fs: icache RCU free inodes

[firefly-linux-kernel-4.4.55.git] / fs / dcache.c

/*
 * fs/dcache.c
 *
 * Complete reimplementation
 * (C) 1997 Thomas Schoebel-Theuer,
 * with heavy changes by Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * Notes on the allocation strategy:
 *
 * The dcache is a master of the icache - whenever a dcache entry
 * exists, the inode will always exist. "iput()" is done either when
 * the dcache entry is deleted or garbage collected.
 */

#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/cache.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/seqlock.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
#include <linux/fs_struct.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include "internal.h"

/*
 * Usage:
 * dcache_inode_lock protects:
 *   - i_dentry, d_alias, d_inode
 * dcache_hash_lock protects:
 *   - the dcache hash table, s_anon lists
 * dcache_lru_lock protects:
 *   - the dcache lru lists and counters
 * d_lock protects:
 *   - d_flags
 *   - d_name
 *   - d_lru
 *   - d_count
 *   - d_unhashed()
 *   - d_parent and d_subdirs
 *   - childrens' d_child and d_parent
 *   - d_alias, d_inode
 *
 * Ordering:
 * dcache_inode_lock
 *   dentry->d_lock
 *     dcache_lru_lock
 *     dcache_hash_lock
 *
 * If there is an ancestor relationship:
 * dentry->d_parent->...->d_parent->d_lock
 *   ...
 *     dentry->d_parent->d_lock
 *       dentry->d_lock
 *
 * If no ancestor relationship:
 * if (dentry1 < dentry2)
 *   dentry1->d_lock
 *     dentry2->d_lock
 */
int sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure __read_mostly = 100;
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure);

__cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(dcache_inode_lock);
static __cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(dcache_hash_lock);
static __cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(dcache_lru_lock);
__cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SEQLOCK(rename_lock);

EXPORT_SYMBOL(rename_lock);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dcache_inode_lock);

static struct kmem_cache *dentry_cache __read_mostly;

#define DNAME_INLINE_LEN (sizeof(struct dentry)-offsetof(struct dentry,d_iname))

/*
 * This is the single most critical data structure when it comes
 * to the dcache: the hashtable for lookups. Somebody should try
 * to make this good - I've just made it work.
 *
 * This hash-function tries to avoid losing too many bits of hash
 * information, yet avoid using a prime hash-size or similar.
 */
#define D_HASHBITS     d_hash_shift
#define D_HASHMASK     d_hash_mask

static unsigned int d_hash_mask __read_mostly;
static unsigned int d_hash_shift __read_mostly;
static struct hlist_head *dentry_hashtable __read_mostly;

/* Statistics gathering. */
struct dentry_stat_t dentry_stat = {
        .age_limit = 45,
};

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned int, nr_dentry);

#if defined(CONFIG_SYSCTL) && defined(CONFIG_PROC_FS)
static int get_nr_dentry(void)
{
        int i;
        int sum = 0;
        for_each_possible_cpu(i)
                sum += per_cpu(nr_dentry, i);
        return sum < 0 ? 0 : sum;
}

int proc_nr_dentry(ctl_table *table, int write, void __user *buffer,
                   size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        dentry_stat.nr_dentry = get_nr_dentry();
        return proc_dointvec(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
}
#endif

static void __d_free(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = container_of(head, struct dentry, d_u.d_rcu);

        WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dentry->d_alias));
        if (dname_external(dentry))
                kfree(dentry->d_name.name);
        kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry); 
}

/*
 * no locks, please.
 */
static void d_free(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        BUG_ON(dentry->d_count);
        this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry);
        if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_release)
                dentry->d_op->d_release(dentry);

        /* if dentry was never inserted into hash, immediate free is OK */
        if (hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_hash))
                __d_free(&dentry->d_u.d_rcu);
        else
                call_rcu(&dentry->d_u.d_rcu, __d_free);
}

/*
 * Release the dentry's inode, using the filesystem
 * d_iput() operation if defined.
 */
static void dentry_iput(struct dentry * dentry)
        __releases(dentry->d_lock)
        __releases(dcache_inode_lock)
{
        struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
        if (inode) {
                dentry->d_inode = NULL;
                list_del_init(&dentry->d_alias);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                if (!inode->i_nlink)
                        fsnotify_inoderemove(inode);
                if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_iput)
                        dentry->d_op->d_iput(dentry, inode);
                else
                        iput(inode);
        } else {
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        }
}

/*
 * dentry_lru_(add|del|move_tail) must be called with d_lock held.
 */
static void dentry_lru_add(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (list_empty(&dentry->d_lru)) {
                spin_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
                list_add(&dentry->d_lru, &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru);
                dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused++;
                dentry_stat.nr_unused++;
                spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        }
}

static void __dentry_lru_del(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        list_del_init(&dentry->d_lru);
        dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused--;
        dentry_stat.nr_unused--;
}

static void dentry_lru_del(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_lru)) {
                spin_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
                __dentry_lru_del(dentry);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        }
}

static void dentry_lru_move_tail(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        spin_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        if (list_empty(&dentry->d_lru)) {
                list_add_tail(&dentry->d_lru, &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru);
                dentry->d_sb->s_nr_dentry_unused++;
                dentry_stat.nr_unused++;
        } else {
                list_move_tail(&dentry->d_lru, &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru);
        }
        spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);
}

/**
 * d_kill - kill dentry and return parent
 * @dentry: dentry to kill
 *
 * The dentry must already be unhashed and removed from the LRU.
 *
 * If this is the root of the dentry tree, return NULL.
 *
 * dentry->d_lock and parent->d_lock must be held by caller, and are dropped by
 * d_kill.
 */
static struct dentry *d_kill(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *parent)
        __releases(dentry->d_lock)
        __releases(parent->d_lock)
        __releases(dcache_inode_lock)
{
        dentry->d_parent = NULL;
        list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
        if (parent)
                spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
        dentry_iput(dentry);
        /*
         * dentry_iput drops the locks, at which point nobody (except
         * transient RCU lookups) can reach this dentry.
         */
        d_free(dentry);
        return parent;
}

/**
 * d_drop - drop a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to drop
 *
 * d_drop() unhashes the entry from the parent dentry hashes, so that it won't
 * be found through a VFS lookup any more. Note that this is different from
 * deleting the dentry - d_delete will try to mark the dentry negative if
 * possible, giving a successful _negative_ lookup, while d_drop will
 * just make the cache lookup fail.
 *
 * d_drop() is used mainly for stuff that wants to invalidate a dentry for some
 * reason (NFS timeouts or autofs deletes).
 *
 * __d_drop requires dentry->d_lock.
 */
void __d_drop(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_UNHASHED)) {
                dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_UNHASHED;
                spin_lock(&dcache_hash_lock);
                hlist_del_rcu(&dentry->d_hash);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__d_drop);

void d_drop(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        __d_drop(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_drop);

/*
 * Finish off a dentry we've decided to kill.
 * dentry->d_lock must be held, returns with it unlocked.
 * If ref is non-zero, then decrement the refcount too.
 * Returns dentry requiring refcount drop, or NULL if we're done.
 */
static inline struct dentry *dentry_kill(struct dentry *dentry, int ref)
        __releases(dentry->d_lock)
{
        struct dentry *parent;

        if (!spin_trylock(&dcache_inode_lock)) {
relock:
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                cpu_relax();
                return dentry; /* try again with same dentry */
        }
        if (IS_ROOT(dentry))
                parent = NULL;
        else
                parent = dentry->d_parent;
        if (parent && !spin_trylock(&parent->d_lock)) {
                spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                goto relock;
        }
        if (ref)
                dentry->d_count--;
        /* if dentry was on the d_lru list delete it from there */
        dentry_lru_del(dentry);
        /* if it was on the hash then remove it */
        __d_drop(dentry);
        return d_kill(dentry, parent);
}

/* 
 * This is dput
 *
 * This is complicated by the fact that we do not want to put
 * dentries that are no longer on any hash chain on the unused
 * list: we'd much rather just get rid of them immediately.
 *
 * However, that implies that we have to traverse the dentry
 * tree upwards to the parents which might _also_ now be
 * scheduled for deletion (it may have been only waiting for
 * its last child to go away).
 *
 * This tail recursion is done by hand as we don't want to depend
 * on the compiler to always get this right (gcc generally doesn't).
 * Real recursion would eat up our stack space.
 */

/*
 * dput - release a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to release 
 *
 * Release a dentry. This will drop the usage count and if appropriate
 * call the dentry unlink method as well as removing it from the queues and
 * releasing its resources. If the parent dentries were scheduled for release
 * they too may now get deleted.
 */
void dput(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (!dentry)
                return;

repeat:
        if (dentry->d_count == 1)
                might_sleep();
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        BUG_ON(!dentry->d_count);
        if (dentry->d_count > 1) {
                dentry->d_count--;
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                return;
        }

        if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_delete) {
                if (dentry->d_op->d_delete(dentry))
                        goto kill_it;
        }

