2 * Copyright 2016 Facebook, Inc.
4 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
5 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
6 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
8 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
10 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
12 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
13 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
14 * limitations under the License.
18 #include <folly/experimental/symbolizer/Dwarf.h>
20 #include <type_traits>
25 namespace symbolizer {
27 Dwarf::Dwarf(const ElfFile* elf) : elf_(elf) {
31 Dwarf::Section::Section(folly::StringPiece d) : is64Bit_(false), data_(d) {
36 // All following read* functions read from a StringPiece, advancing the
37 // StringPiece, and aborting if there's not enough room.
39 // Read (bitwise) one object of type T
41 typename std::enable_if<std::is_pod<T>::value, T>::type
42 read(folly::StringPiece& sp) {
43 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(sp.size() >= sizeof(T), "underflow");
45 memcpy(&x, sp.data(), sizeof(T));
46 sp.advance(sizeof(T));
50 // Read ULEB (unsigned) varint value; algorithm from the DWARF spec
51 uint64_t readULEB(folly::StringPiece& sp, uint8_t& shift, uint8_t& val) {
55 val = read<uint8_t>(sp);
56 r |= ((uint64_t)(val & 0x7f) << shift);
62 uint64_t readULEB(folly::StringPiece& sp) {
65 return readULEB(sp, shift, val);
68 // Read SLEB (signed) varint value; algorithm from the DWARF spec
69 int64_t readSLEB(folly::StringPiece& sp) {
72 uint64_t r = readULEB(sp, shift, val);
74 if (shift < 64 && (val & 0x40)) {
75 r |= -(1ULL << shift); // sign extend
81 // Read a value of "section offset" type, which may be 4 or 8 bytes
82 uint64_t readOffset(folly::StringPiece& sp, bool is64Bit) {
83 return is64Bit ? read<uint64_t>(sp) : read<uint32_t>(sp);
87 folly::StringPiece readBytes(folly::StringPiece& sp, uint64_t len) {
88 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(len >= sp.size(), "invalid string length");
89 folly::StringPiece ret(sp.data(), len);
94 // Read a null-terminated string
95 folly::StringPiece readNullTerminated(folly::StringPiece& sp) {
96 const char* p = static_cast<const char*>(
97 memchr(sp.data(), 0, sp.size()));
98 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(p, "invalid null-terminated string");
99 folly::StringPiece ret(sp.data(), p);
100 sp.assign(p + 1, sp.end());
104 // Skip over padding until sp.data() - start is a multiple of alignment
105 void skipPadding(folly::StringPiece& sp, const char* start, size_t alignment) {
106 size_t remainder = (sp.data() - start) % alignment;
108 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(alignment - remainder <= sp.size(), "invalid padding");
109 sp.advance(alignment - remainder);
113 // Simplify a path -- as much as we can while not moving data around...
114 void simplifyPath(folly::StringPiece& sp) {
115 // Strip leading slashes and useless patterns (./), leaving one initial
122 // Strip leading slashes, leaving one.
123 while (sp.startsWith("//")) {
127 if (sp.startsWith("/./")) {
128 // Note 2, not 3, to keep it absolute
133 if (sp.removePrefix("./")) {
134 // Also remove any subsequent slashes to avoid making this path absolute.
135 while (sp.startsWith('/')) {
144 // Strip trailing slashes and useless patterns (/.).
150 // Strip trailing slashes, except when this is the root path.
151 while (sp.size() > 1 && sp.removeSuffix('/')) { }
153 if (sp.removeSuffix("/.")) {
163 Dwarf::Path::Path(folly::StringPiece baseDir, folly::StringPiece subDir,
164 folly::StringPiece file)
177 if (file_[0] == '/') {
183 if (!subDir_.empty() && subDir_[0] == '/') {
184 baseDir_.clear(); // subDir_ is absolute
187 simplifyPath(baseDir_);
188 simplifyPath(subDir_);
191 // Make sure it's never the case that baseDir_ is empty, but subDir_ isn't.
