X-Git-Url: http://demsky.eecs.uci.edu/git/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=docs%2FFAQ.html;h=95e425aac66990b875816ccc83b62839966481d3;hb=e562b1725ee068ff525082d1e9ba885c8928c72e;hp=cc5d91c06af22f209089cc1913b88345968746a5;hpb=a28e3cea1c80376a4992a6d06b27ea4276303a65;p=oota-llvm.git

diff --git a/docs/FAQ.html b/docs/FAQ.html
index cc5d91c06af..95e425aac66 100644
--- a/docs/FAQ.html
+++ b/docs/FAQ.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>LLVM: Frequently Asked Questions</title>
-  <style>
+  <style type="text/css">
     @import url("llvm.css");
     .question { font-weight: bold }
     .answer   { margin-left: 2em  }
@@ -36,21 +36,38 @@
   <li><a href="#build">Build Problems</a>
   <ol>
   <li>When I run configure, it finds the wrong C compiler.</li>
-  <li>I compile the code, and I get some error about <tt>/localhome</tt>.</li>
   <li>The <tt>configure</tt> script finds the right C compiler, but it uses the
   LLVM linker from a previous build.  What do I do?</li>
   <li>When creating a dynamic library, I get a strange GLIBC error.</li>
-  <li>I've updated my source tree from CVS, and now my build is trying to use a
-  file/directory that doesn't exist.</li>
+  <li>I've updated my source tree from Subversion, and now my build is trying 
+  to use a file/directory that doesn't exist.</li>
   <li>I've modified a Makefile in my source tree, but my build tree keeps using
   the old version.  What do I do?</li>
   <li>I've upgraded to a new version of LLVM, and I get strange build
   errors.</li>
   <li>I've built LLVM and am testing it, but the tests freeze.</li>
   <li>Why do test results differ when I perform different types of builds?</li>
-  <li>Compiling LLVM with GCC 3.3 on SuSE 9 fails, what should I do?</li>
+  <li>Compiling LLVM with GCC 3.3.2 fails, what should I do?</li>
+  <li>When I use the test suite, all of the C Backend tests fail.  What is
+      wrong?</li>
+  <li>After Subversion update, rebuilding gives the error "No rule to make
+      target".</li>
+  <li><a href="#llvmc">The <tt>llvmc</tt> program gives me errors/doesn't
+      work.</a></li>
   </ol></li>
 
+  <li><a href="#felangs">Source Languages</a>
+  <ol>
+    <li><a href="#langs">What source languages are supported?</a></li>
+    <li><a href="#langirgen">I'd like to write a self-hosting LLVM compiler. How
+      should I interface with the LLVM middle-end optimizers and back-end code 
+      generators?</a></div>
+    <li><a href="#langhlsupp">What support is there for higher level source
+      language constructs for building a compiler?</a></li>
+    <li><a href="GetElementPtr.html">I don't understand the GetElementPtr
+      instruction. Help!</a></li>
+  </ol>
+
   <li><a href="#cfe">Using the GCC Front End</a>
   <ol>
     <li>
@@ -61,20 +78,34 @@
 
     <li>
     When I compile code using the LLVM GCC front end, it complains that it
-    cannot find crtend.o.
+    cannot find libcrtend.a.
     </li>
+
+    <li>
+    How can I disable all optimizations when compiling code using the LLVM GCC front end?
+    </li>
+
+    <li><a href="#translatec++">Can I use LLVM to convert C++ code to C code?</a></li>
+
   </ol>
   </li>
 
   <li><a href="#cfe_code">Questions about code generated by the GCC front-end</a>
   <ol>
-     <li>What is this <tt>__main()</tt> call that gets inserted into
-         <tt>main()</tt>?</li>
-     <li>Where did all of my code go??</li>
+     <li><a href="#iosinit">What is this <tt>llvm.global_ctors</tt> and
+          <tt>_GLOBAL__I__tmp_webcompile...</tt> stuff that happens when I
+          #include &lt;iostream&gt;?</a></li>
+     <li><a href="#codedce">Where did all of my code go??</a></li>
+     <li><a href="#undef">What is this "<tt>undef</tt>" thing that shows up in my code?</a></li>
   </ol>
   </li>
 </ol>
 