        /* Unreachable? Get rid of it */
        if (d_unhashed(dentry))
                goto kill_it;

        /* Otherwise leave it cached and ensure it's on the LRU */
        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_REFERENCED;
        dentry_lru_add(dentry);

        dentry->d_count--;
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        return;

kill_it:
        dentry = dentry_kill(dentry, 1);
        if (dentry)
                goto repeat;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dput);

/**
 * d_invalidate - invalidate a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to invalidate
 *
 * Try to invalidate the dentry if it turns out to be
 * possible. If there are other dentries that can be
 * reached through this one we can't delete it and we
 * return -EBUSY. On success we return 0.
 *
 * no dcache lock.
 */
 
int d_invalidate(struct dentry * dentry)
{
        /*
         * If it's already been dropped, return OK.
         */
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (d_unhashed(dentry)) {
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                return 0;
        }
        /*
         * Check whether to do a partial shrink_dcache
         * to get rid of unused child entries.
         */
        if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                shrink_dcache_parent(dentry);
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }

        /*
         * Somebody else still using it?
         *
         * If it's a directory, we can't drop it
         * for fear of somebody re-populating it
         * with children (even though dropping it
         * would make it unreachable from the root,
         * we might still populate it if it was a
         * working directory or similar).
         */
        if (dentry->d_count > 1) {
                if (dentry->d_inode && S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        return -EBUSY;
                }
        }

        __d_drop(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_invalidate);

/* This must be called with d_lock held */
static inline void __dget_dlock(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        dentry->d_count++;
}

static inline void __dget(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        __dget_dlock(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}

struct dentry *dget_parent(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *ret;

repeat:
        /*
         * Don't need rcu_dereference because we re-check it was correct under
         * the lock.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        ret = dentry->d_parent;
        if (!ret) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto out;
        }
        spin_lock(&ret->d_lock);
        if (unlikely(ret != dentry->d_parent)) {
                spin_unlock(&ret->d_lock);
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto repeat;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        BUG_ON(!ret->d_count);
        ret->d_count++;
        spin_unlock(&ret->d_lock);
out:
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dget_parent);

/**
 * d_find_alias - grab a hashed alias of inode
 * @inode: inode in question
 * @want_discon:  flag, used by d_splice_alias, to request
 *          that only a DISCONNECTED alias be returned.
 *
 * If inode has a hashed alias, or is a directory and has any alias,
 * acquire the reference to alias and return it. Otherwise return NULL.
 * Notice that if inode is a directory there can be only one alias and
 * it can be unhashed only if it has no children, or if it is the root
 * of a filesystem.
 *
 * If the inode has an IS_ROOT, DCACHE_DISCONNECTED alias, then prefer
 * any other hashed alias over that one unless @want_discon is set,
 * in which case only return an IS_ROOT, DCACHE_DISCONNECTED alias.
 */
static struct dentry *__d_find_alias(struct inode *inode, int want_discon)
{
        struct dentry *alias, *discon_alias;

again:
        discon_alias = NULL;
        list_for_each_entry(alias, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias) {
                spin_lock(&alias->d_lock);
                if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || !d_unhashed(alias)) {
                        if (IS_ROOT(alias) &&
                            (alias->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED)) {
                                discon_alias = alias;
                        } else if (!want_discon) {
                                __dget_dlock(alias);
                                spin_unlock(&alias->d_lock);
                                return alias;
                        }
                }
                spin_unlock(&alias->d_lock);
        }
        if (discon_alias) {
                alias = discon_alias;
                spin_lock(&alias->d_lock);
                if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || !d_unhashed(alias)) {
                        if (IS_ROOT(alias) &&
                            (alias->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED)) {
                                __dget_dlock(alias);
                                spin_unlock(&alias->d_lock);
                                return alias;
                        }
                }
                spin_unlock(&alias->d_lock);
                goto again;
        }
        return NULL;
}

struct dentry *d_find_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *de = NULL;

        if (!list_empty(&inode->i_dentry)) {
                spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                de = __d_find_alias(inode, 0);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        }
        return de;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_find_alias);

/*
 *      Try to kill dentries associated with this inode.
 * WARNING: you must own a reference to inode.
 */
void d_prune_aliases(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;
restart:
        spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(dentry, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias) {
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (!dentry->d_count) {
                        __dget_dlock(dentry);
                        __d_drop(dentry);
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                        dput(dentry);
                        goto restart;
                }
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_prune_aliases);

/*
 * Try to throw away a dentry - free the inode, dput the parent.
 * Requires dentry->d_lock is held, and dentry->d_count == 0.
 * Releases dentry->d_lock.
 *
 * This may fail if locks cannot be acquired no problem, just try again.
 */
static void try_prune_one_dentry(struct dentry *dentry)
        __releases(dentry->d_lock)
{
        struct dentry *parent;

        parent = dentry_kill(dentry, 0);
        /*
         * If dentry_kill returns NULL, we have nothing more to do.
         * if it returns the same dentry, trylocks failed. In either
         * case, just loop again.
         *
         * Otherwise, we need to prune ancestors too. This is necessary
         * to prevent quadratic behavior of shrink_dcache_parent(), but
         * is also expected to be beneficial in reducing dentry cache
         * fragmentation.
         */
        if (!parent)
                return;
        if (parent == dentry)
                return;

        /* Prune ancestors. */
        dentry = parent;
        while (dentry) {
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (dentry->d_count > 1) {
                        dentry->d_count--;
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        return;
                }
                dentry = dentry_kill(dentry, 1);
        }
}

static void shrink_dentry_list(struct list_head *list)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for (;;) {
                dentry = list_entry_rcu(list->prev, struct dentry, d_lru);
                if (&dentry->d_lru == list)
                        break; /* empty */
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (dentry != list_entry(list->prev, struct dentry, d_lru)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * We found an inuse dentry which was not removed from
                 * the LRU because of laziness during lookup.  Do not free
                 * it - just keep it off the LRU list.
                 */
                if (dentry->d_count) {
                        dentry_lru_del(dentry);
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        continue;
                }

                rcu_read_unlock();

                try_prune_one_dentry(dentry);

                rcu_read_lock();
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/**
 * __shrink_dcache_sb - shrink the dentry LRU on a given superblock
 * @sb:         superblock to shrink dentry LRU.
 * @count:      number of entries to prune
 * @flags:      flags to control the dentry processing
 *
 * If flags contains DCACHE_REFERENCED reference dentries will not be pruned.
 */
static void __shrink_dcache_sb(struct super_block *sb, int *count, int flags)
{
        /* called from prune_dcache() and shrink_dcache_parent() */
        struct dentry *dentry;
        LIST_HEAD(referenced);
        LIST_HEAD(tmp);
        int cnt = *count;

relock:
        spin_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        while (!list_empty(&sb->s_dentry_lru)) {
                dentry = list_entry(sb->s_dentry_lru.prev,
                                struct dentry, d_lru);
                BUG_ON(dentry->d_sb != sb);

                if (!spin_trylock(&dentry->d_lock)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);
                        cpu_relax();
                        goto relock;
                }

                /*
                 * If we are honouring the DCACHE_REFERENCED flag and the
                 * dentry has this flag set, don't free it.  Clear the flag
                 * and put it back on the LRU.
                 */
                if (flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED &&
                                dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED) {
                        dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_REFERENCED;
                        list_move(&dentry->d_lru, &referenced);
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                } else {
                        list_move_tail(&dentry->d_lru, &tmp);
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        if (!--cnt)
                                break;
                }
                cond_resched_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        }
        if (!list_empty(&referenced))
                list_splice(&referenced, &sb->s_dentry_lru);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);

        shrink_dentry_list(&tmp);

        *count = cnt;
}

/**
 * prune_dcache - shrink the dcache
 * @count: number of entries to try to free
 *
 * Shrink the dcache. This is done when we need more memory, or simply when we
 * need to unmount something (at which point we need to unuse all dentries).
 *
 * This function may fail to free any resources if all the dentries are in use.
 */
static void prune_dcache(int count)
{
        struct super_block *sb, *p = NULL;
        int w_count;
        int unused = dentry_stat.nr_unused;
        int prune_ratio;
        int pruned;

        if (unused == 0 || count == 0)
                return;
        if (count >= unused)
                prune_ratio = 1;
        else
                prune_ratio = unused / count;
        spin_lock(&sb_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(sb, &super_blocks, s_list) {
                if (list_empty(&sb->s_instances))
                        continue;
                if (sb->s_nr_dentry_unused == 0)
                        continue;
                sb->s_count++;
                /* Now, we reclaim unused dentrins with fairness.
                 * We reclaim them same percentage from each superblock.
                 * We calculate number of dentries to scan on this sb
                 * as follows, but the implementation is arranged to avoid
                 * overflows:
                 * number of dentries to scan on this sb =
                 * count * (number of dentries on this sb /
                 * number of dentries in the machine)
                 */
                spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
                if (prune_ratio != 1)
                        w_count = (sb->s_nr_dentry_unused / prune_ratio) + 1;
                else
                        w_count = sb->s_nr_dentry_unused;
                pruned = w_count;
                /*
                 * We need to be sure this filesystem isn't being unmounted,
                 * otherwise we could race with generic_shutdown_super(), and
                 * end up holding a reference to an inode while the filesystem
                 * is unmounted.  So we try to get s_umount, and make sure
                 * s_root isn't NULL.
                 */
                if (down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount)) {
                        if ((sb->s_root != NULL) &&
                            (!list_empty(&sb->s_dentry_lru))) {
                                __shrink_dcache_sb(sb, &w_count,
                                                DCACHE_REFERENCED);
                                pruned -= w_count;
                        }
                        up_read(&sb->s_umount);
                }
                spin_lock(&sb_lock);
                if (p)
                        __put_super(p);
                count -= pruned;
                p = sb;
                /* more work left to do? */
                if (count <= 0)
                        break;
        }
        if (p)
                __put_super(p);
        spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
}