192 if (baseDir_.empty()) {
193 swap(baseDir_, subDir_);
197 size_t Dwarf::Path::size() const {
199 bool needsSlash = false;
201 if (!baseDir_.empty()) {
202 size += baseDir_.size();
203 needsSlash = !baseDir_.endsWith('/');
206 if (!subDir_.empty()) {
208 size += subDir_.size();
209 needsSlash = !subDir_.endsWith('/');
212 if (!file_.empty()) {
214 size += file_.size();
220 size_t Dwarf::Path::toBuffer(char* buf, size_t bufSize) const {
221 size_t totalSize = 0;
222 bool needsSlash = false;
224 auto append = [&] (folly::StringPiece sp) {
226 size_t toCopy = std::min(sp.size(), bufSize - 1);
227 memcpy(buf, sp.data(), toCopy);
231 totalSize += sp.size();
234 if (!baseDir_.empty()) {
236 needsSlash = !baseDir_.endsWith('/');
238 if (!subDir_.empty()) {
243 needsSlash = !subDir_.endsWith('/');
245 if (!file_.empty()) {
254 assert(totalSize == size());
258 void Dwarf::Path::toString(std::string& dest) const {
259 size_t initialSize = dest.size();
260 dest.reserve(initialSize + size());
261 if (!baseDir_.empty()) {
262 dest.append(baseDir_.begin(), baseDir_.end());
264 if (!subDir_.empty()) {
265 if (!dest.empty() && dest.back() != '/') {
268 dest.append(subDir_.begin(), subDir_.end());
270 if (!file_.empty()) {
271 if (!dest.empty() && dest.back() != '/') {
274 dest.append(file_.begin(), file_.end());
276 assert(dest.size() == initialSize + size());
279 // Next chunk in section
280 bool Dwarf::Section::next(folly::StringPiece& chunk) {
286 // Initial length is a uint32_t value for a 32-bit section, and
287 // a 96-bit value (0xffffffff followed by the 64-bit length) for a 64-bit
289 auto initialLength = read<uint32_t>(chunk);
290 is64Bit_ = (initialLength == (uint32_t)-1);
291 auto length = is64Bit_ ? read<uint64_t>(chunk) : initialLength;
292 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(length <= chunk.size(), "invalid DWARF section");
293 chunk.reset(chunk.data(), length);
294 data_.assign(chunk.end(), data_.end());
298 bool Dwarf::getSection(const char* name, folly::StringPiece* section) const {
299 const ElfW(Shdr)* elfSection = elf_->getSectionByName(name);
304 *section = elf_->getSectionBody(*elfSection);
309 // Make sure that all .debug_* sections exist
310 if (!getSection(".debug_info", &info_) ||
311 !getSection(".debug_abbrev", &abbrev_) ||
312 !getSection(".debug_line", &line_) ||
313 !getSection(".debug_str", &strings_)) {
317 getSection(".debug_str", &strings_);
319 // Optional: fast address range lookup. If missing .debug_info can
320 // be used - but it's much slower (linear scan).
321 getSection(".debug_aranges", &aranges_);
324 bool Dwarf::readAbbreviation(folly::StringPiece& section,
325 DIEAbbreviation& abbr) {
327 abbr.code = readULEB(section);
328 if (abbr.code == 0) {
333 abbr.tag = readULEB(section);
335 // does this entry have children?