+<div class="doc_author">
+  <p>Written by <a href="http://llvm.org">The LLVM Team</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
 <div class="doc_section">
   <a name="license">License</a>
@@ -111,7 +142,7 @@ Source Initiative (OSI).</p>
 <div class="answer">
 <p>Yes.  The modified source distribution must retain the copyright notice and
 follow the three bulletted conditions listed in the <a
-href="http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu/releases/1.0/LICENSE.TXT">LLVM license</a>.</p>
+href="http://llvm.org/releases/1.3/LICENSE.TXT">LLVM license</a>.</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="question">
@@ -152,18 +183,12 @@ LLVM have been ported to a plethora of platforms.</p>
 <p>Some porting problems may exist in the following areas:</p>
 
 <ul>
-
   <li>The GCC front end code is not as portable as the LLVM suite, so it may not
-  compile as well on unsupported platforms.</li>
-
-  <li>The Python test classes are more UNIX-centric than they should be, so
-  porting to non-UNIX like platforms (i.e. Windows, MacOS 9) will require some
-  effort.</li>
+      compile as well on unsupported platforms.</li>
 
   <li>The LLVM build system relies heavily on UNIX shell tools, like the Bourne
-  Shell and sed.  Porting to systems without these tools (MacOS 9, Plan 9) will
-  require more effort.</li>
-
+      Shell and sed.  Porting to systems without these tools (MacOS 9, Plan 9)
+      will require more effort.</li>
 </ul>
 
 </div>
@@ -190,22 +215,6 @@ explicitly.</p>
 
 </div>
 
-<div class="question">
-<p>I compile the code, and I get some error about <tt>/localhome</tt>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="answer">
-
-<p>There are several possible causes for this.  The first is that you didn't set
-a pathname properly when using <tt>configure</tt>, and it defaulted to a
-pathname that we use on our research machines.</p>
-
-<p>Another possibility is that we hardcoded a path in our Makefiles.  If you see
-this, please email the LLVM bug mailing list with the name of the offending
-Makefile and a description of what is wrong with it.</p>
-
-</div>
-
 <div class="question">
 <p>The <tt>configure</tt> script finds the right C compiler, but it uses the
 LLVM linker from a previous build.  What do I do?</p>
@@ -217,21 +226,23 @@ if it's grabbing the wrong linker/assembler/etc, there are two ways to fix
 it:</p>
 
 <ol>
-		
   <li><p>Adjust your <tt>PATH</tt> environment variable so that the correct
-  program appears first in the <tt>PATH</tt>.  This may work, but may not be
-  convenient when you want them <i>first</i> in your path for other
-  work.</p></li>
+      program appears first in the <tt>PATH</tt>.  This may work, but may not be
+      convenient when you want them <i>first</i> in your path for other
+      work.</p></li>
 
   <li><p>Run <tt>configure</tt> with an alternative <tt>PATH</tt> that is
-  correct. In a Borne compatible shell, the syntax would be:</p>
-		
-      <p><tt>PATH=<the path without the bad program> ./configure ...</tt></p>
+      correct. In a Borne compatible shell, the syntax would be:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% PATH=[the path without the bad program] ./configure ...
+</pre>
+</div>
 
       <p>This is still somewhat inconvenient, but it allows <tt>configure</tt>
-      to do its work without having to adjust your <tt>PATH</tt>
-      permanently.</p></li>
-	
+         to do its work without having to adjust your <tt>PATH</tt>
+         permanently.</p></li>
 </ol>
 
 </div>
@@ -247,8 +258,8 @@ your own version of GCC that has shared libraries enabled by default.</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="question">
-<p>I've updated my source tree from CVS, and now my build is trying to use a
-file/directory that doesn't exist.</p>
+<p>I've updated my source tree from Subversion, and now my build is trying to 
+use a file/directory that doesn't exist.</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="answer">
@@ -263,12 +274,13 @@ old version.  What do I do?</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="answer">
-
 <p>If the Makefile already exists in your object tree, you
 can just run the following command in the top level directory of your object
 tree:</p>
 
-<p><tt>./config.status &lt;relative path to Makefile&gt;</tt><p>
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>% ./config.status &lt;relative path to Makefile&gt;</pre>
+</div>
 
 <p>If the Makefile is new, you will have to modify the configure script to copy
 it over.</p>
@@ -303,11 +315,18 @@ clean</tt> and then <tt>make</tt> in the directory that fails to build.</p>
 
 <p>For example, if you built LLVM with the command:</p>
 
-<p><tt>gmake ENABLE_PROFILING=1</tt>
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>% gmake ENABLE_PROFILING=1</pre>
+</div>
 
