//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#include "Disassembler.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/OwningPtr.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCAsmBackend.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCAsmInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCContext.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCInstPrinter.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCInstrInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCObjectFileInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCParser/AsmLexer.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCRegisterInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCSectionMachO.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCStreamer.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/OwningPtr.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCSubtargetInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/MC/MCTargetAsmParser.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FileUtilities.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FormattedStream.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Host.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ManagedStatic.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MemoryBuffer.h"
#include "llvm/Support/PrettyStackTrace.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Signals.h"
#include "llvm/Support/SourceMgr.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
-#include "llvm/System/Signals.h"
-#include "llvm/Target/TargetRegistry.h"
-#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
-#include "AsmParser.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/TargetRegistry.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ToolOutputFile.h"
using namespace llvm;
static cl::opt<std::string>
OutputFilename("o", cl::desc("Output filename"),
cl::value_desc("filename"));
+static cl::opt<bool>
+ShowEncoding("show-encoding", cl::desc("Show instruction encodings"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+ShowInst("show-inst", cl::desc("Show internal instruction representation"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+ShowInstOperands("show-inst-operands",
+ cl::desc("Show instructions operands as parsed"));
+
+static cl::opt<unsigned>
+OutputAsmVariant("output-asm-variant",
+ cl::desc("Syntax variant to use for output printing"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+RelaxAll("mc-relax-all", cl::desc("Relax all fixups"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+DisableCFI("disable-cfi", cl::desc("Do not use .cfi_* directives"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+NoExecStack("mc-no-exec-stack", cl::desc("File doesn't need an exec stack"));
+
+enum OutputFileType {
+ OFT_Null,
+ OFT_AssemblyFile,
+ OFT_ObjectFile
+};
+static cl::opt<OutputFileType>
+FileType("filetype", cl::init(OFT_AssemblyFile),
+ cl::desc("Choose an output file type:"),
+ cl::values(
+ clEnumValN(OFT_AssemblyFile, "asm",
+ "Emit an assembly ('.s') file"),
+ clEnumValN(OFT_Null, "null",
+ "Don't emit anything (for timing purposes)"),
+ clEnumValN(OFT_ObjectFile, "obj",
+ "Emit a native object ('.o') file"),
+ clEnumValEnd));
+
static cl::list<std::string>
IncludeDirs("I", cl::desc("Directory of include files"),
cl::value_desc("directory"), cl::Prefix);
static cl::opt<std::string>
-Triple("triple", cl::desc("Target triple to assemble for,"
- "see -version for available targets"),
- cl::init(LLVM_HOSTTRIPLE));
+ArchName("arch", cl::desc("Target arch to assemble for, "
+ "see -version for available targets"));
+
+static cl::opt<std::string>
+TripleName("triple", cl::desc("Target triple to assemble for, "
