2 * Copyright 2016 Facebook, Inc.
4 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
5 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
6 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
8 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
10 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
12 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
13 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
14 * limitations under the License.
18 * Converts anything to anything, with an emphasis on performance and
21 * @author Andrei Alexandrescu (andrei.alexandrescu@fb.com)
34 #include <type_traits>
38 #include <boost/implicit_cast.hpp>
39 #include <double-conversion/double-conversion.h> // V8 JavaScript implementation
41 #include <folly/Demangle.h>
42 #include <folly/Expected.h>
43 #include <folly/FBString.h>
44 #include <folly/Likely.h>
45 #include <folly/Range.h>
46 #include <folly/Traits.h>
47 #include <folly/Unit.h>
48 #include <folly/portability/Math.h>
52 // Keep this in sync with kErrorStrings in Conv.cpp
53 enum class ConversionCode : unsigned char {
63 STRING_TO_FLOAT_ERROR,
64 NON_WHITESPACE_AFTER_END,
65 ARITH_POSITIVE_OVERFLOW,
66 ARITH_NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW,
67 ARITH_LOSS_OF_PRECISION,
68 NUM_ERROR_CODES, // has to be the last entry
71 struct ConversionErrorBase : std::range_error {
72 using std::range_error::range_error;
75 class ConversionError : public ConversionErrorBase {
77 ConversionError(const std::string& str, ConversionCode code)
78 : ConversionErrorBase(str), code_(code) {}
80 ConversionError(const char* str, ConversionCode code)
81 : ConversionErrorBase(str), code_(code) {}
83 ConversionCode errorCode() const {
91 /*******************************************************************************
92 * Custom Error Translation
94 * Your overloaded parseTo() function can return a custom error code on failure.
95 * ::folly::to() will call makeConversionError to translate that error code into
96 * an object to throw. makeConversionError is found by argument-dependent
97 * lookup. It should have this signature:
99 * namespace other_namespace {
100 * enum YourErrorCode { BAD_ERROR, WORSE_ERROR };
102 * struct YourConversionError : ConversionErrorBase {
103 * YourConversionError(const char* what) : ConversionErrorBase(what) {}
106 * YourConversionError
107 * makeConversionError(YourErrorCode code, ::folly::StringPiece sp) {
109 * return YourConversionError(messageString);
111 ******************************************************************************/
112 ConversionError makeConversionError(ConversionCode code, StringPiece sp);
116 * Enforce that the suffix following a number is made up only of whitespace.
118 inline ConversionCode enforceWhitespaceErr(StringPiece sp) {
120 if (UNLIKELY(!std::isspace(c))) {
121 return ConversionCode::NON_WHITESPACE_AFTER_END;
124 return ConversionCode::SUCCESS;
128 * Keep this implementation around for prettyToDouble().
130 inline void enforceWhitespace(StringPiece sp) {
131 auto err = enforceWhitespaceErr(sp);
132 if (err != ConversionCode::SUCCESS) {
133 throw makeConversionError(err, sp);
139 * The identity conversion function.
140 * tryTo<T>(T) returns itself for all types T.
142 template <class Tgt, class Src>
143 typename std::enable_if<
144 std::is_same<Tgt, typename std::decay<Src>::type>::value,
145 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
147 return std::forward<Src>(value);
150 template <class Tgt, class Src>
151 typename std::enable_if<
152 std::is_same<Tgt, typename std::decay<Src>::type>::value,
155 return std::forward<Src>(value);
158 /*******************************************************************************
159 * Arithmetic to boolean
160 ******************************************************************************/
163 * Unchecked conversion from arithmetic to boolean. This is different from the
164 * other arithmetic conversions because we use the C convention of treating any
165 * non-zero value as true, instead of range checking.
167 template <class Tgt, class Src>
168 typename std::enable_if<
169 std::is_arithmetic<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value &&
170 std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
171 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
172 tryTo(const Src& value) {
173 return value != Src();
176 template <class Tgt, class Src>
177 typename std::enable_if<
178 std::is_arithmetic<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value &&
179 std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
181 to(const Src& value) {
182 return value != Src();
185 /*******************************************************************************
187 ******************************************************************************/
192 // MSVC can't quite figure out the LastElementImpl::call() stuff
193 // in the base implementation, so we have to use tuples instead,
194 // which result in significantly more templates being compiled,
195 // though the runtime performance is the same.
197 template <typename... Ts>
198 auto getLastElement(Ts&&... ts) -> decltype(
199 std::get<sizeof...(Ts)-1>(std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Ts>(ts)...))) {
200 return std::get<sizeof...(Ts)-1>(
201 std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Ts>(ts)...));
204 inline void getLastElement() {}
206 template <size_t size, typename... Ts>
207 struct LastElementType : std::tuple_element<size - 1, std::tuple<Ts...>> {};
210 struct LastElementType<0> {
214 template <class... Ts>
216 : std::decay<typename LastElementType<sizeof...(Ts), Ts...>::type> {};
218 template <typename... Ts>
219 struct LastElementImpl {
220 static void call(Ignored<Ts>...) {}
223 template <typename Head, typename... Ts>
224 struct LastElementImpl<Head, Ts...> {
225 template <typename Last>
226 static Last call(Ignored<Ts>..., Last&& last) {
227 return std::forward<Last>(last);
231 template <typename... Ts>
232 auto getLastElement(const Ts&... ts)
233 -> decltype(LastElementImpl<Ts...>::call(ts...)) {
234 return LastElementImpl<Ts...>::call(ts...);
237 template <class... Ts>
238 struct LastElement : std::decay<decltype(
239 LastElementImpl<Ts...>::call(std::declval<Ts>()...))> {
243 } // namespace detail
245 /*******************************************************************************
246 * Conversions from integral types to string types.
