicBlock *ElseBB = new BasicBlock("else");
384 BasicBlock *MergeBB = new BasicBlock("ifcont");
386 Builder.CreateCondBr(CondV, ThenBB, ElseBB);
390 <p>This code creates the basic blocks that are related to the if/then/else
391 statement, and correspond directly to the blocks in the example above. The
392 first line gets the current Function object that is being built. It
393 gets this by asking the builder for the current BasicBlock, and asking that
394 block for its "parent" (the function it is currently embedded into).</p>
396 <p>Once it has that, it creates three blocks. Note that it passes "TheFunction"
397 into the constructor for the "then" block. This causes the constructor to
398 automatically insert the new block onto the end of the specified function. The
399 other two blocks are created, but aren't yet inserted into the function.</p>
401 <p>Once the blocks are created, we can emit the conditional branch that chooses
402 between them. Note that creating new blocks does not implicitly affect the
403 LLVMBuilder, so it is still inserting into the block that the condition
404 went into. Also note that it is creating a branch to the "then" block and the
405 "else" block, even though the "else" block isn't inserted into the function yet.
406 This is all ok: it is the standard way that LLVM supports forward
409 <div class="doc_code">
412 Builder.SetInsertPoint(ThenBB);
414 Value *ThenV = Then->Codegen();
415 if (ThenV == 0) return 0;
417 Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
418 // Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.
419 ThenBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
423 <p>After the conditional branch is inserted, we move the builder to start
424 inserting into the "then" block. Strictly speaking, this call moves the
425 insertion point to be at the end of the specified block. However, since the
426 "then" block is empty, it also starts out by inserting at the beginning of the
429 <p>Once the insertion point is set, we recursively codegen the "then" expression
430 from the AST. To finish off the then block, we create an unconditional branch
431 to the merge block. One interesting (and very important) aspect of the LLVM IR
432 is that it <a href="../LangRef.html#functionstructure">requires all basic blocks
433 to be "terminated"</a> with a <a href="../LangRef.html#terminators">control flow
434 instruction</a> such as return or branch. This means that all control flow,
435 <em>including fall throughs</em> must be made explicit in the LLVM IR. If you
436 violate this rule, the verifier will emit an error.</p>
438 <p>The final line here is quite subtle, but is very important. The basic issue
439 is that when we create the Phi node in the merge block, we need to set up the
440 block/value pairs that indicate how the Phi will work. Importantly, the Phi
441 node expects to have an entry for each predecessor of the block in the CFG. Why
442 then are we getting the current block when we just set it to ThenBB 5 lines
443 above? The problem is that the "Then" expression may actually itself change the
444 block that the Builder is emitting into if, for example, it contains a nested
445 "if/then/else" expression. Because calling Codegen recursively could
446 arbitrarily change the notion of the current block, we are required to get an
447 up-to-date value for code that will set up the Phi node.</p>
449 <div class="doc_code">
452 TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(ElseBB);
453 Builder.SetInsertPoint(ElseBB);
455 Value *ElseV = Else->Codegen();
456 if (ElseV == 0) return 0;
458 Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
459 // Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.
460 ElseBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
464 <p>Code generation for the 'else' block is basically identical to codegen for
465 the 'then' block. The only significant difference is the first line, which adds
466 the 'else' block to the function. Recall previously that the 'else' block was
467 created, but not added to the function. Now that the 'then' and 'else' blocks
468 are emitted, we can finish up with the merge code:</p>
470 <div class="doc_code">
473 TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(MergeBB);
474 Builder.SetInsertPoint(MergeBB);
475 PHINode *PN = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::DoubleTy, "iftmp");
477 PN->addIncoming(ThenV, ThenBB);
478 PN->addIncoming(ElseV, ElseBB);
484 <p>The first two lines here are now familiar: the first adds the "merge" block
485 to the Function object (it was previously floating, like the else block above).