/**
 * shrink_dcache_sb - shrink dcache for a superblock
 * @sb: superblock
 *
 * Shrink the dcache for the specified super block. This is used to free
 * the dcache before unmounting a file system.
 */
void shrink_dcache_sb(struct super_block *sb)
{
        LIST_HEAD(tmp);

        spin_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        while (!list_empty(&sb->s_dentry_lru)) {
                list_splice_init(&sb->s_dentry_lru, &tmp);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);
                shrink_dentry_list(&tmp);
                spin_lock(&dcache_lru_lock);
        }
        spin_unlock(&dcache_lru_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dcache_sb);

/*
 * destroy a single subtree of dentries for unmount
 * - see the comments on shrink_dcache_for_umount() for a description of the
 *   locking
 */
static void shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *parent;
        unsigned detached = 0;

        BUG_ON(!IS_ROOT(dentry));

        /* detach this root from the system */
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        dentry_lru_del(dentry);
        __d_drop(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

        for (;;) {
                /* descend to the first leaf in the current subtree */
                while (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
                        struct dentry *loop;

                        /* this is a branch with children - detach all of them
                         * from the system in one go */
                        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        list_for_each_entry(loop, &dentry->d_subdirs,
                                            d_u.d_child) {
                                spin_lock_nested(&loop->d_lock,
                                                DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                                dentry_lru_del(loop);
                                __d_drop(loop);
                                spin_unlock(&loop->d_lock);
                        }
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

                        /* move to the first child */
                        dentry = list_entry(dentry->d_subdirs.next,
                                            struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
                }

                /* consume the dentries from this leaf up through its parents
                 * until we find one with children or run out altogether */
                do {
                        struct inode *inode;

                        if (dentry->d_count != 0) {
                                printk(KERN_ERR
                                       "BUG: Dentry %p{i=%lx,n=%s}"
                                       " still in use (%d)"
                                       " [unmount of %s %s]\n",
                                       dentry,
                                       dentry->d_inode ?
                                       dentry->d_inode->i_ino : 0UL,
                                       dentry->d_name.name,
                                       dentry->d_count,
                                       dentry->d_sb->s_type->name,
                                       dentry->d_sb->s_id);
                                BUG();
                        }

                        if (IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
                                parent = NULL;
                                list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
                        } else {
                                parent = dentry->d_parent;
                                spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
                                parent->d_count--;
                                list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
                                spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
                        }

                        detached++;

                        inode = dentry->d_inode;
                        if (inode) {
                                dentry->d_inode = NULL;
                                list_del_init(&dentry->d_alias);
                                if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_iput)
                                        dentry->d_op->d_iput(dentry, inode);
                                else
                                        iput(inode);
                        }

                        d_free(dentry);

                        /* finished when we fall off the top of the tree,
                         * otherwise we ascend to the parent and move to the
                         * next sibling if there is one */
                        if (!parent)
                                return;
                        dentry = parent;
                } while (list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs));

                dentry = list_entry(dentry->d_subdirs.next,
                                    struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
        }
}

/*
 * destroy the dentries attached to a superblock on unmounting
 * - we don't need to use dentry->d_lock because:
 *   - the superblock is detached from all mountings and open files, so the
 *     dentry trees will not be rearranged by the VFS
 *   - s_umount is write-locked, so the memory pressure shrinker will ignore
 *     any dentries belonging to this superblock that it comes across
 *   - the filesystem itself is no longer permitted to rearrange the dentries
 *     in this superblock
 */
void shrink_dcache_for_umount(struct super_block *sb)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;

        if (down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount))
                BUG();

        dentry = sb->s_root;
        sb->s_root = NULL;
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        dentry->d_count--;
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(dentry);

        while (!hlist_empty(&sb->s_anon)) {
                dentry = hlist_entry(sb->s_anon.first, struct dentry, d_hash);
                shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(dentry);
        }
}

/*
 * Search for at least 1 mount point in the dentry's subdirs.
 * We descend to the next level whenever the d_subdirs
 * list is non-empty and continue searching.
 */
 
/**
 * have_submounts - check for mounts over a dentry
 * @parent: dentry to check.
 *
 * Return true if the parent or its subdirectories contain
 * a mount point
 */
int have_submounts(struct dentry *parent)
{
        struct dentry *this_parent;
        struct list_head *next;
        unsigned seq;
        int locked = 0;

        seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
again:
        this_parent = parent;

        if (d_mountpoint(parent))
                goto positive;
        spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);
repeat:
        next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
resume:
        while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
                struct list_head *tmp = next;
                struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
                next = tmp->next;

                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                /* Have we found a mount point ? */
                if (d_mountpoint(dentry)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        goto positive;
                }
                if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        spin_release(&dentry->d_lock.dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        this_parent = dentry;
                        spin_acquire(&this_parent->d_lock.dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        goto repeat;
                }
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        /*
         * All done at this level ... ascend and resume the search.
         */
        if (this_parent != parent) {
                struct dentry *tmp;
                struct dentry *child;

                tmp = this_parent->d_parent;
                rcu_read_lock();
                spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                child = this_parent;
                this_parent = tmp;
                spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                /* might go back up the wrong parent if we have had a rename
                 * or deletion */
                if (this_parent != child->d_parent ||
                         (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        goto rename_retry;
                }
                rcu_read_unlock();
                next = child->d_u.d_child.next;
                goto resume;
        }
        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
        if (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))
                goto rename_retry;
        if (locked)
                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        return 0; /* No mount points found in tree */
positive:
        if (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))
                goto rename_retry;
        if (locked)
                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        return 1;

rename_retry:
        locked = 1;
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        goto again;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(have_submounts);

/*
 * Search the dentry child list for the specified parent,
 * and move any unused dentries to the end of the unused
 * list for prune_dcache(). We descend to the next level
 * whenever the d_subdirs list is non-empty and continue
 * searching.
 *
 * It returns zero iff there are no unused children,
 * otherwise  it returns the number of children moved to
 * the end of the unused list. This may not be the total
 * number of unused children, because select_parent can
 * drop the lock and return early due to latency
 * constraints.
 */
static int select_parent(struct dentry * parent)
{
        struct dentry *this_parent;
        struct list_head *next;
        unsigned seq;
        int found = 0;
        int locked = 0;

        seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
again:
        this_parent = parent;
        spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);
repeat:
        next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
resume:
        while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
                struct list_head *tmp = next;
                struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
                next = tmp->next;

                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);

                /* 
                 * move only zero ref count dentries to the end 
                 * of the unused list for prune_dcache
                 */
                if (!dentry->d_count) {
                        dentry_lru_move_tail(dentry);
                        found++;
                } else {
                        dentry_lru_del(dentry);
                }

                /*
                 * We can return to the caller if we have found some (this
                 * ensures forward progress). We'll be coming back to find
                 * the rest.
                 */
                if (found && need_resched()) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        goto out;
                }

                /*
                 * Descend a level if the d_subdirs list is non-empty.
                 */
                if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        spin_release(&dentry->d_lock.dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        this_parent = dentry;
                        spin_acquire(&this_parent->d_lock.dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        goto repeat;
                }

                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        /*
         * All done at this level ... ascend and resume the search.
         */
        if (this_parent != parent) {
                struct dentry *tmp;
                struct dentry *child;

                tmp = this_parent->d_parent;
                rcu_read_lock();
                spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                child = this_parent;
                this_parent = tmp;
                spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                /* might go back up the wrong parent if we have had a rename
                 * or deletion */
                if (this_parent != child->d_parent ||
                        (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        goto rename_retry;
                }
                rcu_read_unlock();
                next = child->d_u.d_child.next;
                goto resume;
        }
out:
        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
        if (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))
                goto rename_retry;
        if (locked)
                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        return found;

rename_retry:
        if (found)
                return found;
        locked = 1;
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        goto again;
}