+ "see -version for available targets"));
+
+static cl::opt<std::string>
+MCPU("mcpu",
+ cl::desc("Target a specific cpu type (-mcpu=help for details)"),
+ cl::value_desc("cpu-name"),
+ cl::init(""));
+
+static cl::list<std::string>
+MAttrs("mattr",
+ cl::CommaSeparated,
+ cl::desc("Target specific attributes (-mattr=help for details)"),
+ cl::value_desc("a1,+a2,-a3,..."));
+
+static cl::opt<Reloc::Model>
+RelocModel("relocation-model",
+ cl::desc("Choose relocation model"),
+ cl::init(Reloc::Default),
+ cl::values(
+ clEnumValN(Reloc::Default, "default",
+ "Target default relocation model"),
+ clEnumValN(Reloc::Static, "static",
+ "Non-relocatable code"),
+ clEnumValN(Reloc::PIC_, "pic",
+ "Fully relocatable, position independent code"),
+ clEnumValN(Reloc::DynamicNoPIC, "dynamic-no-pic",
+ "Relocatable external references, non-relocatable code"),
+ clEnumValEnd));
+
+static cl::opt<llvm::CodeModel::Model>
+CMModel("code-model",
+ cl::desc("Choose code model"),
+ cl::init(CodeModel::Default),
+ cl::values(clEnumValN(CodeModel::Default, "default",
+ "Target default code model"),
+ clEnumValN(CodeModel::Small, "small",
+ "Small code model"),
+ clEnumValN(CodeModel::Kernel, "kernel",
+ "Kernel code model"),
+ clEnumValN(CodeModel::Medium, "medium",
+ "Medium code model"),
+ clEnumValN(CodeModel::Large, "large",
+ "Large code model"),
+ clEnumValEnd));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+NoInitialTextSection("n", cl::desc("Don't assume assembly file starts "
+ "in the text section"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+SaveTempLabels("L", cl::desc("Don't discard temporary labels"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+GenDwarfForAssembly("g", cl::desc("Generate dwarf debugging info for assembly "
+ "source files"));
+
+static cl::opt<std::string>
+DebugCompilationDir("fdebug-compilation-dir",
+ cl::desc("Specifies the debug info's compilation dir"));
+
+static cl::opt<std::string>
+MainFileName("main-file-name",
+ cl::desc("Specifies the name we should consider the input file"));
enum ActionType {
AC_AsLex,
- AC_Assemble
+ AC_Assemble,
+ AC_Disassemble,
+ AC_MDisassemble,
+ AC_HDisassemble
};
static cl::opt<ActionType>
"Lex tokens from a .s file"),
clEnumValN(AC_Assemble, "assemble",
"Assemble a .s file (default)"),
+ clEnumValN(AC_Disassemble, "disassemble",
+ "Disassemble strings of hex bytes"),
+ clEnumValN(AC_MDisassemble, "mdis",
+ "Marked up disassembly of strings of hex bytes"),
+ clEnumValN(AC_HDisassemble, "hdis",
+ "Disassemble strings of hex bytes printing "
+ "immediates as hex"),
clEnumValEnd));
-static int AsLexInput(const char *ProgName) {
- std::string ErrorMessage;
- MemoryBuffer *Buffer = MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(InputFilename,
- &ErrorMessage);
- if (Buffer == 0) {
- errs() << ProgName << ": ";
- if (ErrorMessage.size())
- errs() << ErrorMessage << "\n";
- else
- errs() << "input file didn't read correctly.\n";
- return 1;
+static const Target *GetTarget(const char *ProgName) {
+ // Figure out the target triple.
+ if (TripleName.empty())
+ TripleName = sys::getDefaultTargetTriple();
+ Triple TheTriple(Triple::normalize(TripleName));
+
+ // Get the target specific parser.
+ std::string Error;
+ const Target *TheTarget = TargetRegistry::lookupTarget(ArchName, TheTriple,
+ Error);
+ if (!TheTarget) {
+ errs() << ProgName << ": " << Error;
+ return 0;
}
- SourceMgr SrcMgr;
-
- // Tell SrcMgr about this buffer, which is what TGParser will pick up.
- SrcMgr.AddNewSourceBuffer(Buffer, SMLoc());
-
- // Record the location of the include directories so that the lexer can find
- // it later.
- SrcMgr.setIncludeDirs(IncludeDirs);
+ // Update the triple name and return the found target.