486 The second block changes the insertion point so that newly created code will go
487 into the "merge" block. Once that is done, we need to create the PHI node and
488 set up the block/value pairs for the PHI.</p>
490 <p>Finally, the CodeGen function returns the phi node as the value computed by
491 the if/then/else expression. In our example above, this returned value will
492 feed into the code for the top-level function, which will create the return
495 <p>Overall, we now have the ability to execution conditional code in
496 Kaleidoscope. With this extension, Kaleidoscope is a fairly complete language
497 that can calculate a wide variety of numeric functions. Next up we'll add
498 another useful expression that is familiar from non-functional languages...</p>
502 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
503 <div class="doc_section"><a name="for">'for' Loop Expression</a></div>
504 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
506 <div class="doc_text">
508 <p>Now that we know how to add basic control flow constructs to the language,
509 we have the tools to add more powerful things. Lets add something more
510 aggressive, a 'for' expression:</p>
512 <div class="doc_code">
514 extern putchard(char)
516 for i = 1, i < n, 1.0 in
517 putchard(42); # ascii 42 = '*'
519 # print 100 '*' characters
524 <p>This expression defines a new variable ("i" in this case) which iterates from
525 a starting value, while the condition ("i < n" in this case) is true,
526 incrementing by an optional step value ("1.0" in this case). If the step value
527 is omitted, it defaults to 1.0. While the loop is true, it executes its
528 body expression. Because we don't have anything better to return, we'll just
529 define the loop as always returning 0.0. In the future when we have mutable
530 variables, it will get more useful.</p>
532 <p>As before, lets talk about the changes that we need to Kaleidoscope to
537 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
538 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="forlexer">Lexer Extensions for
539 the 'for' Loop</a></div>
540 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
542 <div class="doc_text">
544 <p>The lexer extensions are the same sort of thing as for if/then/else:</p>
546 <div class="doc_code">
548 ... in enum Token ...
550 tok_if = -6, tok_then = -7, tok_else = -8,
551 <b> tok_for = -9, tok_in = -10</b>
554 if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
555 if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
556 if (IdentifierStr == "if") return tok_if;
557 if (IdentifierStr == "then") return tok_then;
558 if (IdentifierStr == "else") return tok_else;
559 <b>if (IdentifierStr == "for") return tok_for;
560 if (IdentifierStr == "in") return tok_in;</b>
561 return tok_identifier;
567 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
568 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="forast">AST Extensions for
569 the 'for' Loop</a></div>
570 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
572 <div class="doc_text">
574 <p>The AST node is similarly simple. It basically boils down to capturing
575 the variable name and the constituent expressions in the node.</p>
577 <div class="doc_code">
579 /// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.
580 class ForExprAST : public ExprAST {
582 ExprAST *Start, *End, *Step, *Body;
584 ForExprAST(const std::string &varname, ExprAST *start, ExprAST *end,
585 ExprAST *step, ExprAST *body)
586 : VarName(varname), Start(start), End(end), Step(step), Body(body) {}
587 virtual Value *Codegen();
594 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
595 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="forparser">Parser Extensions for
596 the 'for' Loop</a></div>
597 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
599 <div class="doc_text">
601 <p>The parser code is also fairly standard. The only interesting thing here is
602 handling of the optional step value. The parser code handles it by checking to
603 see if the second comma is present. If not, it sets the step value to null in
606 <div class="doc_code">
608 /// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression
609 static ExprAST *ParseForExpr() {
610 getNextToken(); // eat the for.
612 if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
613 return Error("expected identifier after for");
615 std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
616 getNextToken(); // eat identifier.
619 return Error("expected '=' after for");
620 getNextToken(); // eat '='.
623 ExprAST *Start = ParseExpression();
624 if (Start == 0) return 0;
626 return Error("expected ',' after for start value");
629 ExprAST *End = ParseExpression();
630 if (End == 0) return 0;
632 // The step value is optional.
636 Step = ParseExpression();
637 if (Step == 0) return 0;
640 if (CurTok != tok_in)
641 return Error("expected 'in' after for");
642 getNextToken(); // eat 'in'.