/**
 * shrink_dcache_parent - prune dcache
 * @parent: parent of entries to prune
 *
 * Prune the dcache to remove unused children of the parent dentry.
 */
 
void shrink_dcache_parent(struct dentry * parent)
{
        struct super_block *sb = parent->d_sb;
        int found;

        while ((found = select_parent(parent)) != 0)
                __shrink_dcache_sb(sb, &found, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dcache_parent);

/*
 * Scan `nr' dentries and return the number which remain.
 *
 * We need to avoid reentering the filesystem if the caller is performing a
 * GFP_NOFS allocation attempt.  One example deadlock is:
 *
 * ext2_new_block->getblk->GFP->shrink_dcache_memory->prune_dcache->
 * prune_one_dentry->dput->dentry_iput->iput->inode->i_sb->s_op->put_inode->
 * ext2_discard_prealloc->ext2_free_blocks->lock_super->DEADLOCK.
 *
 * In this case we return -1 to tell the caller that we baled.
 */
static int shrink_dcache_memory(struct shrinker *shrink, int nr, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
        if (nr) {
                if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS))
                        return -1;
                prune_dcache(nr);
        }

        return (dentry_stat.nr_unused / 100) * sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure;
}

static struct shrinker dcache_shrinker = {
        .shrink = shrink_dcache_memory,
        .seeks = DEFAULT_SEEKS,
};

/**
 * d_alloc      -       allocate a dcache entry
 * @parent: parent of entry to allocate
 * @name: qstr of the name
 *
 * Allocates a dentry. It returns %NULL if there is insufficient memory
 * available. On a success the dentry is returned. The name passed in is
 * copied and the copy passed in may be reused after this call.
 */
 
struct dentry *d_alloc(struct dentry * parent, const struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;
        char *dname;

        dentry = kmem_cache_alloc(dentry_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!dentry)
                return NULL;

        if (name->len > DNAME_INLINE_LEN-1) {
                dname = kmalloc(name->len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!dname) {
                        kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry); 
                        return NULL;
                }
        } else  {
                dname = dentry->d_iname;
        }       
        dentry->d_name.name = dname;

        dentry->d_name.len = name->len;
        dentry->d_name.hash = name->hash;
        memcpy(dname, name->name, name->len);
        dname[name->len] = 0;

        dentry->d_count = 1;
        dentry->d_flags = DCACHE_UNHASHED;
        spin_lock_init(&dentry->d_lock);
        dentry->d_inode = NULL;
        dentry->d_parent = NULL;
        dentry->d_sb = NULL;
        dentry->d_op = NULL;
        dentry->d_fsdata = NULL;
        dentry->d_mounted = 0;
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&dentry->d_hash);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_lru);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_subdirs);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_alias);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_u.d_child);

        if (parent) {
                spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
                /*
                 * don't need child lock because it is not subject
                 * to concurrency here
                 */
                __dget_dlock(parent);
                dentry->d_parent = parent;
                dentry->d_sb = parent->d_sb;
                list_add(&dentry->d_u.d_child, &parent->d_subdirs);
                spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
        }

        this_cpu_inc(nr_dentry);

        return dentry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc);

struct dentry *d_alloc_name(struct dentry *parent, const char *name)
{
        struct qstr q;

        q.name = name;
        q.len = strlen(name);
        q.hash = full_name_hash(q.name, q.len);
        return d_alloc(parent, &q);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc_name);

static void __d_instantiate(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (inode)
                list_add(&dentry->d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
        dentry->d_inode = inode;
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        fsnotify_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
}

/**
 * d_instantiate - fill in inode information for a dentry
 * @entry: dentry to complete
 * @inode: inode to attach to this dentry
 *
 * Fill in inode information in the entry.
 *
 * This turns negative dentries into productive full members
 * of society.
 *
 * NOTE! This assumes that the inode count has been incremented
 * (or otherwise set) by the caller to indicate that it is now
 * in use by the dcache.
 */
 
void d_instantiate(struct dentry *entry, struct inode * inode)
{
        BUG_ON(!list_empty(&entry->d_alias));
        spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        __d_instantiate(entry, inode);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_instantiate);

/**
 * d_instantiate_unique - instantiate a non-aliased dentry
 * @entry: dentry to instantiate
 * @inode: inode to attach to this dentry
 *
 * Fill in inode information in the entry. On success, it returns NULL.
 * If an unhashed alias of "entry" already exists, then we return the
 * aliased dentry instead and drop one reference to inode.
 *
 * Note that in order to avoid conflicts with rename() etc, the caller
 * had better be holding the parent directory semaphore.
 *
 * This also assumes that the inode count has been incremented
 * (or otherwise set) by the caller to indicate that it is now
 * in use by the dcache.
 */
static struct dentry *__d_instantiate_unique(struct dentry *entry,
                                             struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *alias;
        int len = entry->d_name.len;
        const char *name = entry->d_name.name;
        unsigned int hash = entry->d_name.hash;

        if (!inode) {
                __d_instantiate(entry, NULL);
                return NULL;
        }

        list_for_each_entry(alias, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias) {
                struct qstr *qstr = &alias->d_name;

                /*
                 * Don't need alias->d_lock here, because aliases with
                 * d_parent == entry->d_parent are not subject to name or
                 * parent changes, because the parent inode i_mutex is held.
                 */
                if (qstr->hash != hash)
                        continue;
                if (alias->d_parent != entry->d_parent)
                        continue;
                if (qstr->len != len)
                        continue;
                if (memcmp(qstr->name, name, len))
                        continue;
                __dget(alias);
                return alias;
        }

        __d_instantiate(entry, inode);
        return NULL;
}

struct dentry *d_instantiate_unique(struct dentry *entry, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *result;

        BUG_ON(!list_empty(&entry->d_alias));

        spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        result = __d_instantiate_unique(entry, inode);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);

        if (!result) {
                security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
                return NULL;
        }

        BUG_ON(!d_unhashed(result));
        iput(inode);
        return result;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_instantiate_unique);

/**
 * d_alloc_root - allocate root dentry
 * @root_inode: inode to allocate the root for
 *
 * Allocate a root ("/") dentry for the inode given. The inode is
 * instantiated and returned. %NULL is returned if there is insufficient
 * memory or the inode passed is %NULL.
 */
 
struct dentry * d_alloc_root(struct inode * root_inode)
{
        struct dentry *res = NULL;

        if (root_inode) {
                static const struct qstr name = { .name = "/", .len = 1 };

                res = d_alloc(NULL, &name);
                if (res) {
                        res->d_sb = root_inode->i_sb;
                        res->d_parent = res;
                        d_instantiate(res, root_inode);
                }
        }
        return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc_root);

static inline struct hlist_head *d_hash(struct dentry *parent,
                                        unsigned long hash)
{
        hash += ((unsigned long) parent ^ GOLDEN_RATIO_PRIME) / L1_CACHE_BYTES;
        hash = hash ^ ((hash ^ GOLDEN_RATIO_PRIME) >> D_HASHBITS);
        return dentry_hashtable + (hash & D_HASHMASK);
}

/**
 * d_obtain_alias - find or allocate a dentry for a given inode
 * @inode: inode to allocate the dentry for
 *
 * Obtain a dentry for an inode resulting from NFS filehandle conversion or
 * similar open by handle operations.  The returned dentry may be anonymous,
 * or may have a full name (if the inode was already in the cache).
 *
 * When called on a directory inode, we must ensure that the inode only ever
 * has one dentry.  If a dentry is found, that is returned instead of
 * allocating a new one.
 *
 * On successful return, the reference to the inode has been transferred
 * to the dentry.  In case of an error the reference on the inode is released.
 * To make it easier to use in export operations a %NULL or IS_ERR inode may
 * be passed in and will be the error will be propagate to the return value,
 * with a %NULL @inode replaced by ERR_PTR(-ESTALE).
 */
struct dentry *d_obtain_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        static const struct qstr anonstring = { .name = "" };
        struct dentry *tmp;
        struct dentry *res;

        if (!inode)
                return ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
        if (IS_ERR(inode))
                return ERR_CAST(inode);

        res = d_find_alias(inode);
        if (res)
                goto out_iput;

        tmp = d_alloc(NULL, &anonstring);
        if (!tmp) {
                res = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                goto out_iput;
        }
        tmp->d_parent = tmp; /* make sure dput doesn't croak */


        spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        res = __d_find_alias(inode, 0);
        if (res) {
                spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                dput(tmp);
                goto out_iput;
        }

        /* attach a disconnected dentry */
        spin_lock(&tmp->d_lock);
        tmp->d_sb = inode->i_sb;
        tmp->d_inode = inode;
        tmp->d_flags |= DCACHE_DISCONNECTED;
        tmp->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_UNHASHED;
        list_add(&tmp->d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
        spin_lock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        hlist_add_head(&tmp->d_hash, &inode->i_sb->s_anon);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        spin_unlock(&tmp->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);

        return tmp;

 out_iput:
        iput(inode);
        return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_obtain_alias);

