4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #define DEBUG /* Enable initcall_debug */
14 #include <linux/types.h>
15 #include <linux/module.h>
16 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
17 #include <linux/kernel.h>
18 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
19 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
20 #include <linux/string.h>
21 #include <linux/ctype.h>
22 #include <linux/delay.h>
23 #include <linux/ioport.h>
24 #include <linux/init.h>
25 #include <linux/initrd.h>
26 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
27 #include <linux/acpi.h>
28 #include <linux/tty.h>
29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
30 #include <linux/kmod.h>
31 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
32 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
33 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
34 #include <linux/security.h>
35 #include <linux/smp.h>
36 #include <linux/profile.h>
37 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
38 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
39 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
40 #include <linux/writeback.h>
41 #include <linux/cpu.h>
42 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
43 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
44 #include <linux/efi.h>
45 #include <linux/tick.h>
46 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
47 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
48 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
49 #include <linux/unistd.h>
50 #include <linux/rmap.h>
51 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
52 #include <linux/key.h>
53 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
54 #include <linux/page_ext.h>
55 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
56 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
57 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
58 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
59 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
60 #include <linux/device.h>
61 #include <linux/kthread.h>
62 #include <linux/sched.h>
63 #include <linux/signal.h>
64 #include <linux/idr.h>
65 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
66 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
67 #include <linux/async.h>
68 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
69 #include <linux/sfi.h>
70 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
71 #include <linux/slab.h>
72 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
73 #include <linux/file.h>
74 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
75 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
76 #include <linux/elevator.h>
77 #include <linux/sched_clock.h>
78 #include <linux/context_tracking.h>
79 #include <linux/random.h>
80 #include <linux/list.h>
81 #include <linux/integrity.h>
82 #include <linux/proc_ns.h>
87 #include <asm/setup.h>
88 #include <asm/sections.h>
89 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
91 static int kernel_init(void *);
93 extern void init_IRQ(void);
94 extern void fork_init(void);
95 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
98 * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
99 * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means
100 * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
101 * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
104 bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
106 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
107 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
110 * Boot command-line arguments
112 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
113 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
115 extern void time_init(void);
116 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
117 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
119 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
120 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
121 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
122 char *saved_command_line;
123 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
124 static char *static_command_line;
125 /* Command line for per-initcall parameter parsing */
126 static char *initcall_command_line;
128 static char *execute_command;
129 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
132 * Used to generate warnings if static_key manipulation functions are used
133 * before jump_label_init is called.
135 bool static_key_initialized __read_mostly;
136 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(static_key_initialized);
139 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
140 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
141 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
143 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
144 * For ex. kdump situation where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
145 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
147 unsigned int reset_devices;
148 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
150 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
156 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
158 static const char *argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
159 const char *envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
160 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
162 extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
164 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
166 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
167 int had_early_param = 0;
171 int n = strlen(p->str);
172 if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
174 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
175 * (Needs exact match on param part).