247 ******************************************************************************/
249 #if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
252 template <typename IntegerType>
253 constexpr unsigned int
255 return (unsigned int)(ceil(sizeof(IntegerType) * CHAR_BIT * M_LN2 / M_LN10));
259 unsafeTelescope128(char * buffer, size_t room, unsigned __int128 x) {
260 typedef unsigned __int128 Usrc;
263 while (x >= (Usrc(1) << 64)) { // Using 128-bit division while needed
264 const auto y = x / 10;
265 const auto digit = x % 10;
267 buffer[p--] = '0' + digit;
271 uint64_t xx = x; // Moving to faster 64-bit division thereafter
274 const auto y = xx / 10ULL;
275 const auto digit = xx % 10ULL;
277 buffer[p--] = '0' + digit;
281 buffer[p] = '0' + xx;
290 * Returns the number of digits in the base 10 representation of an
291 * uint64_t. Useful for preallocating buffers and such. It's also used
292 * internally, see below. Measurements suggest that defining a
293 * separate overload for 32-bit integers is not worthwhile.
296 inline uint32_t digits10(uint64_t v) {
299 // For this arch we can get a little help from specialized CPU instructions
300 // which can count leading zeroes; 64 minus that is appx. log (base 2).
301 // Use that to approximate base-10 digits (log_10) and then adjust if needed.
303 // 10^i, defined for i 0 through 19.
304 // This is 20 * 8 == 160 bytes, which fits neatly into 5 cache lines
305 // (assuming a cache line size of 64).
306 static const uint64_t powersOf10[20] FOLLY_ALIGNED(64) = {
326 10000000000000000000UL,
329 // "count leading zeroes" operation not valid; for 0; special case this.
334 // bits is in the ballpark of log_2(v).
335 const uint8_t leadingZeroes = __builtin_clzll(v);
336 const auto bits = 63 - leadingZeroes;
338 // approximate log_10(v) == log_10(2) * bits.
339 // Integer magic below: 77/256 is appx. 0.3010 (log_10(2)).
340 // The +1 is to make this the ceiling of the log_10 estimate.
341 const uint32_t minLength = 1 + ((bits * 77) >> 8);
343 // return that log_10 lower bound, plus adjust if input >= 10^(that bound)
344 // in case there's a small error and we misjudged length.
345 return minLength + (uint32_t) (UNLIKELY (v >= powersOf10[minLength]));
351 if (LIKELY(v < 10)) return result;
352 if (LIKELY(v < 100)) return result + 1;
353 if (LIKELY(v < 1000)) return result + 2;
354 if (LIKELY(v < 10000)) return result + 3;
355 // Skip ahead by 4 orders of magnitude
364 * Copies the ASCII base 10 representation of v into buffer and
365 * returns the number of bytes written. Does NOT append a \0. Assumes
366 * the buffer points to digits10(v) bytes of valid memory. Note that
367 * uint64 needs at most 20 bytes, uint32_t needs at most 10 bytes,
368 * uint16_t needs at most 5 bytes, and so on. Measurements suggest
369 * that defining a separate overload for 32-bit integers is not
372 * This primitive is unsafe because it makes the size assumption and
373 * because it does not add a terminating \0.
376 inline uint32_t uint64ToBufferUnsafe(uint64_t v, char *const buffer) {
377 auto const result = digits10(v);
378 // WARNING: using size_t or pointer arithmetic for pos slows down
379 // the loop below 20x. This is because several 32-bit ops can be
380 // done in parallel, but only fewer 64-bit ones.
381 uint32_t pos = result - 1;
383 // Keep these together so a peephole optimization "sees" them and
384 // computes them in one shot.
385 auto const q = v / 10;
386 auto const r = static_cast<char>(v % 10);
387 buffer[pos--] = '0' + r;
390 // Last digit is trivial to handle
391 buffer[pos] = static_cast<char>(v) + '0';
396 * A single char gets appended.
399 void toAppend(char value, Tgt * result) {
404 constexpr typename std::enable_if<
405 std::is_same<T, char>::value,
407 estimateSpaceNeeded(T) {
412 * Everything implicitly convertible to const char* gets appended.
414 template <class Tgt, class Src>
415 typename std::enable_if<
416 std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value
417 && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
418 toAppend(Src value, Tgt * result) {
419 // Treat null pointers like an empty string, as in:
420 // operator<<(std::ostream&, const char*).
421 const char* c = value;
423 result->append(value);
428 typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value, size_t>::
430 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
431 const char *c = value;
433 return folly::StringPiece(value).size();
439 typename std::enable_if<
440 (std::is_convertible<Src, folly::StringPiece>::value ||
441 IsSomeString<Src>::value) &&
442 !std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value,
444 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
445 return folly::StringPiece(value).size();
449 inline size_t estimateSpaceNeeded(std::nullptr_t /* value */) {
454 typename std::enable_if<
455 std::is_pointer<Src>::value &&
456 IsSomeString<std::remove_pointer<Src>>::value,
458 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
459 return value->size();
463 * Strings get appended, too.