 <p>...then you must run the tests with the following commands:</p>
 
-<p><tt>cd llvm/test<br>gmake  ENABLE_PROFILING=1</tt></p>
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% cd llvm/test
+% gmake ENABLE_PROFILING=1
+</pre>
+</div>
 
 </div>
 
@@ -330,12 +349,145 @@ build.</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="question">
-<p>Compiling LLVM with GCC 3.3 on SuSE 9 fails, what should I do?</p>
+<p>Compiling LLVM with GCC 3.3.2 fails, what should I do?</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="answer">
+<p>This is <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR?13392">a bug in GCC</a>, and 
+affects projects other than LLVM.  Try upgrading or downgrading your GCC.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="question">
+<p>After Subversion update, rebuilding gives the error "No rule to make
+target".</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="answer">
+<p>If the error is of the form:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+gmake[2]: *** No rule to make target `/path/to/somefile', needed by
+`/path/to/another/file.d'.<br>
+Stop.
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>This may occur anytime files are moved within the Subversion repository or 
+removed entirely.  In this case, the best solution is to erase all 
+<tt>.d</tt> files, which list dependencies for source files, and rebuild:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% cd $LLVM_OBJ_DIR
+% rm -f `find . -name \*\.d` 
+% gmake 
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>In other cases, it may be necessary to run <tt>make clean</tt> before
+rebuilding.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="question"><p><a name="llvmc">
+The <tt>llvmc</tt> program gives me errors/doesn't work.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="answer">
+<p><tt>llvmc</tt> is experimental and isn't really supported. We suggest
+using <tt>llvm-gcc</tt> instead.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+<div class="doc_section"><a name="felangs">Source Languages</a></div>
+
+<div class="question"><p>
+  <a name="langs">What source languages are supported?</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="answer">
+  <p>LLVM currently has full support for C and C++ source languages. These are
+  available through a special version of GCC that LLVM calls the 
+  <a href="#cfe">C Front End</a></p>
+  <p>There is an incomplete version of a Java front end available in the
+  <tt>java</tt> module. There is no documentation on this yet so
+  you'll need to download the code, compile it, and try it.</p>
+  <p>In the <tt>stacker</tt> module is a compiler and runtime
+  library for the Stacker language, a "toy" language loosely based on Forth.</p>
+  <p>The PyPy developers are working on integrating LLVM into the PyPy backend
+  so that PyPy language can translate to LLVM.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="question"><p><a name="langirgen">
+  I'd like to write a self-hosting LLVM compiler. How should I interface with 
+  the LLVM middle-end optimizers and back-end code generators?
+</a></p></div>
+<div class="answer">
+  <p>Your compiler front-end will communicate with LLVM by creating a module in
+     the LLVM intermediate representation (IR) format. Assuming you want to 
+     write your language's compiler in the language itself (rather than C++), 
+     there are 3 major ways to tackle generating LLVM IR from a front-end:</p>
+  <ul>
+    <li>
+      <strong>Call into the LLVM libraries code using your language's FFI 
+              (foreign function interface).</strong>
+      <ul>
+        <li><em>for:</em> best tracks changes to the LLVM IR, .ll syntax, 
+            and .bc format</li>
+        <li><em>for:</em> enables running LLVM optimization passes without a 
+            emit/parse overhead</li>
+        <li><em>for:</em> adapts well to a JIT context</li>
+        <li><em>against:</em> lots of ugly glue code to write</li>
+      </ul>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <strong>Emit LLVM assembly from your compiler's native language.</strong>
+      <ul>
+        <li><em>for:</em> very straightforward to get started</li>
+        <li><em>against:</em> the .ll parser is slower than the bitcode reader 
+            when interfacing to the middle end</li>
+        <li><em>against:</em> you'll have to re-engineer the LLVM IR object 
+            model and asm writer in your language</li>
+        <li><em>against:</em> it may be harder to track changes to the IR</li>
+      </ul>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <strong>Emit LLVM bitcode from your compiler's native language.</strong>
+      <ul>
+        <li><em>for:</em> can use the more-efficient bitcode reader when 
+            interfacing to the middle end</li>
+        <li><em>against:</em> you'll have to re-engineer the LLVM IR object 
+            model and bitcode writer in your language</li>
+        <li><em>against:</em> it may be harder to track changes to the IR</li>
+      </ul>
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+  <p>If you go with the first option, the C bindings in include/llvm-c should
+     help a lot, since most languages have strong support for interfacing with 
+     C. The most common hurdle with calling C from managed code is interfacing
+     with the garbage collector. The C interface was designed to require very 
+     little memory management, and so is straightforward in this regard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="question"><p><a name="langhlsupp">
+  What support is there for a higher level source language constructs for 
+  building a compiler?</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="answer">
+  <p>Currently, there isn't much. LLVM supports an intermediate representation
+  which is useful for code representation but will not support the high level
+  (abstract syntax tree) representation needed by most compilers. There are no
+  facilities for lexical nor semantic analysis. There is, however, a <i>mostly
+    implemented</i> configuration-driven 
+  <a href="CompilerDriver.html">compiler driver</a> which simplifies the task
+  of running optimizations, linking, and executable generation.</p>
 </div>
 