176 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
177 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
178 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
180 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
181 pr_warn("Parameter %s is obsolete, ignored\n",
184 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
188 } while (p < __setup_end);
190 return had_early_param;
194 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
195 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
197 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
198 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
200 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
202 console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL_DEBUG;
206 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
208 console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL_QUIET;
212 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
213 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
215 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
220 * Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
221 * to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
222 * are quite hard to debug
224 if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
225 console_loglevel = newlevel;
232 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
234 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
235 static int __init repair_env_string(char *param, char *val,
236 const char *unused, void *arg)
239 /* param=val or param="val"? */
240 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
242 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
244 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
252 /* Anything after -- gets handed straight to init. */
253 static int __init set_init_arg(char *param, char *val,
254 const char *unused, void *arg)
261 repair_env_string(param, val, unused, NULL);
263 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
264 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
265 panic_later = "init";
270 argv_init[i] = param;
275 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
276 * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
278 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val,
279 const char *unused, void *arg)
281 repair_env_string(param, val, unused, NULL);
283 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
284 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
287 /* Unused module parameter. */
288 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
295 /* Environment option */
297 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
298 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
302 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
305 envp_init[i] = param;
307 /* Command line option */
309 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
310 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
311 panic_later = "init";
315 argv_init[i] = param;
320 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
324 execute_command = str;
326 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
327 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
328 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
329 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
331 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
335 __setup("init=", init_setup);
337 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
341 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
342 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
343 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
347 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
350 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
351 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
352 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
356 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
357 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
358 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
359 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
361 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
364 memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(boot_command_line) + 1, 0);
365 initcall_command_line =
366 memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(boot_command_line) + 1, 0);
367 static_command_line = memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(command_line) + 1, 0);
368 strcpy(saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
369 strcpy(static_command_line, command_line);
373 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
374 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
375 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
378 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
381 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
383 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
387 rcu_scheduler_starting();
388 smpboot_thread_init();
390 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
391 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
392 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
394 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);
395 numa_default_policy();
396 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
398 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
400 complete(&kthreadd_done);
403 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
404 * at least once to get things moving:
406 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
407 schedule_preempt_disabled();
408 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
409 cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
412 /* Check for early params. */
413 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val,
414 const char *unused, void *arg)
416 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
418 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
419 if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
420 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
421 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
423 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
424 pr_warn("Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
427 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
431 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
433 parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL,
437 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
438 void __init parse_early_param(void)
440 static int done __initdata;
441 static char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE] __initdata;
446 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
447 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
448 parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
453 * Activate the first processor.
456 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
458 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
459 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
460 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
461 set_cpu_active(cpu, true);
462 set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
463 set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
466 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
470 # if THREAD_SIZE >= PAGE_SIZE
471 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
477 * Set up kernel memory allocators
479 static void __init mm_init(void)
482 * page_ext requires contiguous pages,
483 * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
485 page_ext_init_flatmem();
494 asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
500 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
504 set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);
505 smp_setup_processor_id();
506 debug_objects_early_init();
509 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
511 boot_init_stack_canary();
516 early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
519 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
524 pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
525 setup_arch(&command_line);
526 mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
527 setup_command_line(command_line);
529 setup_per_cpu_areas();
530 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
532 build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
535 pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
537 after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
538 static_command_line, __start___param,
539 __stop___param - __start___param,
540 -1, -1, NULL, &unknown_bootoption);
541 if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
542 parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
548 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
553 vfs_caches_init_early();
559 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
560 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
561 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
565 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
566 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
569 if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
570 "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
575 /* trace_printk() and trace points may be used after this */
578 context_tracking_init();
580 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
590 sched_clock_postinit();
593 call_function_init();
594 WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
595 early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
598 kmem_cache_init_late();
601 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
602 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