+ TripleName = TheTriple.getTriple();
+ return TheTarget;
+}
+
+static tool_output_file *GetOutputStream() {
+ if (OutputFilename == "")
+ OutputFilename = "-";
+
+ std::string Err;
+ tool_output_file *Out = new tool_output_file(OutputFilename.c_str(), Err,
+ raw_fd_ostream::F_Binary);
+ if (!Err.empty()) {
+ errs() << Err << '\n';
+ delete Out;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ return Out;
+}
+
+static std::string DwarfDebugFlags;
+static void setDwarfDebugFlags(int argc, char **argv) {
+ if (!getenv("RC_DEBUG_OPTIONS"))
+ return;
+ for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+ DwarfDebugFlags += argv[i];
+ if (i + 1 < argc)
+ DwarfDebugFlags += " ";
+ }
+}
+
+static std::string DwarfDebugProducer;
+static void setDwarfDebugProducer(void) {
+ if(!getenv("DEBUG_PRODUCER"))
+ return;
+ DwarfDebugProducer += getenv("DEBUG_PRODUCER");
+}
+
+static int AsLexInput(SourceMgr &SrcMgr, MCAsmInfo &MAI, tool_output_file *Out) {
+
+ AsmLexer Lexer(MAI);
+ Lexer.setBuffer(SrcMgr.getMemoryBuffer(0));
- AsmLexer Lexer(SrcMgr);
-
bool Error = false;
-
- asmtok::TokKind Tok = Lexer.Lex();
- while (Tok != asmtok::Eof) {
- switch (Tok) {
+ while (Lexer.Lex().isNot(AsmToken::Eof)) {
+ AsmToken Tok = Lexer.getTok();
+
+ switch (Tok.getKind()) {
default:
- Lexer.PrintMessage(Lexer.getLoc(), "unknown token", "warning");
+ SrcMgr.PrintMessage(Lexer.getLoc(), SourceMgr::DK_Warning,
+ "unknown token");
Error = true;
break;
- case asmtok::Error:
+ case AsmToken::Error:
Error = true; // error already printed.
break;
- case asmtok::Identifier:
- outs() << "identifier: " << Lexer.getCurStrVal() << '\n';
+ case AsmToken::Identifier:
+ Out->os() << "identifier: " << Lexer.getTok().getString();
break;
- case asmtok::Register:
- outs() << "register: " << Lexer.getCurStrVal() << '\n';
+ case AsmToken::Integer:
+ Out->os() << "int: " << Lexer.getTok().getString();
break;
- case asmtok::String:
- outs() << "string: " << Lexer.getCurStrVal() << '\n';
+ case AsmToken::Real:
+ Out->os() << "real: " << Lexer.getTok().getString();
break;
- case asmtok::IntVal:
- outs() << "int: " << Lexer.getCurIntVal() << '\n';
+ case AsmToken::String:
+ Out->os() << "string: " << Lexer.getTok().getString();
break;
- case asmtok::Amp: outs() << "Amp\n"; break;
- case asmtok::AmpAmp: outs() << "AmpAmp\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Caret: outs() << "Caret\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Colon: outs() << "Colon\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Comma: outs() << "Comma\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Dollar: outs() << "Dollar\n"; break;
- case asmtok::EndOfStatement: outs() << "EndOfStatement\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Eof: outs() << "Eof\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Equal: outs() << "Equal\n"; break;
- case asmtok::EqualEqual: outs() << "EqualEqual\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Exclaim: outs() << "Exclaim\n"; break;
- case asmtok::ExclaimEqual: outs() << "ExclaimEqual\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Greater: outs() << "Greater\n"; break;
- case asmtok::GreaterEqual: outs() << "GreaterEqual\n"; break;
- case asmtok::GreaterGreater: outs() << "GreaterGreater\n"; break;
- case asmtok::LParen: outs() << "LParen\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Less: outs() << "Less\n"; break;
- case asmtok::LessEqual: outs() << "LessEqual\n"; break;
- case asmtok::LessGreater: outs() << "LessGreater\n"; break;
- case asmtok::LessLess: outs() << "LessLess\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Minus: outs() << "Minus\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Percent: outs() << "Percent\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Pipe: outs() << "Pipe\n"; break;
- case asmtok::PipePipe: outs() << "PipePipe\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Plus: outs() << "Plus\n"; break;
- case asmtok::RParen: outs() << "RParen\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Slash: outs() << "Slash\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Star: outs() << "Star\n"; break;