465 template <class Tgt, class Src>
466 typename std::enable_if<
467 IsSomeString<Src>::value && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
468 toAppend(const Src& value, Tgt * result) {
469 result->append(value);
473 * and StringPiece objects too
476 typename std::enable_if<
477 IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
478 toAppend(StringPiece value, Tgt * result) {
479 result->append(value.data(), value.size());
483 * There's no implicit conversion from fbstring to other string types,
484 * so make a specialization.
487 typename std::enable_if<
488 IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
489 toAppend(const fbstring& value, Tgt * result) {
490 result->append(value.data(), value.size());
493 #if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
495 * Special handling for 128 bit integers.
500 toAppend(__int128 value, Tgt * result) {
501 typedef unsigned __int128 Usrc;
502 char buffer[detail::digitsEnough<unsigned __int128>() + 1];
506 p = detail::unsafeTelescope128(buffer, sizeof(buffer), -Usrc(value));
509 p = detail::unsafeTelescope128(buffer, sizeof(buffer), value);
512 result->append(buffer + p, buffer + sizeof(buffer));
517 toAppend(unsigned __int128 value, Tgt * result) {
518 char buffer[detail::digitsEnough<unsigned __int128>()];
521 p = detail::unsafeTelescope128(buffer, sizeof(buffer), value);
523 result->append(buffer + p, buffer + sizeof(buffer));
527 constexpr typename std::enable_if<
528 std::is_same<T, __int128>::value,
530 estimateSpaceNeeded(T) {
531 return detail::digitsEnough<__int128>();
535 constexpr typename std::enable_if<
536 std::is_same<T, unsigned __int128>::value,
538 estimateSpaceNeeded(T) {
539 return detail::digitsEnough<unsigned __int128>();
545 * int32_t and int64_t to string (by appending) go through here. The
546 * result is APPENDED to a preexisting string passed as the second
547 * parameter. This should be efficient with fbstring because fbstring
548 * incurs no dynamic allocation below 23 bytes and no number has more
549 * than 22 bytes in its textual representation (20 for digits, one for
550 * sign, one for the terminating 0).
552 template <class Tgt, class Src>
553 typename std::enable_if<
554 std::is_integral<Src>::value && std::is_signed<Src>::value &&
555 IsSomeString<Tgt>::value && sizeof(Src) >= 4>::type
556 toAppend(Src value, Tgt * result) {
559 result->push_back('-');
561 buffer, uint64ToBufferUnsafe(uint64_t(-uint64_t(value)), buffer));
563 result->append(buffer, uint64ToBufferUnsafe(uint64_t(value), buffer));
568 typename std::enable_if<
569 std::is_integral<Src>::value && std::is_signed<Src>::value
570 && sizeof(Src) >= 4 && sizeof(Src) < 16,
572 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
574 // When "value" is the smallest negative, negating it would evoke
575 // undefined behavior, so, instead of writing "-value" below, we write
576 // "~static_cast<uint64_t>(value) + 1"
577 return 1 + digits10(~static_cast<uint64_t>(value) + 1);
580 return digits10(static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
584 * As above, but for uint32_t and uint64_t.
586 template <class Tgt, class Src>
587 typename std::enable_if<
588 std::is_integral<Src>::value && !std::is_signed<Src>::value
589 && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value && sizeof(Src) >= 4>::type
590 toAppend(Src value, Tgt * result) {
592 result->append(buffer, uint64ToBufferUnsafe(value, buffer));
596 typename std::enable_if<
597 std::is_integral<Src>::value && !std::is_signed<Src>::value
598 && sizeof(Src) >= 4 && sizeof(Src) < 16,
600 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
601 return digits10(value);
605 * All small signed and unsigned integers to string go through 32-bit
606 * types int32_t and uint32_t, respectively.
608 template <class Tgt, class Src>
609 typename std::enable_if<
610 std::is_integral<Src>::value
611 && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value && sizeof(Src) < 4>::type
612 toAppend(Src value, Tgt * result) {
614 std::conditional<std::is_signed<Src>::value, int64_t, uint64_t>::type
616 toAppend<Tgt>(static_cast<Intermediate>(value), result);
620 typename std::enable_if<
621 std::is_integral<Src>::value
623 && !std::is_same<Src, char>::value,
625 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
627 std::conditional<std::is_signed<Src>::value, int64_t, uint64_t>::type
629 return estimateSpaceNeeded(static_cast<Intermediate>(value));
633 * Enumerated values get appended as integers.
635 template <class Tgt, class Src>
636 typename std::enable_if<
637 std::is_enum<Src>::value && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
638 toAppend(Src value, Tgt * result) {
640 static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<Src>::type>(value), result);
644 typename std::enable_if<
645 std::is_enum<Src>::value, size_t>::type
646 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
647 return estimateSpaceNeeded(
648 static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<Src>::type>(value));
651 /*******************************************************************************
652 * Conversions from floating-point types to string types.