+<div class="question"><p><a name="langhlsupp">
+  I don't understand the GetElementPtr instruction. Help!</a></p>
+</div>
 <div class="answer">
-<p>This is a bug in the customized version of GCC shipped with SuSE, and affects
-   projects other than LLVM.  Complain loudly to SuSE.  :)</p>
+  <p>See <a href="GetElementPtr.html">The Often Misunderstood GEP
+   Instruction</a>.</p>
 </div>
 
 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
@@ -361,75 +513,171 @@ or translation to the C back end).  That is why configure thinks your system
 <p>
 To work around this, perform the following steps:
 </p>
-
 <ol>
-  <li>
-  Make sure the CC and CXX environment variables contains the full path to the
-  LLVM GCC front end.
-  </li>
+  <li>Make sure the CC and CXX environment variables contains the full path to 
+  the LLVM GCC front end.</li>
 
-  <li>
-  Make sure that the regular C compiler is first in your PATH.
-  </li>
+  <li>Make sure that the regular C compiler is first in your PATH. </li>
 
-  <li>
-  Add the string "-Wl,-native" to your CFLAGS environment variable.
-  </li>
+  <li>Add the string "-Wl,-native" to your CFLAGS environment variable.</li>
 </ol>
 
 <p>
-This will allow the gccld linker to create a native code executable instead of
-a shell script that runs the JIT.  Creating native code requires standard
-linkage, which in turn will allow the configure script to find out if code is
-not linking on your system because the feature isn't available on your system.
-</p>
+This will allow the <tt>llvm-ld</tt> linker to create a native code executable 
+instead of shell script that runs the JIT.  Creating native code requires 
+standard linkage, which in turn will allow the configure script to find out if 
+code is not linking on your system because the feature isn't available on your 
+system.</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="question">
 <p>
 When I compile code using the LLVM GCC front end, it complains that it cannot
-find crtend.o.
+find libcrtend.a.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="answer">
+<p>
+The only way this can happen is if you haven't installed the runtime library. To
+correct this, do:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% cd llvm/runtime
+% make clean ; make install-bytecode
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="question">
+<p>
+How can I disable all optimizations when compiling code using the LLVM GCC front end?
 </p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="answer">
 <p>
-In order to find crtend.o, you must have the directory in which it lives in
-your LLVM_LIB_SEARCH_PATH environment variable.  For the binary distribution of
-the LLVM GCC front end, this will be the full path of the bytecode-libs
-directory inside of the LLVM GCC distribution.
+Passing "-Wa,-disable-opt -Wl,-disable-opt" will disable *all* cleanup and
+optimizations done at the llvm level, leaving you with the truly horrible
+code that you desire.
 </p>
 </div>
 