644 ExprAST *Body = ParseExpression();
645 if (Body == 0) return 0;
647 return new ForExprAST(IdName, Start, End, Step, Body);
654 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
655 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="forir">LLVM IR for
656 the 'for' Loop</a></div>
657 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
659 <div class="doc_text">
661 <p>Now we get to the good part: the LLVM IR we want to generate for this thing.
662 With the simple example above, we get this LLVM IR (note that I generated this
663 dump is generated with optimizations disabled for clarity):
666 <div class="doc_code">
668 declare double @putchard(double)
670 define double @printstar(double %n) {
672 ; initial value = 1.0 (inlined into phi)
675 loop: ; preds = %loop, %entry
676 %i = phi double [ 1.000000e+00, %entry ], [ %nextvar, %loop ]
678 %calltmp = call double @putchard( double 4.200000e+01 )
680 %nextvar = add double %i, 1.000000e+00
683 %cmptmp = fcmp ult double %i, %n
684 %booltmp = uitofp i1 %cmptmp to double
685 %loopcond = fcmp one double %booltmp, 0.000000e+00
686 br i1 %loopcond, label %loop, label %afterloop
688 afterloop: ; preds = %loop
689 ; loop always returns 0.0
690 ret double 0.000000e+00
695 <p>This loop contains all the same constructs we saw before: a phi node, several
696 expressions, and some basic blocks. Lets see how this fits together.</p>
700 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
701 <div class="doc_subsubsection"><a name="forcodegen">Code Generation for
702 the 'for' Loop</a></div>
703 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
705 <div class="doc_text">
707 <p>The first part of codegen is very simple: we just output the start expression
708 for the loop value:</p>
710 <div class="doc_code">
712 Value *ForExprAST::Codegen() {
713 // Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.
714 Value *StartVal = Start->Codegen();
715 if (StartVal == 0) return 0;
719 <p>With this out of the way, the next step is to set up the LLVM basic block
720 for the start of the loop body. In the case above, the whole loop body is one
721 block, but remember that the body code itself could consist of multiple blocks
722 (e.g. if it contains an if/then/else or a for/in expression).</p>
724 <div class="doc_code">
726 // Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current
728 Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
729 BasicBlock *PreheaderBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
730 BasicBlock *LoopBB = new BasicBlock("loop", TheFunction);
732 // Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.
733 Builder.CreateBr(LoopBB);
737 <p>This code is similar to what we saw for if/then/else. Because we will need
738 it to create the Phi node, we remember the block that falls through into the
739 loop. Once we have that, we create the actual block that starts the loop and
740 create an unconditional branch for the fall-through between the two blocks.</p>
742 <div class="doc_code">
744 // Start insertion in LoopBB.
745 Builder.SetInsertPoint(LoopBB);
747 // Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.
748 PHINode *Variable = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::DoubleTy, VarName.c_str());
749 Variable->addIncoming(StartVal, PreheaderBB);
753 <p>Now that the "preheader" for the loop is set up, we switch to emitting code
754 for the loop body. To begin with, we move the insertion point and create the
755 PHI node for the loop induction variable. Since we already know the incoming
756 value for the starting value, we add it to the Phi node. Note that the Phi will
757 eventually get a second value for the backedge, but we can't set it up yet
758 (because it doesn't exist!).</p>
760 <div class="doc_code">
762 // Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node. If it
763 // shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.
764 Value *OldVal = NamedValues[VarName];
765 NamedValues[VarName] = Variable;
767 // Emit the body of the loop. This, like any other expr, can change the
768 // current BB. Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't
770 if (Body->Codegen() == 0)
775 <p>Now the code starts to get more interesting. Our 'for' loop introduces a new
776 variable to the symbol table. This means that our symbol table can now contain
777 either function arguments or loop variables. To handle this, before we codegen
778 the body of the loop, we add the loop variable as the current value for its
779 name. Note that it is possible that there is a variable of the same name in the
780 outer scope. It would be easy to make this an error (emit an error and return
781 null if there is already an entry for VarName) but we choose to allow shadowing
782 of variables. In order to handle this correctly, we remember the Value that
783 we are potentially shadowing in <tt>OldVal</tt> (which will be null if there is
784 no shadowed variable).</p>
786 <p>Once the loop variable is set into the symbol table, the code recursively
787 codegen's the body. This allows the body to use the loop variable: any
788 references to it will naturally find it in the symbol table.</p>
790 <div class="doc_code">
792 // Emit the step value.