653 ******************************************************************************/
656 constexpr int kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow = -6;
657 constexpr int kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh = 21;
660 /** Wrapper around DoubleToStringConverter **/
661 template <class Tgt, class Src>
662 typename std::enable_if<
663 std::is_floating_point<Src>::value
664 && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
668 double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::DtoaMode mode,
669 unsigned int numDigits) {
670 using namespace double_conversion;
671 DoubleToStringConverter
672 conv(DoubleToStringConverter::NO_FLAGS,
673 "Infinity", "NaN", 'E',
674 detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow,
675 detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh,
676 6, // max leading padding zeros
677 1); // max trailing padding zeros
679 StringBuilder builder(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
681 case DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST:
682 conv.ToShortest(value, &builder);
684 case DoubleToStringConverter::FIXED:
685 conv.ToFixed(value, int(numDigits), &builder);
688 CHECK(mode == DoubleToStringConverter::PRECISION);
689 conv.ToPrecision(value, int(numDigits), &builder);
692 const size_t length = size_t(builder.position());
694 result->append(buffer, length);
698 * As above, but for floating point
700 template <class Tgt, class Src>
701 typename std::enable_if<
702 std::is_floating_point<Src>::value
703 && IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type
704 toAppend(Src value, Tgt * result) {
706 value, result, double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST, 0);
710 * Upper bound of the length of the output from
711 * DoubleToStringConverter::ToShortest(double, StringBuilder*),
712 * as used in toAppend(double, string*).
715 typename std::enable_if<
716 std::is_floating_point<Src>::value, size_t>::type
717 estimateSpaceNeeded(Src value) {
718 // kBase10MaximalLength is 17. We add 1 for decimal point,
719 // e.g. 10.0/9 is 17 digits and 18 characters, including the decimal point.
720 constexpr int kMaxMantissaSpace =
721 double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::kBase10MaximalLength + 1;
722 // strlen("E-") + digits10(numeric_limits<double>::max_exponent10)
723 constexpr int kMaxExponentSpace = 2 + 3;
724 static const int kMaxPositiveSpace = std::max({
725 // E.g. 1.1111111111111111E-100.
726 kMaxMantissaSpace + kMaxExponentSpace,
727 // E.g. 0.000001.1111111111111111, if kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow is -6.
728 kMaxMantissaSpace - detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestLow,
729 // If kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh is 21, then 1e21 is the smallest
730 // number > 1 which ToShortest outputs in exponential notation,
731 // so 21 is the longest non-exponential number > 1.
732 detail::kConvMaxDecimalInShortestHigh
736 (value < 0 ? 1 : 0)); // +1 for minus sign, if negative
740 * This can be specialized, together with adding specialization
741 * for estimateSpaceNeed for your type, so that we allocate
742 * as much as you need instead of the default
745 struct HasLengthEstimator : std::false_type {};
748 constexpr typename std::enable_if<
749 !std::is_fundamental<Src>::value
750 #if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
751 // On OSX 10.10, is_fundamental<__int128> is false :-O
752 && !std::is_same<__int128, Src>::value
753 && !std::is_same<unsigned __int128, Src>::value
755 && !IsSomeString<Src>::value
756 && !std::is_convertible<Src, const char*>::value
757 && !std::is_convertible<Src, StringPiece>::value
758 && !std::is_enum<Src>::value
759 && !HasLengthEstimator<Src>::value,
761 estimateSpaceNeeded(const Src&) {
762 return sizeof(Src) + 1; // dumbest best effort ever?
768 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value, size_t>::type
769 estimateSpaceToReserve(size_t sofar, Tgt*) {
773 template <class T, class... Ts>
774 size_t estimateSpaceToReserve(size_t sofar, const T& v, const Ts&... vs) {
775 return estimateSpaceToReserve(sofar + estimateSpaceNeeded(v), vs...);
779 void reserveInTarget(const Ts&...vs) {
780 getLastElement(vs...)->reserve(estimateSpaceToReserve(0, vs...));
783 template<class Delimiter, class...Ts>
784 void reserveInTargetDelim(const Delimiter& d, const Ts&...vs) {
785 static_assert(sizeof...(vs) >= 2, "Needs at least 2 args");
786 size_t fordelim = (sizeof...(vs) - 2) *
787 estimateSpaceToReserve(0, d, static_cast<std::string*>(nullptr));
788 getLastElement(vs...)->reserve(estimateSpaceToReserve(fordelim, vs...));
792 * Variadic base case: append one element
794 template <class T, class Tgt>
795 typename std::enable_if<
796 IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<Tgt>::type>
798 toAppendStrImpl(const T& v, Tgt result) {
802 template <class T, class... Ts>
803 typename std::enable_if<
804 sizeof...(Ts) >= 2 &&
805 IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
806 typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::type>::value>::type
807 toAppendStrImpl(const T& v, const Ts&... vs) {
808 toAppend(v, getLastElement(vs...));
809 toAppendStrImpl(vs...);
812 template <class Delimiter, class T, class Tgt>
813 typename std::enable_if<
814 IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<Tgt>::type>::value>::type
815 toAppendDelimStrImpl(const Delimiter& /* delim */, const T& v, Tgt result) {
819 template <class Delimiter, class T, class... Ts>
820 typename std::enable_if<
821 sizeof...(Ts) >= 2 &&
822 IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
823 typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::type>::value>::type
824 toAppendDelimStrImpl(const Delimiter& delim, const T& v, const Ts&... vs) {
825 // we are really careful here, calling toAppend with just one element does
826 // not try to estimate space needed (as we already did that). If we call
827 // toAppend(v, delim, ....) we would do unnecesary size calculation
828 toAppend(v, detail::getLastElement(vs...));
829 toAppend(delim, detail::getLastElement(vs...));
830 toAppendDelimStrImpl(delim, vs...);
836 * Variadic conversion to string. Appends each element in turn.