 
+<div class="question">
+<p>
+<a name="translatec++">Can I use LLVM to convert C++ code to C code?</a>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="answer">
+<p>Yes, you can use LLVM to convert code from any language LLVM supports to C.
+Note that the generated C code will be very low level (all loops are lowered
+to gotos, etc) and not very pretty (comments are stripped, original source
+formatting is totally lost, variables are renamed, expressions are regrouped), 
+so this may not be what you're looking for.  However, this is a good way to add
+C++ support for a processor that does not otherwise have a C++ compiler.
+</p>
+
+<p>Use commands like this:</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li><p>Compile your program as normal with llvm-g++:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% llvm-g++ x.cpp -o program
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+  <p>or:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% llvm-g++ a.cpp -c
+% llvm-g++ b.cpp -c
+% llvm-g++ a.o b.o -o program
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+      <p>With llvm-gcc3, this will generate program and program.bc.  The .bc
+         file is the LLVM version of the program all linked together.</p></li>
+
+  <li><p>Convert the LLVM code to C code, using the LLC tool with the C
+      backend:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% llc -march=c program.bc -o program.c
+</pre>
+</div></li>
+
+<li><p>Finally, compile the C file:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+% cc x.c
+</pre>
+</div></li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>Note that, by default, the C backend does not support exception handling.  If
+you want/need it for a certain program, you can enable it by passing
+"-enable-correct-eh-support" to the llc program.  The resultant code will use
+setjmp/longjmp to implement exception support that is correct but relatively
+slow.</p>
+
+<p>Also note: this specific sequence of commands won't work if you use a
+function defined in the C++ runtime library (or any other C++ library).  To
+access an external C++ library, you must manually compile libstdc++ to LLVM
+bitcode, statically link it into your program, then use the commands above to
+convert the whole result into C code.  Alternatively, you can compile the
+libraries and your application into two different chunks of C code and link
+them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
 <div class="doc_section">
   <a name="cfe_code">Questions about code generated by the GCC front-end</a>
 </div>
 
-<div class="question"><p>
-What is this <tt>__main()</tt> call that gets inserted into <tt>main()</tt>?
-</p></div>
+<div class="question">
+<a name="iosinit"></a>
+<p> What is this <tt>llvm.global_ctors</tt> and
+<tt>_GLOBAL__I__tmp_webcompile...</tt> stuff that happens when I #include
+&lt;iostream&gt;?</p>
+</div>
 
 <div class="answer">
-<p>
-The <tt>__main</tt> call is inserted by the C/C++ compiler in order to guarantee
-that static constructors and destructors are called when the program starts up
-and shuts down.  In C, you can create static constructors and destructors by
-using GCC extensions, and in C++ you can do so by creating a global variable
-whose class has a ctor or dtor.
-</p>
 
-<p>
-The actual implementation of <tt>__main</tt> lives in the
-<tt>llvm/runtime/GCCLibraries/crtend/</tt> directory in the source-base, and is
-linked in automatically when you link the program.
+<p>If you #include the &lt;iostream&gt; header into a C++ translation unit, the
+file will probably use the <tt>std::cin</tt>/<tt>std::cout</tt>/... global
+objects.  However, C++ does not guarantee an order of initialization between
+static objects in different translation units, so if a static ctor/dtor in your
+.cpp file used <tt>std::cout</tt>, for example, the object would not necessarily
+be automatically initialized before your use.</p>
+
+<p>To make <tt>std::cout</tt> and friends work correctly in these scenarios, the
+STL that we use declares a static object that gets created in every translation
+unit that includes <tt>&lt;iostream&gt;</tt>.  This object has a static
+constructor and destructor that initializes and destroys the global iostream
+objects before they could possibly be used in the file.  The code that you see
+in the .ll file corresponds to the constructor and destructor registration code.
 </p>
+
+<p>If you would like to make it easier to <b>understand</b> the LLVM code
+generated by the compiler in the demo page, consider using <tt>printf()</tt>
+instead of <tt>iostream</tt>s to print values.</p>
+
 </div>
 
 <!--=========================================================================-->
 
 <div class="question"><p>
+<a name="codedce"></a>
 Where did all of my code go??
 </p></div>
 
@@ -437,7 +685,7 @@ Where did all of my code go??
 <p>
 If you are using the LLVM demo page, you may often wonder what happened to all
 of the code that you typed in.  Remember that the demo script is running the
-code through the LLVM optimizers, so if you code doesn't actually do anything
+code through the LLVM optimizers, so if your code doesn't actually do anything
 useful, it might all be deleted.
 </p>
 
@@ -449,15 +697,41 @@ you can read from and assign to <tt>volatile</tt> global variables.
 </p>
 </div>
 
-<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+<!--=========================================================================-->
+
+<div class="question"><p>
+<a name="undef"></a>
+<p>What is this "<tt>undef</tt>" thing that shows up in my code?
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="answer">
+<p>
+<a href="LangRef.html#undef"><tt>undef</tt></a> is the LLVM way of representing
+a value that is not defined.  You can get these if you do not initialize a 
+variable before you use it.  For example, the C function:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+int X() { int i; return i; }
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Is compiled to "<tt>ret i32 undef</tt>" because "<tt>i</tt>" never has
+a value specified for it.</p>
+</div>
+
 <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
 
 <hr>
-<div class="doc_footer">
-  <a href="http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu">The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a>
-  <br>
+<address>
+  <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img
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