- case asmtok::Tilde: outs() << "Tilde\n"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Amp: Out->os() << "Amp"; break;
+ case AsmToken::AmpAmp: Out->os() << "AmpAmp"; break;
+ case AsmToken::At: Out->os() << "At"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Caret: Out->os() << "Caret"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Colon: Out->os() << "Colon"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Comma: Out->os() << "Comma"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Dollar: Out->os() << "Dollar"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Dot: Out->os() << "Dot"; break;
+ case AsmToken::EndOfStatement: Out->os() << "EndOfStatement"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Eof: Out->os() << "Eof"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Equal: Out->os() << "Equal"; break;
+ case AsmToken::EqualEqual: Out->os() << "EqualEqual"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Exclaim: Out->os() << "Exclaim"; break;
+ case AsmToken::ExclaimEqual: Out->os() << "ExclaimEqual"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Greater: Out->os() << "Greater"; break;
+ case AsmToken::GreaterEqual: Out->os() << "GreaterEqual"; break;
+ case AsmToken::GreaterGreater: Out->os() << "GreaterGreater"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Hash: Out->os() << "Hash"; break;
+ case AsmToken::LBrac: Out->os() << "LBrac"; break;
+ case AsmToken::LCurly: Out->os() << "LCurly"; break;
+ case AsmToken::LParen: Out->os() << "LParen"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Less: Out->os() << "Less"; break;
+ case AsmToken::LessEqual: Out->os() << "LessEqual"; break;
+ case AsmToken::LessGreater: Out->os() << "LessGreater"; break;
+ case AsmToken::LessLess: Out->os() << "LessLess"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Minus: Out->os() << "Minus"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Percent: Out->os() << "Percent"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Pipe: Out->os() << "Pipe"; break;
+ case AsmToken::PipePipe: Out->os() << "PipePipe"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Plus: Out->os() << "Plus"; break;
+ case AsmToken::RBrac: Out->os() << "RBrac"; break;
+ case AsmToken::RCurly: Out->os() << "RCurly"; break;
+ case AsmToken::RParen: Out->os() << "RParen"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Slash: Out->os() << "Slash"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Star: Out->os() << "Star"; break;
+ case AsmToken::Tilde: Out->os() << "Tilde"; break;
}
-
- Tok = Lexer.Lex();
+
+ // Print the token string.
+ Out->os() << " (\"";
+ Out->os().write_escaped(Tok.getString());
+ Out->os() << "\")\n";
}
-
+
return Error;
}
-static int AssembleInput(const char *ProgName) {
- // Get the target specific parser.
- std::string Error;
- const Target *TheTarget =
- TargetRegistry::lookupTarget(Triple,
- /*FallbackToHost=*/true,
- /*RequireJIT=*/false,
- Error);
- if (TheTarget == 0) {
- errs() << ProgName << ": error: unable to get target for '" << Triple
- << "', see --version and --triple.\n";
- return 1;
- }
-
- TargetAsmParser *TAP = TheTarget->createAsmParser();
+static int AssembleInput(const char *ProgName, const Target *TheTarget,
+ SourceMgr &SrcMgr, MCContext &Ctx, MCStreamer &Str,
+ MCAsmInfo &MAI, MCSubtargetInfo &STI) {
+ OwningPtr<MCAsmParser> Parser(createMCAsmParser(SrcMgr, Ctx,
+ Str, MAI));
+ OwningPtr<MCTargetAsmParser> TAP(TheTarget->createMCAsmParser(STI, *Parser));
if (!TAP) {
- errs() << ProgName
+ errs() << ProgName
<< ": error: this target does not support assembly parsing.\n";
- return 1;
- }
-
- std::string ErrorMessage;
- MemoryBuffer *Buffer = MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(InputFilename,
- &ErrorMessage);
- if (Buffer == 0) {
- errs() << ProgName << ": ";
- if (ErrorMessage.size())
- errs() << ErrorMessage << "\n";
- else
- errs() << "input file didn't read correctly.\n";
return 1;
}
-
- SourceMgr SrcMgr;
-
- // Tell SrcMgr about this buffer, which is what TGParser will pick up.