837 * If we have two or more things to append, we it will not reserve
838 * the space for them and will depend on strings exponential growth.
839 * If you just append once consider using toAppendFit which reserves
840 * the space needed (but does not have exponential as a result).
842 * Custom implementations of toAppend() can be provided in the same namespace as
843 * the type to customize printing. estimateSpaceNeed() may also be provided to
844 * avoid reallocations in toAppendFit():
846 * namespace other_namespace {
848 * template <class String>
849 * void toAppend(const OtherType&, String* out);
852 * size_t estimateSpaceNeeded(const OtherType&);
856 template <class... Ts>
857 typename std::enable_if<
858 sizeof...(Ts) >= 3 &&
859 IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
860 typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::type>::value>::type
861 toAppend(const Ts&... vs) {
862 ::folly::detail::toAppendStrImpl(vs...);
866 // Special case pid_t on MSVC, because it's a void* rather than an
867 // integral type. We can't do a global special case because this is already
868 // dangerous enough (as most pointers will implicitly convert to a void*)
869 // just doing it for MSVC.
871 void toAppend(const pid_t a, Tgt* res) {
872 toAppend(uint64_t(a), res);
877 * Special version of the call that preallocates exaclty as much memory
878 * as need for arguments to be stored in target. This means we are
879 * not doing exponential growth when we append. If you are using it
880 * in a loop you are aiming at your foot with a big perf-destroying
882 * On the other hand if you are appending to a string once, this
883 * will probably save a few calls to malloc.
885 template <class... Ts>
886 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
887 typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::type>::value>::type
888 toAppendFit(const Ts&... vs) {
889 ::folly::detail::reserveInTarget(vs...);
894 void toAppendFit(const Ts&) {}
897 * Variadic base case: do nothing.
900 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppend(
901 Tgt* /* result */) {}
904 * Variadic base case: do nothing.
906 template <class Delimiter, class Tgt>
907 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppendDelim(
908 const Delimiter& /* delim */, Tgt* /* result */) {}
911 * 1 element: same as toAppend.
913 template <class Delimiter, class T, class Tgt>
914 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value>::type toAppendDelim(
915 const Delimiter& /* delim */, const T& v, Tgt* tgt) {
920 * Append to string with a delimiter in between elements. Check out
921 * comments for toAppend for details about memory allocation.
923 template <class Delimiter, class... Ts>
924 typename std::enable_if<
925 sizeof...(Ts) >= 3 &&
926 IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
927 typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::type>::value>::type
928 toAppendDelim(const Delimiter& delim, const Ts&... vs) {
929 detail::toAppendDelimStrImpl(delim, vs...);
933 * Detail in comment for toAppendFit
935 template <class Delimiter, class... Ts>
936 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<typename std::remove_pointer<
937 typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::type>::value>::type
938 toAppendDelimFit(const Delimiter& delim, const Ts&... vs) {
939 detail::reserveInTargetDelim(delim, vs...);
940 toAppendDelim(delim, vs...);
943 template <class De, class Ts>
944 void toAppendDelimFit(const De&, const Ts&) {}
947 * to<SomeString>(v1, v2, ...) uses toAppend() (see below) as back-end
950 template <class Tgt, class... Ts>
951 typename std::enable_if<
952 IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
953 (sizeof...(Ts) != 1 ||
954 !std::is_same<Tgt, typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::
957 to(const Ts&... vs) {
959 toAppendFit(vs..., &result);
964 * Special version of to<SomeString> for floating point. When calling
965 * folly::to<SomeString>(double), generic implementation above will
966 * firstly reserve 24 (or 25 when negative value) bytes. This will
967 * introduce a malloc call for most mainstream string implementations.
969 * But for most cases, a floating point doesn't need 24 (or 25) bytes to
970 * be converted as a string.
972 * This special version will not do string reserve.
974 template <class Tgt, class Src>
975 typename std::enable_if<
976 IsSomeString<Tgt>::value && std::is_floating_point<Src>::value,
980 toAppend(value, &result);
985 * toDelim<SomeString>(SomeString str) returns itself.
987 template <class Tgt, class Delim, class Src>
988 typename std::enable_if<IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
989 std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value,
991 toDelim(const Delim& /* delim */, const Src& value) {
996 * toDelim<SomeString>(delim, v1, v2, ...) uses toAppendDelim() as
997 * back-end for all types.
999 template <class Tgt, class Delim, class... Ts>
1000 typename std::enable_if<
1001 IsSomeString<Tgt>::value &&
1002 (sizeof...(Ts) != 1 ||
1003 !std::is_same<Tgt, typename detail::LastElement<const Ts&...>::type>::
1006 toDelim(const Delim& delim, const Ts&... vs) {
1008 toAppendDelimFit(delim, vs..., &result);
1012 /*******************************************************************************
1013 * Conversions from string types to integral types.