/**
 * d_splice_alias - splice a disconnected dentry into the tree if one exists
 * @inode:  the inode which may have a disconnected dentry
 * @dentry: a negative dentry which we want to point to the inode.
 *
 * If inode is a directory and has a 'disconnected' dentry (i.e. IS_ROOT and
 * DCACHE_DISCONNECTED), then d_move that in place of the given dentry
 * and return it, else simply d_add the inode to the dentry and return NULL.
 *
 * This is needed in the lookup routine of any filesystem that is exportable
 * (via knfsd) so that we can build dcache paths to directories effectively.
 *
 * If a dentry was found and moved, then it is returned.  Otherwise NULL
 * is returned.  This matches the expected return value of ->lookup.
 *
 */
struct dentry *d_splice_alias(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *new = NULL;

        if (inode && S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                new = __d_find_alias(inode, 1);
                if (new) {
                        BUG_ON(!(new->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED));
                        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                        security_d_instantiate(new, inode);
                        d_move(new, dentry);
                        iput(inode);
                } else {
                        /* already taking dcache_inode_lock, so d_add() by hand */
                        __d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
                        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                        security_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
                        d_rehash(dentry);
                }
        } else
                d_add(dentry, inode);
        return new;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_splice_alias);

/**
 * d_add_ci - lookup or allocate new dentry with case-exact name
 * @inode:  the inode case-insensitive lookup has found
 * @dentry: the negative dentry that was passed to the parent's lookup func
 * @name:   the case-exact name to be associated with the returned dentry
 *
 * This is to avoid filling the dcache with case-insensitive names to the
 * same inode, only the actual correct case is stored in the dcache for
 * case-insensitive filesystems.
 *
 * For a case-insensitive lookup match and if the the case-exact dentry
 * already exists in in the dcache, use it and return it.
 *
 * If no entry exists with the exact case name, allocate new dentry with
 * the exact case, and return the spliced entry.
 */
struct dentry *d_add_ci(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
                        struct qstr *name)
{
        int error;
        struct dentry *found;
        struct dentry *new;

        /*
         * First check if a dentry matching the name already exists,
         * if not go ahead and create it now.
         */
        found = d_hash_and_lookup(dentry->d_parent, name);
        if (!found) {
                new = d_alloc(dentry->d_parent, name);
                if (!new) {
                        error = -ENOMEM;
                        goto err_out;
                }

                found = d_splice_alias(inode, new);
                if (found) {
                        dput(new);
                        return found;
                }
                return new;
        }

        /*
         * If a matching dentry exists, and it's not negative use it.
         *
         * Decrement the reference count to balance the iget() done
         * earlier on.
         */
        if (found->d_inode) {
                if (unlikely(found->d_inode != inode)) {
                        /* This can't happen because bad inodes are unhashed. */
                        BUG_ON(!is_bad_inode(inode));
                        BUG_ON(!is_bad_inode(found->d_inode));
                }
                iput(inode);
                return found;
        }

        /*
         * Negative dentry: instantiate it unless the inode is a directory and
         * already has a dentry.
         */
        spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        if (!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || list_empty(&inode->i_dentry)) {
                __d_instantiate(found, inode);
                spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
                security_d_instantiate(found, inode);
                return found;
        }

        /*
         * In case a directory already has a (disconnected) entry grab a
         * reference to it, move it in place and use it.
         */
        new = list_entry(inode->i_dentry.next, struct dentry, d_alias);
        __dget(new);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        security_d_instantiate(found, inode);
        d_move(new, found);
        iput(inode);
        dput(found);
        return new;

err_out:
        iput(inode);
        return ERR_PTR(error);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_add_ci);

/**
 * d_lookup - search for a dentry
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 * Returns: dentry, or NULL
 *
 * d_lookup searches the children of the parent dentry for the name in
 * question. If the dentry is found its reference count is incremented and the
 * dentry is returned. The caller must use dput to free the entry when it has
 * finished using it. %NULL is returned if the dentry does not exist.
 */
struct dentry * d_lookup(struct dentry * parent, struct qstr * name)
{
        struct dentry * dentry = NULL;
        unsigned seq;

        do {
                seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
                dentry = __d_lookup(parent, name);
                if (dentry)
                        break;
        } while (read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq));
        return dentry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_lookup);

/*
 * __d_lookup - search for a dentry (racy)
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 * Returns: dentry, or NULL
 *
 * __d_lookup is like d_lookup, however it may (rarely) return a
 * false-negative result due to unrelated rename activity.
 *
 * __d_lookup is slightly faster by avoiding rename_lock read seqlock,
 * however it must be used carefully, eg. with a following d_lookup in
 * the case of failure.
 *
 * __d_lookup callers must be commented.
 */
struct dentry * __d_lookup(struct dentry * parent, struct qstr * name)
{
        unsigned int len = name->len;
        unsigned int hash = name->hash;
        const unsigned char *str = name->name;
        struct hlist_head *head = d_hash(parent,hash);
        struct dentry *found = NULL;
        struct hlist_node *node;
        struct dentry *dentry;

        /*
         * The hash list is protected using RCU.
         *
         * Take d_lock when comparing a candidate dentry, to avoid races
         * with d_move().
         *
         * It is possible that concurrent renames can mess up our list
         * walk here and result in missing our dentry, resulting in the
         * false-negative result. d_lookup() protects against concurrent
         * renames using rename_lock seqlock.
         *
         * See Documentation/vfs/dcache-locking.txt for more details.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        
        hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(dentry, node, head, d_hash) {
                struct qstr *qstr;

                if (dentry->d_name.hash != hash)
                        continue;
                if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
                        continue;

                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);

                /*
                 * Recheck the dentry after taking the lock - d_move may have
                 * changed things. Don't bother checking the hash because
                 * we're about to compare the whole name anyway.
                 */
                if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
                        goto next;

                /* non-existing due to RCU? */
                if (d_unhashed(dentry))
                        goto next;

                /*
                 * It is safe to compare names since d_move() cannot
                 * change the qstr (protected by d_lock).
                 */
                qstr = &dentry->d_name;
                if (parent->d_op && parent->d_op->d_compare) {
                        if (parent->d_op->d_compare(parent, parent->d_inode,
                                                dentry, dentry->d_inode,
                                                qstr->len, qstr->name, name))
                                goto next;
                } else {
                        if (qstr->len != len)
                                goto next;
                        if (memcmp(qstr->name, str, len))
                                goto next;
                }

                dentry->d_count++;
                found = dentry;
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                break;
next:
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return found;
}

/**
 * d_hash_and_lookup - hash the qstr then search for a dentry
 * @dir: Directory to search in
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 *
 * On hash failure or on lookup failure NULL is returned.
 */
struct dentry *d_hash_and_lookup(struct dentry *dir, struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = NULL;

        /*
         * Check for a fs-specific hash function. Note that we must
         * calculate the standard hash first, as the d_op->d_hash()
         * routine may choose to leave the hash value unchanged.
         */
        name->hash = full_name_hash(name->name, name->len);
        if (dir->d_op && dir->d_op->d_hash) {
                if (dir->d_op->d_hash(dir, dir->d_inode, name) < 0)
                        goto out;
        }
        dentry = d_lookup(dir, name);
out:
        return dentry;
}

/**
 * d_validate - verify dentry provided from insecure source (deprecated)
 * @dentry: The dentry alleged to be valid child of @dparent
 * @dparent: The parent dentry (known to be valid)
 *
 * An insecure source has sent us a dentry, here we verify it and dget() it.
 * This is used by ncpfs in its readdir implementation.
 * Zero is returned in the dentry is invalid.
 *
 * This function is slow for big directories, and deprecated, do not use it.
 */
int d_validate(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *dparent)
{
        struct dentry *child;

        spin_lock(&dparent->d_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(child, &dparent->d_subdirs, d_u.d_child) {
                if (dentry == child) {
                        spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                        __dget_dlock(dentry);
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        spin_unlock(&dparent->d_lock);
                        return 1;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&dparent->d_lock);

        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_validate);

/*
 * When a file is deleted, we have two options:
 * - turn this dentry into a negative dentry
 * - unhash this dentry and free it.
 *
 * Usually, we want to just turn this into
 * a negative dentry, but if anybody else is
 * currently using the dentry or the inode
 * we can't do that and we fall back on removing
 * it from the hash queues and waiting for
 * it to be deleted later when it has no users
 */
 
/**
 * d_delete - delete a dentry
 * @dentry: The dentry to delete
 *
 * Turn the dentry into a negative dentry if possible, otherwise
 * remove it from the hash queues so it can be deleted later
 */
 
void d_delete(struct dentry * dentry)
{
        int isdir = 0;
        /*
         * Are we the only user?
         */
again:
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        isdir = S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode);
        if (dentry->d_count == 1) {
                if (!spin_trylock(&dcache_inode_lock)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        cpu_relax();
                        goto again;
                }
                dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_CANT_MOUNT;
                dentry_iput(dentry);
                fsnotify_nameremove(dentry, isdir);
                return;
        }

        if (!d_unhashed(dentry))
                __d_drop(dentry);