795 StepVal = Step->Codegen();
796 if (StepVal == 0) return 0;
798 // If not specified, use 1.0.
799 StepVal = ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(1.0));
802 Value *NextVar = Builder.CreateAdd(Variable, StepVal, "nextvar");
806 <p>Now that the body is emitted, we compute the next value of the iteration
807 variable by adding the step value or 1.0 if it isn't present. '<tt>NextVar</tt>'
808 will be the value of the loop variable on the next iteration of the loop.</p>
810 <div class="doc_code">
812 // Compute the end condition.
813 Value *EndCond = End->Codegen();
814 if (EndCond == 0) return EndCond;
816 // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
817 EndCond = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(EndCond,
818 ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(0.0)),
823 <p>Finally, we evaluate the exit value of the loop, to determine whether the
824 loop should exit. This mirrors the condition evaluation for the if/then/else
827 <div class="doc_code">
829 // Create the "after loop" block and insert it.
830 BasicBlock *LoopEndBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
831 BasicBlock *AfterBB = new BasicBlock("afterloop", TheFunction);
833 // Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.
834 Builder.CreateCondBr(EndCond, LoopBB, AfterBB);
836 // Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.
837 Builder.SetInsertPoint(AfterBB);
841 <p>With the code for the body of the loop complete, we just need to finish up
842 the control flow for it. This remembers the end block (for the phi node), then
843 creates the block for the loop exit ("afterloop"). Based on the value of the
844 exit condition, it creates a conditional branch that chooses between executing
845 the loop again and exiting the loop. Any future code is emitted in the
846 "afterloop" block, so it sets the insertion position to it.</p>
848 <div class="doc_code">
850 // Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.
851 Variable->addIncoming(NextVar, LoopEndBB);
853 // Restore the unshadowed variable.
855 NamedValues[VarName] = OldVal;
857 NamedValues.erase(VarName);
859 // for expr always returns 0.0.
860 return Constant::getNullValue(Type::DoubleTy);
865 <p>The final code handles various cleanups: now that we have the "NextVar"
866 value, we can add the incoming value to the loop PHI node. After that, we
867 remove the loop variable from the symbol table, so that it isn't in scope after
868 the for loop. Finally, code generation of the for loop always returns 0.0, so
869 that is what we return from <tt>ForExprAST::Codegen</tt>.</p>
871 <p>With this, we conclude the "adding control flow to Kaleidoscope" chapter of
872 the tutorial. We added two control flow constructs, and used them to motivate
873 a couple of aspects of the LLVM IR that are important for front-end implementors
874 to know. In the next chapter of our saga, we will get a bit crazier and add
875 <a href="LangImpl6.html">user-defined operators</a> to our poor innocent
880 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
881 <div class="doc_section"><a name="code">Full Code Listing</a></div>
882 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
884 <div class="doc_text">
887 Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with the
888 if/then/else and for expressions.. To build this example, use:
891 <div class="doc_code">
894 g++ -g toy.cpp `llvm-config --cppflags --ldflags --libs core jit native` -O3 -o toy
900 <p>Here is the code:</p>
902 <div class="doc_code">
904 #include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
905 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
906 #include "llvm/Module.h"
907 #include "llvm/ModuleProvider.h"
908 #include "llvm/PassManager.h"
909 #include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
910 #include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
911 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
912 #include "llvm/Support/LLVMBuilder.h"
913 #include <cstdio>
914 #include <string>
916 #include <vector>
917 using namespace llvm;
919 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
921 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
923 // The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
924 // of these for known things.