603 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
607 panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
613 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
614 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
619 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
620 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
621 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
622 pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
623 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
629 debug_objects_mem_init();
631 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
641 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
642 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
644 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX64
645 /* Should be run before the first non-init thread is created */
648 thread_info_cache_init();
658 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
659 page_writeback_init();
664 taskstats_init_early();
669 acpi_subsystem_init();
672 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
674 efi_free_boot_services();
679 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
683 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
684 static void __init do_ctors(void)
686 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
687 ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
689 for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
695 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
697 #ifdef CONFIG_KALLSYMS
698 struct blacklist_entry {
699 struct list_head next;
703 static __initdata_or_module LIST_HEAD(blacklisted_initcalls);
705 static int __init initcall_blacklist(char *str)
708 struct blacklist_entry *entry;
710 /* str argument is a comma-separated list of functions */
712 str_entry = strsep(&str, ",");
714 pr_debug("blacklisting initcall %s\n", str_entry);
715 entry = alloc_bootmem(sizeof(*entry));
716 entry->buf = alloc_bootmem(strlen(str_entry) + 1);
717 strcpy(entry->buf, str_entry);
718 list_add(&entry->next, &blacklisted_initcalls);
725 static bool __init_or_module initcall_blacklisted(initcall_t fn)
727 struct list_head *tmp;
728 struct blacklist_entry *entry;
731 fn_name = kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "%pf", fn);
735 list_for_each(tmp, &blacklisted_initcalls) {
736 entry = list_entry(tmp, struct blacklist_entry, next);
737 if (!strcmp(fn_name, entry->buf)) {
738 pr_debug("initcall %s blacklisted\n", fn_name);
748 static int __init initcall_blacklist(char *str)
750 pr_warn("initcall_blacklist requires CONFIG_KALLSYMS\n");
754 static bool __init_or_module initcall_blacklisted(initcall_t fn)
759 __setup("initcall_blacklist=", initcall_blacklist);
761 static int __init_or_module do_one_initcall_debug(initcall_t fn)
763 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
764 unsigned long long duration;
767 printk(KERN_DEBUG "calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current));
768 calltime = ktime_get();
770 rettime = ktime_get();
771 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
772 duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
773 printk(KERN_DEBUG "initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecs\n",
779 int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
781 int count = preempt_count();
785 if (initcall_blacklisted(fn))
789 ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
795 if (preempt_count() != count) {
796 sprintf(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ");
797 preempt_count_set(count);
799 if (irqs_disabled()) {
800 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
803 WARN(msgbuf[0], "initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
809 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[];
810 extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[];
811 extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[];
812 extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[];
813 extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[];
814 extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[];
815 extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[];
816 extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[];
817 extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[];
818 extern initcall_t __initcall_end[];
820 static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
832 /* Keep these in sync with initcalls in include/linux/init.h */
833 static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
844 static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)
848 strcpy(initcall_command_line, saved_command_line);
849 parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
850 initcall_command_line, __start___param,
851 __stop___param - __start___param,
853 NULL, &repair_env_string);
855 for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
856 do_one_initcall(*fn);
859 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
863 for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
864 do_initcall_level(level);
868 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
869 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
870 * running, and memory and process management works.
872 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
874 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
881 usermodehelper_enable();
883 random_int_secret_init();
886 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
890 for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
891 do_one_initcall(*fn);
895 * This function requests modules which should be loaded by default and is
896 * called twice right after initrd is mounted and right before init is
897 * exec'd. If such modules are on either initrd or rootfs, they will be
898 * loaded before control is passed to userland.
900 void __init load_default_modules(void)
902 load_default_elevator_module();
905 static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
907 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
908 return do_execve(getname_kernel(init_filename),
909 (const char __user *const __user *)argv_init,
910 (const char __user *const __user *)envp_init);
913 static int try_to_run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
917 ret = run_init_process(init_filename);
919 if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
920 pr_err("Starting init: %s exists but couldn't execute it (error %d)\n",
927 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void);
929 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
930 static bool rodata_enabled = true;
931 static int __init set_debug_rodata(char *str)
933 return strtobool(str, &rodata_enabled);
935 __setup("rodata=", set_debug_rodata);
937 static void mark_readonly(void)
942 pr_info("Kernel memory protection disabled.\n");
945 static inline void mark_readonly(void)
947 pr_warn("This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.\n");
951 static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
955 kernel_init_freeable();
956 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
957 async_synchronize_full();
960 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
961 numa_default_policy();
963 flush_delayed_fput();
965 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
966 ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
969 pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n",
970 ramdisk_execute_command, ret);
974 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
976 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
977 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
979 if (execute_command) {
980 ret = run_init_process(execute_command);
983 panic("Requested init %s failed (error %d).",
984 execute_command, ret);
986 if (!try_to_run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
987 !try_to_run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
988 !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
989 !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
992 panic("No working init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
993 "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
996 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
999 * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
1001 wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
1003 /* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
1004 gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
1007 * init can allocate pages on any node
1009 set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
1011 * init can run on any cpu.
1013 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
1015 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
1017 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
1019 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
1020 lockup_detector_init();
1025 page_alloc_init_late();
1029 /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
1030 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
1031 pr_err("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
1036 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
1040 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
1041 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
1043 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
1044 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
1045 prepare_namespace();
1049 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
1050 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
1051 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
1053 * rootfs is available now, try loading the public keys
1054 * and default modules
1057 integrity_load_keys();
1058 load_default_modules();