        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

        fsnotify_nameremove(dentry, isdir);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_delete);

static void __d_rehash(struct dentry * entry, struct hlist_head *list)
{

        entry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_UNHASHED;
        hlist_add_head_rcu(&entry->d_hash, list);
}

static void _d_rehash(struct dentry * entry)
{
        __d_rehash(entry, d_hash(entry->d_parent, entry->d_name.hash));
}

/**
 * d_rehash     - add an entry back to the hash
 * @entry: dentry to add to the hash
 *
 * Adds a dentry to the hash according to its name.
 */
 
void d_rehash(struct dentry * entry)
{
        spin_lock(&entry->d_lock);
        spin_lock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        _d_rehash(entry);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        spin_unlock(&entry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_rehash);

/**
 * dentry_update_name_case - update case insensitive dentry with a new name
 * @dentry: dentry to be updated
 * @name: new name
 *
 * Update a case insensitive dentry with new case of name.
 *
 * dentry must have been returned by d_lookup with name @name. Old and new
 * name lengths must match (ie. no d_compare which allows mismatched name
 * lengths).
 *
 * Parent inode i_mutex must be held over d_lookup and into this call (to
 * keep renames and concurrent inserts, and readdir(2) away).
 */
void dentry_update_name_case(struct dentry *dentry, struct qstr *name)
{
        BUG_ON(!mutex_is_locked(&dentry->d_inode->i_mutex));
        BUG_ON(dentry->d_name.len != name->len); /* d_lookup gives this */

        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        memcpy((unsigned char *)dentry->d_name.name, name->name, name->len);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dentry_update_name_case);

static void switch_names(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target)
{
        if (dname_external(target)) {
                if (dname_external(dentry)) {
                        /*
                         * Both external: swap the pointers
                         */
                        swap(target->d_name.name, dentry->d_name.name);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * dentry:internal, target:external.  Steal target's
                         * storage and make target internal.
                         */
                        memcpy(target->d_iname, dentry->d_name.name,
                                        dentry->d_name.len + 1);
                        dentry->d_name.name = target->d_name.name;
                        target->d_name.name = target->d_iname;
                }
        } else {
                if (dname_external(dentry)) {
                        /*
                         * dentry:external, target:internal.  Give dentry's
                         * storage to target and make dentry internal
                         */
                        memcpy(dentry->d_iname, target->d_name.name,
                                        target->d_name.len + 1);
                        target->d_name.name = dentry->d_name.name;
                        dentry->d_name.name = dentry->d_iname;
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Both are internal.  Just copy target to dentry
                         */
                        memcpy(dentry->d_iname, target->d_name.name,
                                        target->d_name.len + 1);
                        dentry->d_name.len = target->d_name.len;
                        return;
                }
        }
        swap(dentry->d_name.len, target->d_name.len);
}

static void dentry_lock_for_move(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target)
{
        /*
         * XXXX: do we really need to take target->d_lock?
         */
        if (IS_ROOT(dentry) || dentry->d_parent == target->d_parent)
                spin_lock(&target->d_parent->d_lock);
        else {
                if (d_ancestor(dentry->d_parent, target->d_parent)) {
                        spin_lock(&dentry->d_parent->d_lock);
                        spin_lock_nested(&target->d_parent->d_lock,
                                                DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                } else {
                        spin_lock(&target->d_parent->d_lock);
                        spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_parent->d_lock,
                                                DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                }
        }
        if (target < dentry) {
                spin_lock_nested(&target->d_lock, 2);
                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, 3);
        } else {
                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, 2);
                spin_lock_nested(&target->d_lock, 3);
        }
}

static void dentry_unlock_parents_for_move(struct dentry *dentry,
                                        struct dentry *target)
{
        if (target->d_parent != dentry->d_parent)
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_parent->d_lock);
        if (target->d_parent != target)
                spin_unlock(&target->d_parent->d_lock);
}

/*
 * When switching names, the actual string doesn't strictly have to
 * be preserved in the target - because we're dropping the target
 * anyway. As such, we can just do a simple memcpy() to copy over
 * the new name before we switch.
 *
 * Note that we have to be a lot more careful about getting the hash
 * switched - we have to switch the hash value properly even if it
 * then no longer matches the actual (corrupted) string of the target.
 * The hash value has to match the hash queue that the dentry is on..
 */
/*
 * d_move - move a dentry
 * @dentry: entry to move
 * @target: new dentry
 *
 * Update the dcache to reflect the move of a file name. Negative
 * dcache entries should not be moved in this way.
 */
void d_move(struct dentry * dentry, struct dentry * target)
{
        if (!dentry->d_inode)
                printk(KERN_WARNING "VFS: moving negative dcache entry\n");

        BUG_ON(d_ancestor(dentry, target));
        BUG_ON(d_ancestor(target, dentry));

        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);

        dentry_lock_for_move(dentry, target);

        /* Move the dentry to the target hash queue, if on different bucket */
        spin_lock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        if (!d_unhashed(dentry))
                hlist_del_rcu(&dentry->d_hash);
        __d_rehash(dentry, d_hash(target->d_parent, target->d_name.hash));
        spin_unlock(&dcache_hash_lock);

        /* Unhash the target: dput() will then get rid of it */
        __d_drop(target);

        list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
        list_del(&target->d_u.d_child);

        /* Switch the names.. */
        switch_names(dentry, target);
        swap(dentry->d_name.hash, target->d_name.hash);

        /* ... and switch the parents */
        if (IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
                dentry->d_parent = target->d_parent;
                target->d_parent = target;
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&target->d_u.d_child);
        } else {
                swap(dentry->d_parent, target->d_parent);

                /* And add them back to the (new) parent lists */
                list_add(&target->d_u.d_child, &target->d_parent->d_subdirs);
        }

        list_add(&dentry->d_u.d_child, &dentry->d_parent->d_subdirs);

        dentry_unlock_parents_for_move(dentry, target);
        spin_unlock(&target->d_lock);
        fsnotify_d_move(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_move);

/**
 * d_ancestor - search for an ancestor
 * @p1: ancestor dentry
 * @p2: child dentry
 *
 * Returns the ancestor dentry of p2 which is a child of p1, if p1 is
 * an ancestor of p2, else NULL.
 */
struct dentry *d_ancestor(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
        struct dentry *p;

        for (p = p2; !IS_ROOT(p); p = p->d_parent) {
                if (p->d_parent == p1)
                        return p;
        }
        return NULL;
}

/*
 * This helper attempts to cope with remotely renamed directories
 *
 * It assumes that the caller is already holding
 * dentry->d_parent->d_inode->i_mutex and the dcache_inode_lock
 *
 * Note: If ever the locking in lock_rename() changes, then please
 * remember to update this too...
 */
static struct dentry *__d_unalias(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *alias)
        __releases(dcache_inode_lock)
{
        struct mutex *m1 = NULL, *m2 = NULL;
        struct dentry *ret;

        /* If alias and dentry share a parent, then no extra locks required */
        if (alias->d_parent == dentry->d_parent)
                goto out_unalias;

        /* Check for loops */
        ret = ERR_PTR(-ELOOP);
        if (d_ancestor(alias, dentry))
                goto out_err;

        /* See lock_rename() */
        ret = ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
        if (!mutex_trylock(&dentry->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex))
                goto out_err;
        m1 = &dentry->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex;
        if (!mutex_trylock(&alias->d_parent->d_inode->i_mutex))
                goto out_err;
        m2 = &alias->d_parent->d_inode->i_mutex;
out_unalias:
        d_move(alias, dentry);
        ret = alias;
out_err:
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
        if (m2)
                mutex_unlock(m2);
        if (m1)
                mutex_unlock(m1);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Prepare an anonymous dentry for life in the superblock's dentry tree as a
 * named dentry in place of the dentry to be replaced.
 * returns with anon->d_lock held!
 */
static void __d_materialise_dentry(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *anon)
{
        struct dentry *dparent, *aparent;

        dentry_lock_for_move(anon, dentry);

        dparent = dentry->d_parent;
        aparent = anon->d_parent;

        switch_names(dentry, anon);
        swap(dentry->d_name.hash, anon->d_name.hash);

        dentry->d_parent = (aparent == anon) ? dentry : aparent;
        list_del(&dentry->d_u.d_child);
        if (!IS_ROOT(dentry))
                list_add(&dentry->d_u.d_child, &dentry->d_parent->d_subdirs);
        else
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_u.d_child);

        anon->d_parent = (dparent == dentry) ? anon : dparent;
        list_del(&anon->d_u.d_child);
        if (!IS_ROOT(anon))
                list_add(&anon->d_u.d_child, &anon->d_parent->d_subdirs);
        else
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&anon->d_u.d_child);

        dentry_unlock_parents_for_move(anon, dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