929 tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
932 tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5,
935 tok_if = -6, tok_then = -7, tok_else = -8,
936 tok_for = -9, tok_in = -10
939 static std::string IdentifierStr; // Filled in if tok_identifier
940 static double NumVal; // Filled in if tok_number
942 /// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
943 static int gettok() {
944 static int LastChar = ' ';
946 // Skip any whitespace.
947 while (isspace(LastChar))
948 LastChar = getchar();
950 if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
951 IdentifierStr = LastChar;
952 while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
953 IdentifierStr += LastChar;
955 if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
956 if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
957 if (IdentifierStr == "if") return tok_if;
958 if (IdentifierStr == "then") return tok_then;
959 if (IdentifierStr == "else") return tok_else;
960 if (IdentifierStr == "for") return tok_for;
961 if (IdentifierStr == "in") return tok_in;
962 return tok_identifier;
965 if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') { // Number: [0-9.]+
969 LastChar = getchar();
970 } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
972 NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
976 if (LastChar == '#') {
977 // Comment until end of line.
978 do LastChar = getchar();
979 while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' & LastChar != '\r');
985 // Check for end of file. Don't eat the EOF.
989 // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
990 int ThisChar = LastChar;
991 LastChar = getchar();
995 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
996 // Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
997 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
999 /// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
1002 virtual ~ExprAST() {}
1003 virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
1006 /// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
1007 class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
1010 NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
1011 virtual Value *Codegen();
1014 /// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
1015 class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
1018 VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
1019 virtual Value *Codegen();
1022 /// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
1023 class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
1027 BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs)
1028 : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
1029 virtual Value *Codegen();
1032 /// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
1033 class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
1035 std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
1037 CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
1038 : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
1039 virtual Value *Codegen();
1042 /// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.
1043 class IfExprAST : public ExprAST {
1044 ExprAST *Cond, *Then, *Else;
1046 IfExprAST(ExprAST *cond, ExprAST *then, ExprAST *_else)
1047 : Cond(cond), Then(then), Else(_else) {}
1048 virtual Value *Codegen();
1051 /// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.
1052 class ForExprAST : public ExprAST {
1053 std::string VarName;
1054 ExprAST *Start, *End, *Step, *Body;
1056 ForExprAST(const std::string &varname, ExprAST *start, ExprAST *end,
1057 ExprAST *step, ExprAST *body)
1058 : VarName(varname), Start(start), End(end), Step(step), Body(body) {}
1059 virtual Value *Codegen();
1062 /// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
1063 /// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.
1064 class PrototypeAST {
1066 std::vector<std::string> Args;
1068 PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args)
1069 : Name(name), Args(args) {}
1071 Function *Codegen();
1074 /// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
1076 PrototypeAST *Proto;
1079 FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
1080 : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
1082 Function *Codegen();
1085 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1087 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1089 /// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer. CurTok is the current
1090 /// token the parser it looking at. getNextToken reads another token from the
1091 /// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
1093 static int getNextToken() {
1094 return CurTok = gettok();
1097 /// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
1099 static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
1101 /// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
1102 static int GetTokPrecedence() {
1103 if (!isascii(CurTok))
1106 // Make sure it's a declared binop.
1107 int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
1108 if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
1112 /// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
1113 ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
1114 PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
1115 FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
1117 static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
1121 /// ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
1122 static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
1123 std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
1125 getNextToken(); // eat identifier.
1127 if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
1128 return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
1131 getNextToken(); // eat (
1132 std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
1133 if (CurTok != ')') {
1135 ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
1137 Args.push_back(Arg);
1139 if (CurTok == ')') break;
1142 return Error("Expected ')'");
1150 return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
1153 /// numberexpr ::= number
1154 static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
1155 ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
1156 getNextToken(); // consume the number
1160 /// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
1161 static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
1162 getNextToken(); // eat (.
1163 ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
1167 return Error("expected ')'");
1168 getNextToken(); // eat ).