1014 ******************************************************************************/
1018 Expected<bool, ConversionCode> str_to_bool(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1020 template <typename T>
1021 Expected<T, ConversionCode> str_to_floating(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1023 extern template Expected<float, ConversionCode> str_to_floating<float>(
1024 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1025 extern template Expected<double, ConversionCode> str_to_floating<double>(
1026 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1028 template <class Tgt>
1029 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode> digits_to(const char* b, const char* e) noexcept;
1031 extern template Expected<char, ConversionCode> digits_to<char>(
1033 const char*) noexcept;
1034 extern template Expected<signed char, ConversionCode> digits_to<signed char>(
1036 const char*) noexcept;
1037 extern template Expected<unsigned char, ConversionCode>
1038 digits_to<unsigned char>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
1040 extern template Expected<short, ConversionCode> digits_to<short>(
1042 const char*) noexcept;
1043 extern template Expected<unsigned short, ConversionCode>
1044 digits_to<unsigned short>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
1046 extern template Expected<int, ConversionCode> digits_to<int>(
1048 const char*) noexcept;
1049 extern template Expected<unsigned int, ConversionCode> digits_to<unsigned int>(
1051 const char*) noexcept;
1053 extern template Expected<long, ConversionCode> digits_to<long>(
1055 const char*) noexcept;
1056 extern template Expected<unsigned long, ConversionCode>
1057 digits_to<unsigned long>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
1059 extern template Expected<long long, ConversionCode> digits_to<long long>(
1061 const char*) noexcept;
1062 extern template Expected<unsigned long long, ConversionCode>
1063 digits_to<unsigned long long>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
1065 #if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
1066 extern template Expected<__int128, ConversionCode> digits_to<__int128>(
1068 const char*) noexcept;
1069 extern template Expected<unsigned __int128, ConversionCode>
1070 digits_to<unsigned __int128>(const char*, const char*) noexcept;
1074 Expected<T, ConversionCode> str_to_integral(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1076 extern template Expected<char, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<char>(
1077 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1078 extern template Expected<signed char, ConversionCode>
1079 str_to_integral<signed char>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1080 extern template Expected<unsigned char, ConversionCode>
1081 str_to_integral<unsigned char>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1083 extern template Expected<short, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<short>(
1084 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1085 extern template Expected<unsigned short, ConversionCode>
1086 str_to_integral<unsigned short>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1088 extern template Expected<int, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<int>(
1089 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1090 extern template Expected<unsigned int, ConversionCode>
1091 str_to_integral<unsigned int>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1093 extern template Expected<long, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<long>(
1094 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1095 extern template Expected<unsigned long, ConversionCode>
1096 str_to_integral<unsigned long>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1098 extern template Expected<long long, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<long long>(
1099 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1100 extern template Expected<unsigned long long, ConversionCode>
1101 str_to_integral<unsigned long long>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1103 #if FOLLY_HAVE_INT128_T
1104 extern template Expected<__int128, ConversionCode> str_to_integral<__int128>(
1105 StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1106 extern template Expected<unsigned __int128, ConversionCode>
1107 str_to_integral<unsigned __int128>(StringPiece* src) noexcept;
1110 template <typename T>
1112 enable_if<std::is_same<T, bool>::value, Expected<T, ConversionCode>>::type
1113 convertTo(StringPiece* src) noexcept {
1114 return str_to_bool(src);
1117 template <typename T>
1118 typename std::enable_if<
1119 std::is_floating_point<T>::value,
1120 Expected<T, ConversionCode>>::type
1121 convertTo(StringPiece* src) noexcept {
1122 return str_to_floating<T>(src);
1125 template <typename T>
1126 typename std::enable_if<
1127 std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value,
1128 Expected<T, ConversionCode>>::type
1129 convertTo(StringPiece* src) noexcept {
1130 return str_to_integral<T>(src);
1133 } // namespace detail
1136 * String represented as a pair of pointers to char to unsigned
1137 * integrals. Assumes NO whitespace before or after.
1139 template <typename Tgt>
1140 typename std::enable_if<
1141 std::is_integral<Tgt>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
1142 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1143 tryTo(const char* b, const char* e) {
1144 return detail::digits_to<Tgt>(b, e);
1147 template <typename Tgt>
1148 typename std::enable_if<
1149 std::is_integral<Tgt>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
1151 to(const char* b, const char* e) {
1152 return tryTo<Tgt>(b, e).thenOrThrow(
1153 [](Tgt res) { return res; },
1154 [=](ConversionCode code) {
1155 return makeConversionError(code, StringPiece(b, e));
1159 /*******************************************************************************
1160 * Conversions from string types to arithmetic types.
1161 ******************************************************************************/
1164 * Parsing strings to numeric types.
1166 template <typename Tgt>
1167 FOLLY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT inline typename std::enable_if<
1168 std::is_arithmetic<Tgt>::value,
1169 Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
1170 parseTo(StringPiece src, Tgt& out) {
1171 return detail::convertTo<Tgt>(&src).then(
1172 [&](Tgt res) { return void(out = res), src; });
1175 /*******************************************************************************
1176 * Integral / Floating Point to integral / Floating Point
1177 ******************************************************************************/
1182 * Bool to integral doesn't need any special checks, and this
1183 * overload means we aren't trying to see if a bool is less than
1186 template <class Tgt>
1187 typename std::enable_if<
1188 !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value && std::is_integral<Tgt>::value,
1189 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1190 convertTo(const bool& value) noexcept {
1191 return static_cast<Tgt>(value ? 1 : 0);
1195 * Checked conversion from integral to integral. The checks are only
1196 * performed when meaningful, e.g. conversion from int to long goes
1199 template <class Tgt, class Src>
1200 typename std::enable_if<
1201 std::is_integral<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value &&
1202 !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value &&
1203 std::is_integral<Tgt>::value,
1204 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1205 convertTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
1207 std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max() < std::numeric_limits<Src>::max()) {
1208 if (greater_than<Tgt, std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max()>(value)) {
1209 return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_POSITIVE_OVERFLOW);
1213 std::is_signed<Src>::value &&
1214 (!std::is_signed<Tgt>::value || sizeof(Src) > sizeof(Tgt))) {
1215 if (less_than<Tgt, std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::min()>(value)) {
1216 return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW);
1219 return static_cast<Tgt>(value);
1223 * Checked conversion from floating to floating. The checks are only
1224 * performed when meaningful, e.g. conversion from float to double goes
1227 template <class Tgt, class Src>
1228 typename std::enable_if<
1229 std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value && std::is_floating_point<Src>::value &&
1230 !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value,
1231 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1232 convertTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
1234 std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max() < std::numeric_limits<Src>::max()) {
1235 if (value > std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max()) {
1236 return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_POSITIVE_OVERFLOW);
1238 if (value < std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::lowest()) {
1239 return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_NEGATIVE_OVERFLOW);
1242 return boost::implicit_cast<Tgt>(value);
1246 * Check if a floating point value can safely be converted to an
1247 * integer value without triggering undefined behaviour.