336 abbr.hasChildren = (read<uint8_t>(section) != DW_CHILDREN_no);
339 const char* attributeBegin = section.data();
341 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(!section.empty(), "invalid attribute section");
342 auto attr = readAttribute(section);
343 if (attr.name == 0 && attr.form == 0) {
348 abbr.attributes.assign(attributeBegin, section.data());
352 Dwarf::DIEAbbreviation::Attribute Dwarf::readAttribute(
353 folly::StringPiece& sp) {
354 return { readULEB(sp), readULEB(sp) };
357 Dwarf::DIEAbbreviation Dwarf::getAbbreviation(uint64_t code, uint64_t offset)
359 // Linear search in the .debug_abbrev section, starting at offset
360 folly::StringPiece section = abbrev_;
361 section.advance(offset);
363 Dwarf::DIEAbbreviation abbr;
364 while (readAbbreviation(section, abbr)) {
365 if (abbr.code == code) {
370 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(false, "could not find abbreviation code");
373 Dwarf::AttributeValue Dwarf::readAttributeValue(
374 folly::StringPiece& sp, uint64_t form, bool is64Bit) const {
377 return read<uintptr_t>(sp);
379 return readBytes(sp, read<uint8_t>(sp));
381 return readBytes(sp, read<uint16_t>(sp));
383 return readBytes(sp, read<uint32_t>(sp));
384 case DW_FORM_block: // fallthrough
385 case DW_FORM_exprloc:
386 return readBytes(sp, readULEB(sp));
387 case DW_FORM_data1: // fallthrough
389 return read<uint8_t>(sp);
390 case DW_FORM_data2: // fallthrough
392 return read<uint16_t>(sp);
393 case DW_FORM_data4: // fallthrough
395 return read<uint32_t>(sp);
396 case DW_FORM_data8: // fallthrough
398 return read<uint64_t>(sp);
401 case DW_FORM_udata: // fallthrough
402 case DW_FORM_ref_udata:
405 return read<uint8_t>(sp);
406 case DW_FORM_flag_present:
408 case DW_FORM_sec_offset: // fallthrough
409 case DW_FORM_ref_addr:
410 return readOffset(sp, is64Bit);
412 return readNullTerminated(sp);
414 return getStringFromStringSection(readOffset(sp, is64Bit));
415 case DW_FORM_indirect: // form is explicitly specified
416 return readAttributeValue(sp, readULEB(sp), is64Bit);
418 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(false, "invalid attribute form");
422 folly::StringPiece Dwarf::getStringFromStringSection(uint64_t offset) const {
423 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(offset < strings_.size(), "invalid strp offset");
424 folly::StringPiece sp(strings_);
426 return readNullTerminated(sp);
430 * Find @address in .debug_aranges and return the offset in
431 * .debug_info for compilation unit to which this address belongs.
433 bool Dwarf::findDebugInfoOffset(uintptr_t address,
436 Section arangesSection(aranges);
437 folly::StringPiece chunk;
438 while (arangesSection.next(chunk)) {
439 auto version = read<uint16_t>(chunk);
440 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(version == 2, "invalid aranges version");
442 offset = readOffset(chunk, arangesSection.is64Bit());
443 auto addressSize = read<uint8_t>(chunk);
444 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(addressSize == sizeof(uintptr_t), "invalid address size");
445 auto segmentSize = read<uint8_t>(chunk);
446 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(segmentSize == 0, "segmented architecture not supported");
448 // Padded to a multiple of 2 addresses.
449 // Strangely enough, this is the only place in the DWARF spec that requires
451 skipPadding(chunk, aranges.data(), 2 * sizeof(uintptr_t));
453 auto start = read<uintptr_t>(chunk);
454 auto length = read<uintptr_t>(chunk);
460 // Is our address in this range?
461 if (address >= start && address < start + length) {
470 * Find the @locationInfo for @address in the compilation unit represented
471 * by the @sp .debug_info entry.
472 * Returns whether the address was found.
473 * Advances @sp to the next entry in .debug_info.
475 bool Dwarf::findLocation(uintptr_t address,
476 StringPiece& infoEntry,
477 LocationInfo& locationInfo) const {
478 // For each compilation unit compiled with a DWARF producer, a
479 // contribution is made to the .debug_info section of the object
480 // file. Each such contribution consists of a compilation unit
481 // header (see Section 7.5.1.1) followed by a single
482 // DW_TAG_compile_unit or DW_TAG_partial_unit debugging information
483 // entry, together with its children.