1172 /// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression
1173 static ExprAST *ParseIfExpr() {
1174 getNextToken(); // eat the if.
1177 ExprAST *Cond = ParseExpression();
1178 if (!Cond) return 0;
1180 if (CurTok != tok_then)
1181 return Error("expected then");
1182 getNextToken(); // eat the then
1184 ExprAST *Then = ParseExpression();
1185 if (Then == 0) return 0;
1187 if (CurTok != tok_else)
1188 return Error("expected else");
1192 ExprAST *Else = ParseExpression();
1193 if (!Else) return 0;
1195 return new IfExprAST(Cond, Then, Else);
1198 /// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression
1199 static ExprAST *ParseForExpr() {
1200 getNextToken(); // eat the for.
1202 if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
1203 return Error("expected identifier after for");
1205 std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
1206 getNextToken(); // eat identifier.
1209 return Error("expected '=' after for");
1210 getNextToken(); // eat '='.
1213 ExprAST *Start = ParseExpression();
1214 if (Start == 0) return 0;
1216 return Error("expected ',' after for start value");
1219 ExprAST *End = ParseExpression();
1220 if (End == 0) return 0;
1222 // The step value is optional.
1224 if (CurTok == ',') {
1226 Step = ParseExpression();
1227 if (Step == 0) return 0;
1230 if (CurTok != tok_in)
1231 return Error("expected 'in' after for");
1232 getNextToken(); // eat 'in'.
1234 ExprAST *Body = ParseExpression();
1235 if (Body == 0) return 0;
1237 return new ForExprAST(IdName, Start, End, Step, Body);
1242 /// ::= identifierexpr
1247 static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
1249 default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
1250 case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
1251 case tok_number: return ParseNumberExpr();
1252 case '(': return ParseParenExpr();
1253 case tok_if: return ParseIfExpr();
1254 case tok_for: return ParseForExpr();
1259 /// ::= ('+' primary)*
1260 static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
1261 // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
1263 int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
1265 // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
1266 // consume it, otherwise we are done.
1267 if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
1270 // Okay, we know this is a binop.
1272 getNextToken(); // eat binop
1274 // Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.
1275 ExprAST *RHS = ParsePrimary();
1278 // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
1279 // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
1280 int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
1281 if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
1282 RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
1283 if (RHS == 0) return 0;
1287 LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
1292 /// ::= primary binoprhs
1294 static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
1295 ExprAST *LHS = ParsePrimary();
1298 return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
1302 /// ::= id '(' id* ')'
1303 static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
1304 if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
1305 return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
1307 std::string FnName = IdentifierStr;
1311 return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
1313 std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
1314 while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
1315 ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
1317 return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
1320 getNextToken(); // eat ')'.
1322 return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames);
1325 /// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
1326 static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
1327 getNextToken(); // eat def.
1328 PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
1329 if (Proto == 0) return 0;
1331 if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
1332 return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
1336 /// toplevelexpr ::= expression
1337 static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
1338 if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
1339 // Make an anonymous proto.
1340 PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
1341 return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
1346 /// external ::= 'extern' prototype
1347 static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
1348 getNextToken(); // eat extern.
1349 return ParsePrototype();
1352 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1354 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1356 static Module *TheModule;
1357 static LLVMFoldingBuilder Builder;
1358 static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
1359 static FunctionPassManager *TheFPM;
1361 Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
1363 Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
1364 return ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(Val));
1367 Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
1368 // Look this variable up in the function.
1369 Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
1370 return V ? V : ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
1373 Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
1374 Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
1375 Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
1376 if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
1379 case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
1380 case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
1381 case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
1383 L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
1384 // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
1385 return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::DoubleTy, "booltmp");
1386 default: return ErrorV("invalid binary operator");
1390 Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
1391 // Look up the name in the global module table.
1392 Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
1394 return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
1396 // If argument mismatch error.
