it is possible to use RCU to provide dynamic non-maskable interrupt
handlers, as well as dynamic irq handlers. This document describes
how to do this, drawing loosely from Zwane Mwaikambo's NMI-timer
-work in "arch/i386/oprofile/nmi_timer_int.c" and in
-"arch/i386/kernel/traps.c".
+work in "arch/x86/oprofile/nmi_timer_int.c" and in
+"arch/x86/kernel/traps.c".
The relevant pieces of code are listed below, each followed by a
brief explanation.
make config
make bzImage (or zImage)
-Then install "arch/i386/boot/bzImage" or "arch/i386/boot/zImage" as your
+Then install "arch/x86/boot/bzImage" or "arch/x86/boot/zImage" as your
standard kernel, run lilo if appropriate, and reboot.
To create the necessary devices in /dev, the "make_rd" script included in
is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below:
-./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
-./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
-./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
+./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
+./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
+./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
So to create disk one of the set, you would do:
- /usr/src/linux# cat arch/i386/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
+ /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
/usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
/usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
to policy->max, and -if supported- select a performance-oriented
setting when policy->policy is CPUFREQ_POLICY_PERFORMANCE, and a
powersaving-oriented setting when CPUFREQ_POLICY_POWERSAVE. Also check
-the reference implementation in arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/longrun.c
+the reference implementation in drivers/cpufreq/longrun.c
cdrecord.
e.g.
- cdrecord dev=ATAPI:1,0,0 arch/i386/boot/image.iso
+ cdrecord dev=ATAPI:1,0,0 arch/x86/boot/image.iso
For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
<ISDN subsystem - ISDN support -- HiSax>
make clean; make zImage; make modules; make modules_install
2. Install the new kernel
- cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage /etc/kernel/linux.isdn
+ cp /usr/src/linux/arch/x86/boot/zImage /etc/kernel/linux.isdn
vi /etc/lilo.conf
<add new kernel in the bootable image section>
lilo
specified if first option are not supported.
Example:
- #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
vsyscall-flags += $(call cc-ldoption, -Wl$(comma)--hash-style=sysv)
In the above example, vsyscall-flags will be assigned the option
supported to use an optional second option.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=pentium-mmx,-march=i586)
In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option
even though the option was accepted by gcc.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
cflags-y += $(shell \
if [ $(call cc-version) -ge 0300 ] ; then \
echo "-mregparm=3"; fi ;)
is not sufficient this sometimes needs to be explicit.
Example:
- #arch/i386/boot/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/boot/Makefile
subdir- := compressed/
The above assignment instructs kbuild to descend down in the
final bootimage there is an optional target named archclean:
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
archclean:
- $(Q)$(MAKE) $(clean)=arch/i386/boot
+ $(Q)$(MAKE) $(clean)=arch/x86/boot
-When "make clean" is executed, make will descend down in arch/i386/boot,
-and clean as usual. The Makefile located in arch/i386/boot/ may use
+When "make clean" is executed, make will descend down in arch/x86/boot,
+and clean as usual. The Makefile located in arch/x86/boot/ may use
the subdir- trick to descend further down.
Note 1: arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile cannot use "subdir-", because that file is
LDFLAGS_vmlinux uses the LDFLAGS_$@ support.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
LDFLAGS_vmlinux := -e stext
OBJCOPYFLAGS objcopy flags
Often, the KBUILD_CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
cflags-$(CONFIG_M386) += -march=i386
KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
Many arch Makefiles dynamically run the target C compiler to
probe supported options:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
...
cflags-$(CONFIG_MPENTIUMII) += $(call cc-option,\
into the arch/$(ARCH)/boot/Makefile.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
- boot := arch/i386/boot
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
+ boot := arch/x86/boot
bzImage: vmlinux
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@
To support this, $(archhelp) must be defined.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
define archhelp
echo '* bzImage - Image (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/bzImage)'
endif
from vmlinux.
Example:
- #arch/i386/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/Makefile
all: bzImage
When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built.
2) kbuild knows what files to delete during "make clean"
Example:
- #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
extra-y := head.o init_task.o
In this example, extra-y is used to list object files that
Compress target. Use maximum compression to compress target.
Example:
- #arch/i386/boot/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/boot/Makefile
LDFLAGS_bootsect := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary
LDFLAGS_setup := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary -e begtext
When updating the $(obj)/bzImage target, the line
- BUILD arch/i386/boot/bzImage
+ BUILD arch/x86/boot/bzImage
will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=0".
kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule *lds.S -> *lds.
Example:
- #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile
+ #arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
always := vmlinux.lds
#Makefile
RISCOM8_MAGIC 0x0907 riscom_port drivers/char/riscom8.h
SPECIALIX_MAGIC 0x0907 specialix_port drivers/char/specialix_io8.h
HDLC_MAGIC 0x239e n_hdlc drivers/char/n_hdlc.c
-APM_BIOS_MAGIC 0x4101 apm_user arch/i386/kernel/apm.c
+APM_BIOS_MAGIC 0x4101 apm_user arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c
CYCLADES_MAGIC 0x4359 cyclades_port include/linux/cyclades.h
DB_MAGIC 0x4442 fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c
DL_MAGIC 0x444d fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c
The ideal MCA adapter detection is done through the use of the
Programmable Option Select registers. Generic functions for doing
-this have been added in include/linux/mca.h and arch/i386/kernel/mca.c.
+this have been added in include/linux/mca.h and arch/x86/kernel/mca_32.c.
Everything needed to detect adapters and read (and write) configuration
information is there. A number of MCA-specific drivers already use
this. The typical probe code looks like the following:
In general, an interrupt must be acknowledged not only at the ICU (which
is done automagically by the kernel), but at the device level. In
particular, IRQ 0 must be reset after a timer interrupt (now done in
-arch/i386/kernel/time.c) or the first timer interrupt hangs the system.
+arch/x86/kernel/time.c) or the first timer interrupt hangs the system.
There were also problems with the 1.3.x floppy drivers, but that seems
to have been fixed.
barrier issued (followed by a test of need_resched with
interrupts disabled, as explained in 3).
-arch/i386/kernel/process.c has examples of both polling and
+arch/x86/kernel/process.c has examples of both polling and
sleeping idle functions.
make config
make zImage
-Then install "arch/i386/boot/zImage" as your standard kernel, run lilo if
+Then install "arch/x86/boot/zImage" as your standard kernel, run lilo if
appropriate, and reboot.
edit /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/ip2.c
(Optional - may be specified on kernel command line now)
d) Run "make zImage" or whatever target you prefer.
-e) mv /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage to /boot.
+e) mv /usr/src/linux/arch/x86/boot/zImage to /boot.
f) Add new config for this kernel into /etc/lilo.conf, run "lilo"
or copy to a floppy disk and boot from that floppy disk.
g) Reboot using this kernel
RISCOM8_MAGIC 0x0907 riscom_port drivers/char/riscom8.h
SPECIALIX_MAGIC 0x0907 specialix_port drivers/char/specialix_io8.h
HDLC_MAGIC 0x239e n_hdlc drivers/char/n_hdlc.c
-APM_BIOS_MAGIC 0x4101 apm_user arch/i386/kernel/apm.c
+APM_BIOS_MAGIC 0x4101 apm_user arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c
CYCLADES_MAGIC 0x4359 cyclades_port include/linux/cyclades.h
DB_MAGIC 0x4442 fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c
DL_MAGIC 0x444d fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c