Add support to the alignment support header for conjuring a character

Add support to the alignment support header for conjuring a character
array of a suitable size and alignment for any of a number of different
types to be stored into the character array.

The mechanisms for producing an explicitly aligned type are fairly
complex because this operation is poorly supported on all compilers.
We've spent a fairly significant amount of time experimenting with
different implementations inside of Google, and the one using explicitly
expanded templates has been the most robust.

Credit goes to Nick Lewycky for writing the first 20 versions or so of
this logic we had inside of Google. I based this on the only one to
actually survive. In case anyone is worried, yes we are both explicitly
re-contributing and re-licensing it for LLVM. =]

Once the issues with actually specifying the alignment are finished, it
turns out that most compilers don't in turn align anything the way they
are instructed. Testing of this logic against both Clang and GCC
indicate that the alignment constraints are largely ignored by both
compilers! I've come up with and used a work-around by wrapping each
alignment-hinted type directly in a struct, and using that struct to
align the character array through a union. This elaborate hackery is
terrifying, but I've included testing that caught a terrifying number of
bugs in every other technique I've tried.

All of this in order to implement a poor C++98 programmers emulation of
C++11 unrestricted unions in classes such as SmallDenseMap.

git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/trunk@158597 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8