1249 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1250 inline typename std::enable_if<
1251 std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && std::is_integral<Tgt>::value &&
1252 !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
1254 checkConversion(const Src& value) {
1255 constexpr Src tgtMaxAsSrc = static_cast<Src>(std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max());
1256 constexpr Src tgtMinAsSrc = static_cast<Src>(std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::min());
1257 if (value >= tgtMaxAsSrc) {
1258 if (value > tgtMaxAsSrc) {
1261 const Src mmax = folly::nextafter(tgtMaxAsSrc, Src());
1262 if (static_cast<Tgt>(value - mmax) >
1263 std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::max() - static_cast<Tgt>(mmax)) {
1266 } else if (std::is_signed<Tgt>::value && value <= tgtMinAsSrc) {
1267 if (value < tgtMinAsSrc) {
1270 const Src mmin = folly::nextafter(tgtMinAsSrc, Src());
1271 if (static_cast<Tgt>(value - mmin) <
1272 std::numeric_limits<Tgt>::min() - static_cast<Tgt>(mmin)) {
1279 // Integers can always safely be converted to floating point values
1280 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1281 constexpr typename std::enable_if<
1282 std::is_integral<Src>::value && std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value,
1284 checkConversion(const Src&) {
1288 // Also, floating point values can always be safely converted to bool
1289 // Per the standard, any floating point value that is not zero will yield true
1290 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1291 constexpr typename std::enable_if<
1292 std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value,
1294 checkConversion(const Src&) {
1299 * Checked conversion from integral to floating point and back. The
1300 * result must be convertible back to the source type without loss of
1301 * precision. This seems Draconian but sometimes is what's needed, and
1302 * complements existing routines nicely. For various rounding
1303 * routines, see <math>.
1305 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1306 typename std::enable_if<
1307 (std::is_integral<Src>::value && std::is_floating_point<Tgt>::value) ||
1308 (std::is_floating_point<Src>::value && std::is_integral<Tgt>::value),
1309 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1310 convertTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
1311 if (LIKELY(checkConversion<Tgt>(value))) {
1312 Tgt result = static_cast<Tgt>(value);
1313 if (LIKELY(checkConversion<Src>(result))) {
1314 Src witness = static_cast<Src>(result);
1315 if (LIKELY(value == witness)) {
1320 return makeUnexpected(ConversionCode::ARITH_LOSS_OF_PRECISION);
1323 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1324 inline std::string errorValue(const Src& value) {
1325 #ifdef FOLLY_HAS_RTTI
1326 return to<std::string>("(", demangle(typeid(Tgt)), ") ", value);
1328 return to<std::string>(value);
1332 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1333 using IsArithToArith = std::integral_constant<
1335 !std::is_same<Tgt, Src>::value && !std::is_same<Tgt, bool>::value &&
1336 std::is_arithmetic<Src>::value &&
1337 std::is_arithmetic<Tgt>::value>;
1339 } // namespace detail
1341 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1342 typename std::enable_if<
1343 detail::IsArithToArith<Tgt, Src>::value,
1344 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1345 tryTo(const Src& value) noexcept {
1346 return detail::convertTo<Tgt>(value);
1349 template <typename Tgt, typename Src>
1350 typename std::enable_if<detail::IsArithToArith<Tgt, Src>::value, Tgt>::type to(
1352 return tryTo<Tgt>(value).thenOrThrow(
1353 [](Tgt res) { return res; },
1354 [&](ConversionCode e) {
1355 return makeConversionError(e, detail::errorValue<Tgt>(value));
1359 /*******************************************************************************
1360 * Custom Conversions
1362 * Any type can be used with folly::to by implementing parseTo. The
1363 * implementation should be provided in the namespace of the type to facilitate
1364 * argument-dependent lookup:
1366 * namespace other_namespace {
1367 * ::folly::Expected<::folly::StringPiece, SomeErrorCode>
1368 * parseTo(::folly::StringPiece, OtherType&) noexcept;
1370 ******************************************************************************/
1372 FOLLY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT typename std::enable_if<
1373 std::is_enum<T>::value,
1374 Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
1375 parseTo(StringPiece in, T& out) noexcept {
1376 typename std::underlying_type<T>::type tmp{};
1377 auto restOrError = parseTo(in, tmp);
1378 out = static_cast<T>(tmp); // Harmless if parseTo fails
1382 FOLLY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
1383 inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
1385 StringPiece& out) noexcept {
1387 return StringPiece{in.end(), in.end()};
1390 FOLLY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
1391 inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
1395 out.append(in.data(), in.size()); // TODO try/catch?