485 // 7.5.1.1 Compilation Unit Header
486 // 1. unit_length (4B or 12B): read by Section::next
488 // 3. debug_abbrev_offset (4B or 8B): offset into the .debug_abbrev section
489 // 4. address_size (1B)
491 Section debugInfoSection(infoEntry);
492 folly::StringPiece chunk;
493 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(debugInfoSection.next(chunk), "invalid debug info");
495 auto version = read<uint16_t>(chunk);
496 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(version >= 2 && version <= 4, "invalid info version");
497 uint64_t abbrevOffset = readOffset(chunk, debugInfoSection.is64Bit());
498 auto addressSize = read<uint8_t>(chunk);
499 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(addressSize == sizeof(uintptr_t), "invalid address size");
501 // We survived so far. The first (and only) DIE should be DW_TAG_compile_unit
502 // NOTE: - binutils <= 2.25 does not issue DW_TAG_partial_unit.
503 // - dwarf compression tools like `dwz` may generate it.
504 // TODO(tudorb): Handle DW_TAG_partial_unit?
505 auto code = readULEB(chunk);
506 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(code != 0, "invalid code");
507 auto abbr = getAbbreviation(code, abbrevOffset);
508 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(abbr.tag == DW_TAG_compile_unit,
509 "expecting compile unit entry");
510 // Skip children entries, advance to the next compilation unit entry.
511 infoEntry.advance(chunk.end() - infoEntry.begin());
513 // Read attributes, extracting the few we care about
514 bool foundLineOffset = false;
515 uint64_t lineOffset = 0;
516 folly::StringPiece compilationDirectory;
517 folly::StringPiece mainFileName;
519 DIEAbbreviation::Attribute attr;
520 folly::StringPiece attributes = abbr.attributes;
522 attr = readAttribute(attributes);
523 if (attr.name == 0 && attr.form == 0) {
526 auto val = readAttributeValue(chunk, attr.form,
527 debugInfoSection.is64Bit());
529 case DW_AT_stmt_list:
530 // Offset in .debug_line for the line number VM program for this
532 lineOffset = boost::get<uint64_t>(val);
533 foundLineOffset = true;
536 // Compilation directory
537 compilationDirectory = boost::get<folly::StringPiece>(val);
540 // File name of main file being compiled
541 mainFileName = boost::get<folly::StringPiece>(val);
546 if (!mainFileName.empty()) {
547 locationInfo.hasMainFile = true;
548 locationInfo.mainFile = Path(compilationDirectory, "", mainFileName);
551 if (!foundLineOffset) {
555 folly::StringPiece lineSection(line_);
556 lineSection.advance(lineOffset);
557 LineNumberVM lineVM(lineSection, compilationDirectory);
559 // Execute line number VM program to find file and line
560 locationInfo.hasFileAndLine =
561 lineVM.findAddress(address, locationInfo.file, locationInfo.line);
562 return locationInfo.hasFileAndLine;
565 bool Dwarf::findAddress(uintptr_t address, LocationInfo& locationInfo) const {
566 locationInfo = LocationInfo();
568 if (!elf_) { // no file
572 if (!aranges_.empty()) {
573 // Fast path: find the right .debug_info entry by looking up the
574 // address in .debug_aranges.
576 if (findDebugInfoOffset(address, aranges_, offset)) {
577 // Read compilation unit header from .debug_info
578 folly::StringPiece infoEntry(info_);
579 infoEntry.advance(offset);
580 findLocation(address, infoEntry, locationInfo);
585 // Slow path (linear scan): Iterate over all .debug_info entries
586 // and look for the address in each compilation unit.
587 // NOTE: clang doesn't generate entries in .debug_aranges for some
588 // functions, but always generates .debug_info entries.