- SrcMgr.AddNewSourceBuffer(Buffer, SMLoc());
-
- // Record the location of the include directories so that the lexer can find
- // it later.
- SrcMgr.setIncludeDirs(IncludeDirs);
-
- MCContext Ctx;
- OwningPtr<MCStreamer> Str(createAsmStreamer(Ctx, outs()));
- // FIXME: Target hook & command line option for initial section.
- Str.get()->SwitchSection(Ctx.GetSection("__TEXT,__text,"
- "regular,pure_instructions"));
+ Parser->setShowParsedOperands(ShowInstOperands);
+ Parser->setTargetParser(*TAP.get());
- AsmParser Parser(SrcMgr, Ctx, *Str.get(), *TAP);
- return Parser.Run();
-}
+ int Res = Parser->Run(NoInitialTextSection);
+ return Res;
+}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
// Print a stack trace if we signal out.
PrettyStackTraceProgram X(argc, argv);
llvm_shutdown_obj Y; // Call llvm_shutdown() on exit.
- // Initialize targets and assembly parsers.
+ // Initialize targets and assembly printers/parsers.
llvm::InitializeAllTargetInfos();
+ llvm::InitializeAllTargetMCs();
llvm::InitializeAllAsmParsers();
-
+ llvm::InitializeAllDisassemblers();
+
+ // Register the target printer for --version.
+ cl::AddExtraVersionPrinter(TargetRegistry::printRegisteredTargetsForVersion);
+
cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv, "llvm machine code playground\n");
+ TripleName = Triple::normalize(TripleName);
+ setDwarfDebugFlags(argc, argv);
+
+ setDwarfDebugProducer();
+
+ const char *ProgName = argv[0];
+ const Target *TheTarget = GetTarget(ProgName);
+ if (!TheTarget)
+ return 1;
+
+ OwningPtr<MemoryBuffer> BufferPtr;
+ if (error_code ec = MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(InputFilename, BufferPtr)) {
+ errs() << ProgName << ": " << ec.message() << '\n';
+ return 1;
+ }
+ MemoryBuffer *Buffer = BufferPtr.take();
+
+ SourceMgr SrcMgr;
+
+ // Tell SrcMgr about this buffer, which is what the parser will pick up.
+ SrcMgr.AddNewSourceBuffer(Buffer, SMLoc());
+
+ // Record the location of the include directories so that the lexer can find
+ // it later.
+ SrcMgr.setIncludeDirs(IncludeDirs);
+
+ llvm::OwningPtr<MCRegisterInfo> MRI(TheTarget->createMCRegInfo(TripleName));
+ assert(MRI && "Unable to create target register info!");
+
+ llvm::OwningPtr<MCAsmInfo> MAI(TheTarget->createMCAsmInfo(*MRI, TripleName));
+ assert(MAI && "Unable to create target asm info!");
+
+ // FIXME: This is not pretty. MCContext has a ptr to MCObjectFileInfo and
+ // MCObjectFileInfo needs a MCContext reference in order to initialize itself.