1397 if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
1398 return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
1400 std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
1401 for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
1402 ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
1403 if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
1406 return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
1409 Value *IfExprAST::Codegen() {
1410 Value *CondV = Cond->Codegen();
1411 if (CondV == 0) return 0;
1413 // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
1414 CondV = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(CondV,
1415 ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(0.0)),
1418 Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
1420 // Create blocks for the then and else cases. Insert the 'then' block at the
1421 // end of the function.
1422 BasicBlock *ThenBB = new BasicBlock("then", TheFunction);
1423 BasicBlock *ElseBB = new BasicBlock("else");
1424 BasicBlock *MergeBB = new BasicBlock("ifcont");
1426 Builder.CreateCondBr(CondV, ThenBB, ElseBB);
1429 Builder.SetInsertPoint(ThenBB);
1431 Value *ThenV = Then->Codegen();
1432 if (ThenV == 0) return 0;
1434 Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
1435 // Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.
1436 ThenBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
1439 TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(ElseBB);
1440 Builder.SetInsertPoint(ElseBB);
1442 Value *ElseV = Else->Codegen();
1443 if (ElseV == 0) return 0;
1445 Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
1446 // Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.
1447 ElseBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
1449 // Emit merge block.
1450 TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(MergeBB);
1451 Builder.SetInsertPoint(MergeBB);
1452 PHINode *PN = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::DoubleTy, "iftmp");
1454 PN->addIncoming(ThenV, ThenBB);
1455 PN->addIncoming(ElseV, ElseBB);
1459 Value *ForExprAST::Codegen() {
1462 // start = startexpr
1465 // variable = phi [start, loopheader], [nextvariable, loopend]
1471 // nextvariable = variable + step
1472 // endcond = endexpr
1473 // br endcond, loop, endloop
1476 // Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.
1477 Value *StartVal = Start->Codegen();
1478 if (StartVal == 0) return 0;
1480 // Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current
1482 Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
1483 BasicBlock *PreheaderBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
1484 BasicBlock *LoopBB = new BasicBlock("loop", TheFunction);
1486 // Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.
1487 Builder.CreateBr(LoopBB);
1489 // Start insertion in LoopBB.
1490 Builder.SetInsertPoint(LoopBB);
1492 // Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.
1493 PHINode *Variable = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::DoubleTy, VarName.c_str());
1494 Variable->addIncoming(StartVal, PreheaderBB);
1496 // Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node. If it
1497 // shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.
1498 Value *OldVal = NamedValues[VarName];
1499 NamedValues[VarName] = Variable;
1501 // Emit the body of the loop. This, like any other expr, can change the
1502 // current BB. Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't
1504 if (Body->Codegen() == 0)
1507 // Emit the step value.
1510 StepVal = Step->Codegen();
1511 if (StepVal == 0) return 0;
1513 // If not specified, use 1.0.
1514 StepVal = ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(1.0));
1517 Value *NextVar = Builder.CreateAdd(Variable, StepVal, "nextvar");
1519 // Compute the end condition.
1520 Value *EndCond = End->Codegen();
1521 if (EndCond == 0) return EndCond;
1523 // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
1524 EndCond = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(EndCond,
1525 ConstantFP::get(Type::DoubleTy, APFloat(0.0)),
1528 // Create the "after loop" block and insert it.
1529 BasicBlock *LoopEndBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
1530 BasicBlock *AfterBB = new BasicBlock("afterloop", TheFunction);
1532 // Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.
1533 Builder.CreateCondBr(EndCond, LoopBB, AfterBB);
1535 // Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.
1536 Builder.SetInsertPoint(AfterBB);
1538 // Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.
1539 Variable->addIncoming(NextVar, LoopEndBB);
1541 // Restore the unshadowed variable.
1543 NamedValues[VarName] = OldVal;
1545 NamedValues.erase(VarName);
1548 // for expr always returns 0.0.
1549 return Constant::getNullValue(Type::DoubleTy);
1552 Function *PrototypeAST::Codegen() {
1553 // Make the function type: double(double,double) etc.