        /* anon->d_lock still locked, returns locked */
        anon->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_DISCONNECTED;
}

/**
 * d_materialise_unique - introduce an inode into the tree
 * @dentry: candidate dentry
 * @inode: inode to bind to the dentry, to which aliases may be attached
 *
 * Introduces an dentry into the tree, substituting an extant disconnected
 * root directory alias in its place if there is one
 */
struct dentry *d_materialise_unique(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *actual;

        BUG_ON(!d_unhashed(dentry));

        if (!inode) {
                actual = dentry;
                __d_instantiate(dentry, NULL);
                d_rehash(actual);
                goto out_nolock;
        }

        spin_lock(&dcache_inode_lock);

        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                struct dentry *alias;

                /* Does an aliased dentry already exist? */
                alias = __d_find_alias(inode, 0);
                if (alias) {
                        actual = alias;
                        /* Is this an anonymous mountpoint that we could splice
                         * into our tree? */
                        if (IS_ROOT(alias)) {
                                __d_materialise_dentry(dentry, alias);
                                __d_drop(alias);
                                goto found;
                        }
                        /* Nope, but we must(!) avoid directory aliasing */
                        actual = __d_unalias(dentry, alias);
                        if (IS_ERR(actual))
                                dput(alias);
                        goto out_nolock;
                }
        }

        /* Add a unique reference */
        actual = __d_instantiate_unique(dentry, inode);
        if (!actual)
                actual = dentry;
        else
                BUG_ON(!d_unhashed(actual));

        spin_lock(&actual->d_lock);
found:
        spin_lock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        _d_rehash(actual);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_hash_lock);
        spin_unlock(&actual->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&dcache_inode_lock);
out_nolock:
        if (actual == dentry) {
                security_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
                return NULL;
        }

        iput(inode);
        return actual;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(d_materialise_unique);

static int prepend(char **buffer, int *buflen, const char *str, int namelen)
{
        *buflen -= namelen;
        if (*buflen < 0)
                return -ENAMETOOLONG;
        *buffer -= namelen;
        memcpy(*buffer, str, namelen);
        return 0;
}

static int prepend_name(char **buffer, int *buflen, struct qstr *name)
{
        return prepend(buffer, buflen, name->name, name->len);
}

/**
 * Prepend path string to a buffer
 *
 * @path: the dentry/vfsmount to report
 * @root: root vfsmnt/dentry (may be modified by this function)
 * @buffer: pointer to the end of the buffer
 * @buflen: pointer to buffer length
 *
 * Caller holds the rename_lock.
 *
 * If path is not reachable from the supplied root, then the value of
 * root is changed (without modifying refcounts).
 */
static int prepend_path(const struct path *path, struct path *root,
                        char **buffer, int *buflen)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
        struct vfsmount *vfsmnt = path->mnt;
        bool slash = false;
        int error = 0;

        br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
        while (dentry != root->dentry || vfsmnt != root->mnt) {
                struct dentry * parent;

                if (dentry == vfsmnt->mnt_root || IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
                        /* Global root? */
                        if (vfsmnt->mnt_parent == vfsmnt) {
                                goto global_root;
                        }
                        dentry = vfsmnt->mnt_mountpoint;
                        vfsmnt = vfsmnt->mnt_parent;
                        continue;
                }
                parent = dentry->d_parent;
                prefetch(parent);
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                error = prepend_name(buffer, buflen, &dentry->d_name);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (!error)
                        error = prepend(buffer, buflen, "/", 1);
                if (error)
                        break;

                slash = true;
                dentry = parent;
        }

out:
        if (!error && !slash)
                error = prepend(buffer, buflen, "/", 1);

        br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
        return error;

global_root:
        /*
         * Filesystems needing to implement special "root names"
         * should do so with ->d_dname()
         */
        if (IS_ROOT(dentry) &&
            (dentry->d_name.len != 1 || dentry->d_name.name[0] != '/')) {
                WARN(1, "Root dentry has weird name <%.*s>\n",
                     (int) dentry->d_name.len, dentry->d_name.name);
        }
        root->mnt = vfsmnt;
        root->dentry = dentry;
        goto out;
}

/**
 * __d_path - return the path of a dentry
 * @path: the dentry/vfsmount to report
 * @root: root vfsmnt/dentry (may be modified by this function)
 * @buf: buffer to return value in
 * @buflen: buffer length
 *
 * Convert a dentry into an ASCII path name.
 *
 * Returns a pointer into the buffer or an error code if the
 * path was too long.
 *
 * "buflen" should be positive.
 *
 * If path is not reachable from the supplied root, then the value of
 * root is changed (without modifying refcounts).
 */
char *__d_path(const struct path *path, struct path *root,
               char *buf, int buflen)
{
        char *res = buf + buflen;
        int error;

        prepend(&res, &buflen, "\0", 1);
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        error = prepend_path(path, root, &res, &buflen);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);

        if (error)
                return ERR_PTR(error);
        return res;
}

/*
 * same as __d_path but appends "(deleted)" for unlinked files.
 */
static int path_with_deleted(const struct path *path, struct path *root,
                                 char **buf, int *buflen)
{
        prepend(buf, buflen, "\0", 1);
        if (d_unlinked(path->dentry)) {
                int error = prepend(buf, buflen, " (deleted)", 10);
                if (error)
                        return error;
        }

        return prepend_path(path, root, buf, buflen);
}

static int prepend_unreachable(char **buffer, int *buflen)
{
        return prepend(buffer, buflen, "(unreachable)", 13);
}

/**
 * d_path - return the path of a dentry
 * @path: path to report
 * @buf: buffer to return value in
 * @buflen: buffer length
 *
 * Convert a dentry into an ASCII path name. If the entry has been deleted
 * the string " (deleted)" is appended. Note that this is ambiguous.
 *
 * Returns a pointer into the buffer or an error code if the path was
 * too long. Note: Callers should use the returned pointer, not the passed
 * in buffer, to use the name! The implementation often starts at an offset
 * into the buffer, and may leave 0 bytes at the start.
 *
 * "buflen" should be positive.
 */
char *d_path(const struct path *path, char *buf, int buflen)
{
        char *res = buf + buflen;
        struct path root;
        struct path tmp;
        int error;

        /*
         * We have various synthetic filesystems that never get mounted.  On
         * these filesystems dentries are never used for lookup purposes, and
         * thus don't need to be hashed.  They also don't need a name until a
         * user wants to identify the object in /proc/pid/fd/.  The little hack
         * below allows us to generate a name for these objects on demand:
         */
        if (path->dentry->d_op && path->dentry->d_op->d_dname)
                return path->dentry->d_op->d_dname(path->dentry, buf, buflen);

        get_fs_root(current->fs, &root);
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        tmp = root;
        error = path_with_deleted(path, &tmp, &res, &buflen);
        if (error)
                res = ERR_PTR(error);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        path_put(&root);
        return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_path);

/**
 * d_path_with_unreachable - return the path of a dentry
 * @path: path to report
 * @buf: buffer to return value in
 * @buflen: buffer length
 *
 * The difference from d_path() is that this prepends "(unreachable)"
 * to paths which are unreachable from the current process' root.
 */
char *d_path_with_unreachable(const struct path *path, char *buf, int buflen)
{
        char *res = buf + buflen;
        struct path root;
        struct path tmp;
        int error;

        if (path->dentry->d_op && path->dentry->d_op->d_dname)
                return path->dentry->d_op->d_dname(path->dentry, buf, buflen);

        get_fs_root(current->fs, &root);
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        tmp = root;
        error = path_with_deleted(path, &tmp, &res, &buflen);
        if (!error && !path_equal(&tmp, &root))
                error = prepend_unreachable(&res, &buflen);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        path_put(&root);
        if (error)
                res =  ERR_PTR(error);

        return res;
}

/*
 * Helper function for dentry_operations.d_dname() members
 */
char *dynamic_dname(struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen,
                        const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list args;
        char temp[64];
        int sz;

        va_start(args, fmt);
        sz = vsnprintf(temp, sizeof(temp), fmt, args) + 1;
        va_end(args);

        if (sz > sizeof(temp) || sz > buflen)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);

        buffer += buflen - sz;
        return memcpy(buffer, temp, sz);
}

/*
 * Write full pathname from the root of the filesystem into the buffer.
 */
static char *__dentry_path(struct dentry *dentry, char *buf, int buflen)
{
        char *end = buf + buflen;
        char *retval;

        prepend(&end, &buflen, "\0", 1);
        if (buflen < 1)
                goto Elong;
        /* Get '/' right */
        retval = end-1;
        *retval = '/';

        while (!IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
                struct dentry *parent = dentry->d_parent;
                int error;

                prefetch(parent);
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                error = prepend_name(&end, &buflen, &dentry->d_name);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (error != 0 || prepend(&end, &buflen, "/", 1) != 0)
                        goto Elong;

                retval = end;
                dentry = parent;
        }
        return retval;
Elong:
        return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
}

char *dentry_path_raw(struct dentry *dentry, char *buf, int buflen)
{
        char *retval;