589 folly::StringPiece infoEntry(info_);
590 while (!infoEntry.empty() && !locationInfo.hasFileAndLine) {
591 findLocation(address, infoEntry, locationInfo);
593 return locationInfo.hasFileAndLine;
596 Dwarf::LineNumberVM::LineNumberVM(folly::StringPiece data,
597 folly::StringPiece compilationDirectory)
598 : compilationDirectory_(compilationDirectory) {
599 Section section(data);
600 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(section.next(data_), "invalid line number VM");
601 is64Bit_ = section.is64Bit();
606 void Dwarf::LineNumberVM::reset() {
611 isStmt_ = defaultIsStmt_;
613 endSequence_ = false;
614 prologueEnd_ = false;
615 epilogueBegin_ = false;
620 void Dwarf::LineNumberVM::init() {
621 version_ = read<uint16_t>(data_);
622 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(version_ >= 2 && version_ <= 4,
623 "invalid version in line number VM");
624 uint64_t headerLength = readOffset(data_, is64Bit_);
625 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(headerLength <= data_.size(),
626 "invalid line number VM header length");
627 folly::StringPiece header(data_.data(), headerLength);
628 data_.assign(header.end(), data_.end());
630 minLength_ = read<uint8_t>(header);
631 if (version_ == 4) { // Version 2 and 3 records don't have this
632 uint8_t maxOpsPerInstruction = read<uint8_t>(header);
633 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(maxOpsPerInstruction == 1, "VLIW not supported");
635 defaultIsStmt_ = read<uint8_t>(header);
636 lineBase_ = read<int8_t>(header); // yes, signed
637 lineRange_ = read<uint8_t>(header);
638 opcodeBase_ = read<uint8_t>(header);
639 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(opcodeBase_ != 0, "invalid opcode base");
640 standardOpcodeLengths_ = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(header.data());
641 header.advance(opcodeBase_ - 1);
643 // We don't want to use heap, so we don't keep an unbounded amount of state.
644 // We'll just skip over include directories and file names here, and
645 // we'll loop again when we actually need to retrieve one.
646 folly::StringPiece sp;
647 const char* tmp = header.data();
648 includeDirectoryCount_ = 0;
649 while (!(sp = readNullTerminated(header)).empty()) {
650 ++includeDirectoryCount_;
652 includeDirectories_.assign(tmp, header.data());
657 while (readFileName(header, fn)) {
660 fileNames_.assign(tmp, header.data());
663 bool Dwarf::LineNumberVM::next(folly::StringPiece& program) {
664 Dwarf::LineNumberVM::StepResult ret;
667 } while (ret == CONTINUE);
669 return (ret == COMMIT);
672 Dwarf::LineNumberVM::FileName Dwarf::LineNumberVM::getFileName(uint64_t index)
674 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(index != 0, "invalid file index 0");
677 if (index <= fileNameCount_) {
678 folly::StringPiece fileNames = fileNames_;
679 for (; index; --index) {
680 if (!readFileName(fileNames, fn)) {
687 index -= fileNameCount_;
689 folly::StringPiece program = data_;
690 for (; index; --index) {
691 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(nextDefineFile(program, fn), "invalid file index");
697 folly::StringPiece Dwarf::LineNumberVM::getIncludeDirectory(uint64_t index)
700 return folly::StringPiece();
703 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(index <= includeDirectoryCount_,
704 "invalid include directory");
706 folly::StringPiece includeDirectories = includeDirectories_;
707 folly::StringPiece dir;
708 for (; index; --index) {
709 dir = readNullTerminated(includeDirectories);
718 bool Dwarf::LineNumberVM::readFileName(folly::StringPiece& program,
720 fn.relativeName = readNullTerminated(program);
721 if (fn.relativeName.empty()) {
724 fn.directoryIndex = readULEB(program);
725 // Skip over file size and last modified time
731 bool Dwarf::LineNumberVM::nextDefineFile(folly::StringPiece& program,
732 FileName& fn) const {
733 while (!program.empty()) {
734 auto opcode = read<uint8_t>(program);
736 if (opcode >= opcodeBase_) { // special opcode
740 if (opcode != 0) { // standard opcode
741 // Skip, slurp the appropriate number of LEB arguments
742 uint8_t argCount = standardOpcodeLengths_[opcode - 1];
750 auto length = readULEB(program);
751 // the opcode itself should be included in the length, so length >= 1
752 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(length != 0, "invalid extended opcode length");
753 read<uint8_t>(program); // extended opcode
756 if (opcode == DW_LNE_define_file) {
757 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(readFileName(program, fn),
758 "invalid empty file in DW_LNE_define_file");
762 program.advance(length);
769 Dwarf::LineNumberVM::StepResult Dwarf::LineNumberVM::step(
770 folly::StringPiece& program) {
771 auto opcode = read<uint8_t>(program);
773 if (opcode >= opcodeBase_) { // special opcode
774 uint8_t adjustedOpcode = opcode - opcodeBase_;
775 uint8_t opAdvance = adjustedOpcode / lineRange_;
777 address_ += minLength_ * opAdvance;
778 line_ += lineBase_ + adjustedOpcode % lineRange_;
781 prologueEnd_ = false;
782 epilogueBegin_ = false;
787 if (opcode != 0) { // standard opcode
788 // Only interpret opcodes that are recognized by the version we're parsing;
789 // the others are vendor extensions and we should ignore them.