+ OwningPtr<MCObjectFileInfo> MOFI(new MCObjectFileInfo());
+ MCContext Ctx(MAI.get(), MRI.get(), MOFI.get(), &SrcMgr);
+ MOFI->InitMCObjectFileInfo(TripleName, RelocModel, CMModel, Ctx);
+
+ if (SaveTempLabels)
+ Ctx.setAllowTemporaryLabels(false);
+
+ Ctx.setGenDwarfForAssembly(GenDwarfForAssembly);
+ if (!DwarfDebugFlags.empty())
+ Ctx.setDwarfDebugFlags(StringRef(DwarfDebugFlags));
+ if (!DwarfDebugProducer.empty())
+ Ctx.setDwarfDebugProducer(StringRef(DwarfDebugProducer));
+ if (!DebugCompilationDir.empty())
+ Ctx.setCompilationDir(DebugCompilationDir);
+ if (!MainFileName.empty())
+ Ctx.setMainFileName(MainFileName);
+ // Package up features to be passed to target/subtarget
+ std::string FeaturesStr;
+ if (MAttrs.size()) {
+ SubtargetFeatures Features;
+ for (unsigned i = 0; i != MAttrs.size(); ++i)
+ Features.AddFeature(MAttrs[i]);
+ FeaturesStr = Features.getString();
+ }
+
+ OwningPtr<tool_output_file> Out(GetOutputStream());
+ if (!Out)
+ return 1;
+
+ formatted_raw_ostream FOS(Out->os());
+ OwningPtr<MCStreamer> Str;
+
+ OwningPtr<MCInstrInfo> MCII(TheTarget->createMCInstrInfo());
+ OwningPtr<MCSubtargetInfo>
+ STI(TheTarget->createMCSubtargetInfo(TripleName, MCPU, FeaturesStr));
+
+ MCInstPrinter *IP = NULL;
+ if (FileType == OFT_AssemblyFile) {
+ IP =
+ TheTarget->createMCInstPrinter(OutputAsmVariant, *MAI, *MCII, *MRI, *STI);
+ MCCodeEmitter *CE = 0;
+ MCAsmBackend *MAB = 0;
+ if (ShowEncoding) {
+ CE = TheTarget->createMCCodeEmitter(*MCII, *MRI, *STI, Ctx);
+ MAB = TheTarget->createMCAsmBackend(TripleName, MCPU);
+ }
+ bool UseCFI = !DisableCFI;
+ Str.reset(TheTarget->createAsmStreamer(Ctx, FOS, /*asmverbose*/true,
+ /*useLoc*/ true,
+ UseCFI,
+ /*useDwarfDirectory*/ true,
+ IP, CE, MAB, ShowInst));
+
+ } else if (FileType == OFT_Null) {
+ Str.reset(createNullStreamer(Ctx));
+ } else {
+ assert(FileType == OFT_ObjectFile && "Invalid file type!");
+ MCCodeEmitter *CE = TheTarget->createMCCodeEmitter(*MCII, *MRI, *STI, Ctx);
+ MCAsmBackend *MAB = TheTarget->createMCAsmBackend(TripleName, MCPU);
+ Str.reset(TheTarget->createMCObjectStreamer(TripleName, Ctx, *MAB,
+ FOS, CE, RelaxAll,
+ NoExecStack));
+ }
+
+ int Res = 1;
+ bool disassemble = false;
switch (Action) {
- default:
case AC_AsLex:
- return AsLexInput(argv[0]);
+ Res = AsLexInput(SrcMgr, *MAI, Out.get());
+ break;
case AC_Assemble:
- return AssembleInput(argv[0]);
+ Res = AssembleInput(ProgName, TheTarget, SrcMgr, Ctx, *Str, *MAI, *STI);
+ break;
+ case AC_MDisassemble:
+ assert(IP && "Expected assembly output");
+ IP->setUseMarkup(1);
+ disassemble = true;
+ break;
+ case AC_HDisassemble:
+ assert(IP && "Expected assembly output");
+ IP->setPrintImmHex(1);
+ disassemble = true;
+ break;
+ case AC_Disassemble:
+ disassemble = true;
+ break;
}
-
- return 0;
-}
+ if (disassemble)
+ Res = Disassembler::disassemble(*TheTarget, TripleName, *STI, *Str,
+ *Buffer, SrcMgr, Out->os());
+ // Keep output if no errors.
+ if (Res == 0) Out->keep();
+ return Res;
+}