        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        retval = __dentry_path(dentry, buf, buflen);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);

        return retval;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dentry_path_raw);

char *dentry_path(struct dentry *dentry, char *buf, int buflen)
{
        char *p = NULL;
        char *retval;

        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        if (d_unlinked(dentry)) {
                p = buf + buflen;
                if (prepend(&p, &buflen, "//deleted", 10) != 0)
                        goto Elong;
                buflen++;
        }
        retval = __dentry_path(dentry, buf, buflen);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        if (!IS_ERR(retval) && p)
                *p = '/';       /* restore '/' overriden with '\0' */
        return retval;
Elong:
        return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
}

/*
 * NOTE! The user-level library version returns a
 * character pointer. The kernel system call just
 * returns the length of the buffer filled (which
 * includes the ending '\0' character), or a negative
 * error value. So libc would do something like
 *
 *      char *getcwd(char * buf, size_t size)
 *      {
 *              int retval;
 *
 *              retval = sys_getcwd(buf, size);
 *              if (retval >= 0)
 *                      return buf;
 *              errno = -retval;
 *              return NULL;
 *      }
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE2(getcwd, char __user *, buf, unsigned long, size)
{
        int error;
        struct path pwd, root;
        char *page = (char *) __get_free_page(GFP_USER);

        if (!page)
                return -ENOMEM;

        get_fs_root_and_pwd(current->fs, &root, &pwd);

        error = -ENOENT;
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        if (!d_unlinked(pwd.dentry)) {
                unsigned long len;
                struct path tmp = root;
                char *cwd = page + PAGE_SIZE;
                int buflen = PAGE_SIZE;

                prepend(&cwd, &buflen, "\0", 1);
                error = prepend_path(&pwd, &tmp, &cwd, &buflen);
                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);

                if (error)
                        goto out;

                /* Unreachable from current root */
                if (!path_equal(&tmp, &root)) {
                        error = prepend_unreachable(&cwd, &buflen);
                        if (error)
                                goto out;
                }

                error = -ERANGE;
                len = PAGE_SIZE + page - cwd;
                if (len <= size) {
                        error = len;
                        if (copy_to_user(buf, cwd, len))
                                error = -EFAULT;
                }
        } else {
                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        }

out:
        path_put(&pwd);
        path_put(&root);
        free_page((unsigned long) page);
        return error;
}

/*
 * Test whether new_dentry is a subdirectory of old_dentry.
 *
 * Trivially implemented using the dcache structure
 */

/**
 * is_subdir - is new dentry a subdirectory of old_dentry
 * @new_dentry: new dentry
 * @old_dentry: old dentry
 *
 * Returns 1 if new_dentry is a subdirectory of the parent (at any depth).
 * Returns 0 otherwise.
 * Caller must ensure that "new_dentry" is pinned before calling is_subdir()
 */
  
int is_subdir(struct dentry *new_dentry, struct dentry *old_dentry)
{
        int result;
        unsigned seq;

        if (new_dentry == old_dentry)
                return 1;

        do {
                /* for restarting inner loop in case of seq retry */
                seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
                /*
                 * Need rcu_readlock to protect against the d_parent trashing
                 * due to d_move
                 */
                rcu_read_lock();
                if (d_ancestor(old_dentry, new_dentry))
                        result = 1;
                else
                        result = 0;
                rcu_read_unlock();
        } while (read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq));

        return result;
}

int path_is_under(struct path *path1, struct path *path2)
{
        struct vfsmount *mnt = path1->mnt;
        struct dentry *dentry = path1->dentry;
        int res;

        br_read_lock(vfsmount_lock);
        if (mnt != path2->mnt) {
                for (;;) {
                        if (mnt->mnt_parent == mnt) {
                                br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
                                return 0;
                        }
                        if (mnt->mnt_parent == path2->mnt)
                                break;
                        mnt = mnt->mnt_parent;
                }
                dentry = mnt->mnt_mountpoint;
        }
        res = is_subdir(dentry, path2->dentry);
        br_read_unlock(vfsmount_lock);
        return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_is_under);

void d_genocide(struct dentry *root)
{
        struct dentry *this_parent;
        struct list_head *next;
        unsigned seq;
        int locked = 0;

        seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
again:
        this_parent = root;
        spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);
repeat:
        next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
resume:
        while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
                struct list_head *tmp = next;
                struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry, d_u.d_child);
                next = tmp->next;

                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                if (d_unhashed(dentry) || !dentry->d_inode) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        continue;
                }
                if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        spin_release(&dentry->d_lock.dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        this_parent = dentry;
                        spin_acquire(&this_parent->d_lock.dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        goto repeat;
                }
                if (!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_GENOCIDE)) {
                        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_GENOCIDE;
                        dentry->d_count--;
                }
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        if (this_parent != root) {
                struct dentry *tmp;
                struct dentry *child;

                tmp = this_parent->d_parent;
                if (!(this_parent->d_flags & DCACHE_GENOCIDE)) {
                        this_parent->d_flags |= DCACHE_GENOCIDE;
                        this_parent->d_count--;
                }
                rcu_read_lock();
                spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                child = this_parent;
                this_parent = tmp;
                spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                /* might go back up the wrong parent if we have had a rename
                 * or deletion */
                if (this_parent != child->d_parent ||
                         (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        goto rename_retry;
                }
                rcu_read_unlock();
                next = child->d_u.d_child.next;
                goto resume;
        }
        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
        if (!locked && read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))
                goto rename_retry;
        if (locked)
                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
        return;

rename_retry:
        locked = 1;
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        goto again;
}

/**
 * find_inode_number - check for dentry with name
 * @dir: directory to check
 * @name: Name to find.
 *
 * Check whether a dentry already exists for the given name,
 * and return the inode number if it has an inode. Otherwise
 * 0 is returned.
 *
 * This routine is used to post-process directory listings for
 * filesystems using synthetic inode numbers, and is necessary
 * to keep getcwd() working.
 */
 
ino_t find_inode_number(struct dentry *dir, struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry * dentry;
        ino_t ino = 0;

        dentry = d_hash_and_lookup(dir, name);
        if (dentry) {
                if (dentry->d_inode)
                        ino = dentry->d_inode->i_ino;
                dput(dentry);
        }
        return ino;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_inode_number);

static __initdata unsigned long dhash_entries;
static int __init set_dhash_entries(char *str)
{
        if (!str)
                return 0;
        dhash_entries = simple_strtoul(str, &str, 0);
        return 1;
}
__setup("dhash_entries=", set_dhash_entries);

static void __init dcache_init_early(void)
{
        int loop;

        /* If hashes are distributed across NUMA nodes, defer
         * hash allocation until vmalloc space is available.
         */
        if (hashdist)
                return;

        dentry_hashtable =
                alloc_large_system_hash("Dentry cache",
                                        sizeof(struct hlist_head),
                                        dhash_entries,
                                        13,
                                        HASH_EARLY,
                                        &d_hash_shift,
                                        &d_hash_mask,
                                        0);

        for (loop = 0; loop < (1 << d_hash_shift); loop++)
                INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&dentry_hashtable[loop]);
}

static void __init dcache_init(void)
{
        int loop;

        /* 
         * A constructor could be added for stable state like the lists,
         * but it is probably not worth it because of the cache nature
         * of the dcache. 
         */
        dentry_cache = KMEM_CACHE(dentry,
                SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT|SLAB_PANIC|SLAB_MEM_SPREAD);
        
        register_shrinker(&dcache_shrinker);

        /* Hash may have been set up in dcache_init_early */
        if (!hashdist)
                return;

        dentry_hashtable =
                alloc_large_system_hash("Dentry cache",
                                        sizeof(struct hlist_head),
                                        dhash_entries,
                                        13,
                                        0,
                                        &d_hash_shift,
                                        &d_hash_mask,
                                        0);

        for (loop = 0; loop < (1 << d_hash_shift); loop++)
                INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&dentry_hashtable[loop]);
}

/* SLAB cache for __getname() consumers */
struct kmem_cache *names_cachep __read_mostly;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(names_cachep);

EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_genocide);

void __init vfs_caches_init_early(void)
{
        dcache_init_early();
        inode_init_early();
}

void __init vfs_caches_init(unsigned long mempages)
{
        unsigned long reserve;

        /* Base hash sizes on available memory, with a reserve equal to
           150% of current kernel size */

        reserve = min((mempages - nr_free_pages()) * 3/2, mempages - 1);
        mempages -= reserve;

        names_cachep = kmem_cache_create("names_cache", PATH_MAX, 0,
                        SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN|SLAB_PANIC, NULL);

        dcache_init();
        inode_init();
        files_init(mempages);
        mnt_init();
        bdev_cache_init();
        chrdev_init();
}