793 prologueEnd_ = false;
794 epilogueBegin_ = false;
797 case DW_LNS_advance_pc:
798 address_ += minLength_ * readULEB(program);
800 case DW_LNS_advance_line:
801 line_ += readSLEB(program);
803 case DW_LNS_set_file:
804 file_ = readULEB(program);
806 case DW_LNS_set_column:
807 column_ = readULEB(program);
809 case DW_LNS_negate_stmt:
812 case DW_LNS_set_basic_block:
815 case DW_LNS_const_add_pc:
816 address_ += minLength_ * ((255 - opcodeBase_) / lineRange_);
818 case DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc:
819 address_ += read<uint16_t>(program);
821 case DW_LNS_set_prologue_end:
822 if (version_ == 2) break; // not supported in version 2
825 case DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin:
826 if (version_ == 2) break; // not supported in version 2
827 epilogueBegin_ = true;
830 if (version_ == 2) break; // not supported in version 2
831 isa_ = readULEB(program);
835 // Unrecognized standard opcode, slurp the appropriate number of LEB
837 uint8_t argCount = standardOpcodeLengths_[opcode - 1];
845 auto length = readULEB(program);
846 // the opcode itself should be included in the length, so length >= 1
847 FOLLY_SAFE_CHECK(length != 0, "invalid extended opcode length");
848 auto extendedOpcode = read<uint8_t>(program);
851 switch (extendedOpcode) {
852 case DW_LNE_end_sequence:
854 case DW_LNE_set_address:
855 address_ = read<uintptr_t>(program);
857 case DW_LNE_define_file:
858 // We can't process DW_LNE_define_file here, as it would require us to
859 // use unbounded amounts of state (ie. use the heap). We'll do a second
860 // pass (using nextDefineFile()) if necessary.
862 case DW_LNE_set_discriminator:
863 discriminator_ = readULEB(program);
867 // Unrecognized extended opcode
868 program.advance(length);
872 bool Dwarf::LineNumberVM::findAddress(uintptr_t target, Path& file,
874 folly::StringPiece program = data_;
876 // Within each sequence of instructions, the address may only increase.
877 // Unfortunately, within the same compilation unit, sequences may appear
878 // in any order. So any sequence is a candidate if it starts at an address
879 // <= the target address, and we know we've found the target address if
880 // a candidate crosses the target address.
883 LOW_SEQ, // candidate
889 uint64_t prevFile = 0;
890 uint64_t prevLine = 0;
891 while (!program.empty()) {
892 bool seqEnd = !next(program);
894 if (state == START) {
896 state = address_ <= target ? LOW_SEQ : HIGH_SEQ;
900 if (state == LOW_SEQ) {
901 if (address_ > target) {
902 // Found it! Note that ">" is indeed correct (not ">="), as each
903 // sequence is guaranteed to have one entry past-the-end (emitted by
904 // DW_LNE_end_sequence)
908 auto fn = getFileName(prevFile);
909 file = Path(compilationDirectory_,
910 getIncludeDirectory(fn.directoryIndex),
928 } // namespace symbolizer