1396 return StringPiece{in.end(), in.end()};
1399 FOLLY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
1400 inline Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode> parseTo(
1404 out.append(in.data(), in.size()); // TODO try/catch?
1405 return StringPiece{in.end(), in.end()};
1409 template <typename Tgt>
1410 using ParseToResult = decltype(parseTo(StringPiece{}, std::declval<Tgt&>()));
1412 struct CheckTrailingSpace {
1413 Expected<Unit, ConversionCode> operator()(StringPiece sp) const {
1414 auto e = enforceWhitespaceErr(sp);
1415 if (UNLIKELY(e != ConversionCode::SUCCESS))
1416 return makeUnexpected(e);
1421 template <class Error>
1424 constexpr Expected<Unit, Error> operator()(T&&) const {
1429 // Older versions of the parseTo customization point threw on error and
1430 // returned void. Handle that.
1431 template <class Tgt>
1432 inline typename std::enable_if<
1433 std::is_void<ParseToResult<Tgt>>::value,
1434 Expected<StringPiece, ConversionCode>>::type
1435 parseToWrap(StringPiece sp, Tgt& out) {
1437 return StringPiece(sp.end(), sp.end());
1440 template <class Tgt>
1441 inline typename std::enable_if<
1442 !std::is_void<ParseToResult<Tgt>>::value,
1443 ParseToResult<Tgt>>::type
1444 parseToWrap(StringPiece sp, Tgt& out) {
1445 return parseTo(sp, out);
1448 template <typename Tgt>
1449 using ParseToError = ExpectedErrorType<decltype(
1450 detail::parseToWrap(StringPiece{}, std::declval<Tgt&>()))>;
1452 } // namespace detail
1455 * String or StringPiece to target conversion. Accepts leading and trailing
1456 * whitespace, but no non-space trailing characters.
1459 template <class Tgt>
1460 inline typename std::enable_if<
1461 !std::is_same<StringPiece, Tgt>::value,
1462 Expected<Tgt, detail::ParseToError<Tgt>>>::type
1463 tryTo(StringPiece src) {
1465 using Error = detail::ParseToError<Tgt>;
1466 using Check = typename std::conditional<
1467 std::is_arithmetic<Tgt>::value,
1468 detail::CheckTrailingSpace,
1469 detail::ReturnUnit<Error>>::type;
1470 return parseTo(src, result).then(Check(), [&](Unit) {
1471 return std::move(result);
1475 template <class Tgt>
1477 typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<StringPiece, Tgt>::value, Tgt>::type
1478 to(StringPiece src) {
1480 using Error = detail::ParseToError<Tgt>;
1481 using Check = typename std::conditional<
1482 std::is_arithmetic<Tgt>::value,
1483 detail::CheckTrailingSpace,
1484 detail::ReturnUnit<Error>>::type;
1485 auto tmp = detail::parseToWrap(src, result);
1487 .thenOrThrow(Check(), [&](Error e) { throw makeConversionError(e, src); })
1489 [&](Unit) { return std::move(result); },
1490 [&](Error e) { throw makeConversionError(e, tmp.value()); });
1494 * tryTo/to that take the strings by pointer so the caller gets information
1495 * about how much of the string was consumed by the conversion. These do not
1496 * check for trailing whitepsace.
1498 template <class Tgt>
1499 Expected<Tgt, detail::ParseToError<Tgt>> tryTo(StringPiece* src) {
1501 return parseTo(*src, result).then([&, src](StringPiece sp) -> Tgt {
1503 return std::move(result);
1507 template <class Tgt>
1508 Tgt to(StringPiece* src) {
1510 using Error = detail::ParseToError<Tgt>;
1511 return parseTo(*src, result)
1513 [&, src](StringPiece sp) -> Tgt {
1515 return std::move(result);
1517 [=](Error e) { return makeConversionError(e, *src); });
1520 /*******************************************************************************
1521 * Enum to anything and back
1522 ******************************************************************************/
1524 template <class Tgt, class Src>
1525 typename std::enable_if<
1526 std::is_enum<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value,
1527 Expected<Tgt, ConversionCode>>::type
1528 tryTo(const Src& value) {
1529 using I = typename std::underlying_type<Src>::type;
1530 return tryTo<Tgt>(static_cast<I>(value));
1533 template <class Tgt, class Src>
1534 typename std::enable_if<
1535 std::is_enum<Tgt>::value && !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value,
1537 tryTo(const Src& value) {
1538 using I = typename std::underlying_type<Tgt>::type;
1539 return tryTo<I>(value).then([](I i) { return static_cast<Tgt>(i); });
1542 template <class Tgt, class Src>
1543 typename std::enable_if<
1544 std::is_enum<Src>::value && !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value,
1546 to(const Src& value) {
1547 return to<Tgt>(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<Src>::type>(value));
1550 template <class Tgt, class Src>
1551 typename std::enable_if<
1552 std::is_enum<Tgt>::value && !std::is_same<Src, Tgt>::value, Tgt>::type
1553 to(const Src & value) {
1554 return static_cast<Tgt>(to<typename std::underlying_type<Tgt>::type>(value));
1557 } // namespace folly