1554 std::vector<const Type*> Doubles(Args.size(), Type::DoubleTy);
1555 FunctionType *FT = FunctionType::get(Type::DoubleTy, Doubles, false);
1557 Function *F = new Function(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule);
1559 // If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'. If it has a
1560 // body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.
1561 if (F->getName() != Name) {
1562 // Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.
1563 F->eraseFromParent();
1564 F = TheModule->getFunction(Name);
1566 // If F already has a body, reject this.
1567 if (!F->empty()) {
1568 ErrorF("redefinition of function");
1572 // If F took a different number of args, reject.
1573 if (F->arg_size() != Args.size()) {
1574 ErrorF("redefinition of function with different # args");
1579 // Set names for all arguments.
1581 for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(); Idx != Args.size();
1583 AI->setName(Args[Idx]);
1585 // Add arguments to variable symbol table.
1586 NamedValues[Args[Idx]] = AI;
1592 Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
1593 NamedValues.clear();
1595 Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
1596 if (TheFunction == 0)
1599 // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
1600 BasicBlock *BB = new BasicBlock("entry", TheFunction);
1601 Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
1603 if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
1604 // Finish off the function.
1605 Builder.CreateRet(RetVal);
1607 // Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
1608 verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
1610 // Optimize the function.
1611 TheFPM->run(*TheFunction);
1616 // Error reading body, remove function.
1617 TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
1621 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1622 // Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
1623 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1625 static ExecutionEngine *TheExecutionEngine;
1627 static void HandleDefinition() {
1628 if (FunctionAST *F = ParseDefinition()) {
1629 if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
1630 fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
1634 // Skip token for error recovery.
1639 static void HandleExtern() {
1640 if (PrototypeAST *P = ParseExtern()) {
1641 if (Function *F = P->Codegen()) {
1642 fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
1646 // Skip token for error recovery.
1651 static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
1652 // Evaluate a top level expression into an anonymous function.
1653 if (FunctionAST *F = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
1654 if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
1655 // JIT the function, returning a function pointer.
1656 void *FPtr = TheExecutionEngine->getPointerToFunction(LF);
1658 // Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we
1659 // can call it as a native function.
1660 double (*FP)() = (double (*)())FPtr;
1661 fprintf(stderr, "Evaluated to %f\n", FP());
1664 // Skip token for error recovery.
1669 /// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
1670 static void MainLoop() {
1672 fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
1674 case tok_eof: return;
1675 case ';': getNextToken(); break; // ignore top level semicolons.
1676 case tok_def: HandleDefinition(); break;
1677 case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
1678 default: HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
1685 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1686 // "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
1687 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1689 /// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
1691 double putchard(double X) {
1696 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1697 // Main driver code.
1698 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
1701 // Install standard binary operators.
1702 // 1 is lowest precedence.
1703 BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
1704 BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
1705 BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
1706 BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40; // highest.
1708 // Prime the first token.
1709 fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
1712 // Make the module, which holds all the code.
1713 TheModule = new Module("my cool jit");
1716 TheExecutionEngine = ExecutionEngine::create(TheModule);
1719 ExistingModuleProvider OurModuleProvider(TheModule);
1720 FunctionPassManager OurFPM(&OurModuleProvider);
1722 // Set up the optimizer pipeline. Start with registering info about how the
1723 // target lays out data structures.
1724 OurFPM.add(new TargetData(*TheExecutionEngine->getTargetData()));
1725 // Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
1726 OurFPM.add(createInstructionCombiningPass());
1727 // Reassociate expressions.
1728 OurFPM.add(createReassociatePass());
1729 // Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
1730 OurFPM.add(createGVNPass());
1731 // Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).
1732 OurFPM.add(createCFGSimplificationPass());
1733 // Set the global so the code gen can use this.
1734 TheFPM = &OurFPM;
1736 // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
1740 } // Free module provider and pass manager.
1743 // Print out all of the generated code.
1744 TheModule->dump();
1752 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
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1760 <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br>
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1762 Last modified: $Date: 2007-10-17 11:05:13 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) $